Electric vehicles are popular all over the world, and the competition in battery research and development is fierce, and two scientists who are not too big to join in the fun, recently proposed the ultimate battery - the concept of micro-black hole honeycomb battery, whose energy density is 94 billion times that of the best lithium-ion battery, and the battery life can reach 3 light years, but it is not easy to make it, and the difficulty may have exceeded the limit of your brain!
Espen Hauge, a theoretical physicist at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences, and Gianfranco Spavieri, a physicist at the Andean University in Venezuela, may have not applied for funding and simply conducted a theoretical study that didn't require experiments: How to make batteries out of black holes?
First of all, an uncharged Schwarzschild black hole will definitely not work, and then a black hole that is too large will obviously not work, and it is much more dangerous than a lithium-ion battery explosion - the lithium-ion battery will explode to death, it will even have to take the corpse away from you, funeral homes, crematoriums and cemeteries will obviously not be happy, and the one-stop service (qiang) service (qian) is gone.
As a result, the two scientists set their sights on the Planck-scale Reisner-Nordström black hole, a well-known exact solution to the general theory of relativity, which describes the gravitational field gauge of a statically spherically symmetrically charged object.
The reason why it is necessary to use Planck-scale tiny charged black holes to make batteries is because ordinary black holes have a strong gravitational attraction and will attract each other and swallow each other, so they do not have the conditions to make batteries. Black holes with the same charge, because they repel each other, can cancel out the gravitational pull between each other, so that they can be bundled together to form a stable battery like lithium ions.
Another reason for choosing the Reisner-Nordstrom black hole is that it will form two event horizons due to the mass and amount of charge, and when the charge is large enough, the event horizon will merge into one, and its radius will be only half that of Schwarzschild black hole, which means that its density will be 8 times that of Schwarzschild black hole, which is a great property for a battery, and the energy density will also increase by 8 times.
The most important thing is that the Planck-scale Schwarzschild black hole evaporates due to Hawking radiation at a time similar to Planck's time, about 10^-40 seconds, and its lifespan is too short to be used at all. The Reisner-Nordstrom black hole, where the two event horizons coincide, has been calculated to have zero equivalent value of Hawking radiation, which means that they are in a perfectly stable state and have a long lifespan that can be used as family heirlooms.
How do miniature black holes form batteries? Very simply, the same number of negatively charged and positively charged black holes can be made into the positive and negative electrodes of the battery to form a "micro-black hole honeycomb battery". When used, a positive and negative black holes are released, and they merge together, and a huge amount of energy can be released.
According to gravitational-wave interferometer detection data in recent years, at least 5% to 10% of the mass of black holes merging will be released as gravitational energy, which is much stronger than the theoretical maximum of 0.7% in artificial solar nuclear fusion. But the most exciting thing is that when two Reisner-Nordstrom Planck-mass micro-black holes merge, two Planck-mass micro-Schwarzschild black holes will be formed, which means that it will evaporate right away, converting all mass into energy and releasing it, 100%!
So how much energy does a micro-black hole honeycomb battery have, and how does it compare to a lithium-ion battery?
A Reisner-Nordstromplanck mass microblack hole weighs 2.17x10^-8 kg, about the size of a fly egg, and stores 1,954,056,587 joules of energy, and one kilogram of microblack hole cellular cells consists of 45,994,327 micro-black holes containing 8.99x10^16 joules of energy. And the current best commercial lithium-ion battery has a specific energy of about 265Wh/kg, containing 954,000 joules of energy per kilogram, which means that the energy density of the micro-black hole honeycomb battery is 94 billion times that of today's best lithium-ion batteries, reaching 25,000,000,000,000Wh/kg!
Now a 200 kg 265Wh/kg lithium-ion battery can store about 53 kWh of power and can have a range of about 300 km, while a Planck-mass micro black hole stores energy equivalent to the energy of a 46.5 kg lithium battery, so only 4 micro black holes are needed to have the same range. The same mass of 200 kilograms of black hole battery can last 28,200,000,000,000,000 kilometers, that is, about 3 light years, and two batteries can drive directly to Proxima Centauri.
Therefore, although the micro-black hole honeycomb battery is a one-time consumption battery and cannot be charged, what does it matter if it is not charged with such a large mileage?
Then there is the most realistic problem, how to make a micro-black hole honeycomb battery?
There are two ways to do this, one is to look for Planck-mass miniature black holes in the universe, and while there may have been such black holes in the early days of the post-Big Bang universe, scientists have never found them so far, which means they may have evaporated long ago.
Another option is to use the Hadron Collider, which is thought to be a possible black hole at Europe's Large Hadron Collider, which caused a huge panic before it was activated. However, practice has proved that this 14TeV energy level collider does not have this ability, and some studies have said that at least 100 TeV is required.
However, to make a Planck-mass miniature black hole, 100 TeV is certainly not enough, because this mass (2.17x10^-8 kg) is so large that the two scientists estimate that 10^16 TeV is needed, which is obviously impossible to do on Earth.
In fact, to build such a collider, a neutron star needs to be used as a magnet, and then the size of the collider needs to be as large as the solar system, so at least in terms of the current level of human technology, it is not realistic to make a micro-black hole honeycomb battery!
But can Hauge and Spavieri win the Nobel Prize for Funny? Don't wait and see, let's call it out loud.
The study was published April 20 in the journal High Energy Density Physics.
标题：The micro black hole cellular battery: The ultimate limits of battery energy density