Ornamental rapeseed cultivation technology and measures to improve planting efficiency
—— — Take Yongning Street, Pukou District, Nanjing as an example
Sun Yutong
Rapeseed is the largest oil crop in mainland China, belonging to the Brassica genus of the Cruciferous family, and its rapeseed oil content is 33% ~ 50%, which is the main source of edible oil. In addition, the rape stem is green and yellow, the petals are like rice paper, the tender yellow is thin, the color is bright, the fragrance is beautiful, and it has a very high ornamental value. Yongning Street, Pukou District, Nanjing City, is located in the Laoshan Scenic Area, the soil texture is good, the soil is fertile, and the climatic conditions are excellent, it is very suitable for planting rape and other crops, the history of planting rape is also very long, rape has become one of the main local crops, has rich experience in the cultivation, planting, processing and other aspects of rapeseed, and in recent years, through the "agricultural tourism carnival" and other agricultural and cultural tourism development means, large-scale circulation, Large-scale planting has formed a pastoral landscape of 10,000 acres of rape flowers, and achieved a double harvest of ecological and economic benefits.
1 Selection of rapeseed varieties
There are 3 options for the selection of canola varieties, each with its own advantages. The first plan is to select varieties with high quantity and high quality that have been verified by practice according to the experience of local farmers in planting rape; the second plan is to select varieties with high quality and good price that have been verified by the market; the third plan is to use modern agricultural scientific and technological means or technology to fully understand the soil conditions and environmental conditions of the planting area, and select the varieties that are most consistent with the natural conditions with the fertility requirements. In order to ensure the planting yield and quality, and consider the factors such as planting technology and geography, combined with the law of seasonal and temperature changes, and take into account the subsequent mechanical harvesting and other factors, Yongning Street, Pukou District, Nanjing City, usually selects the dual-use varieties of rapeseed and oil, Ningza 1818, Ningza 1838, and four colored rapeseed varieties bred by Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Ningza 1818 is characterized by large flowers, high yield, high quality, high oil content, cold resistance, disease resistance, lodging resistance, suitable for mechanized planting; Ningza 1838 is characterized by small flowers, high yield, multi-resistance, suitable for machine harvesting; colored rapeseed is planted in some areas of conventional rape fields because of its colorful flowers and great ornamental value, so as to improve the overall beauty and color fullness.
2 Rapeseed cultivation techniques
2.1 Preparation before broadcasting. The process of planting is usually fertilization, ploughing, and planting. Mechanical work is mostly used for land preparation, and the general land preparation requirements are 25~35 cm wide and about 32 cm deep, and the area ratio between the seedbed and the final transplanted field is generally 1:4. Before transplanting, it is also necessary to apply base fertilizer, which usually includes farmhouse rotting pig manure, ammonium carbonate, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus fertilizer, and potassium chloride, which are 1.25t/667m2, 20kg/667m2, 25kg/667m2, 6kg/667m2, respectively.
2.2 Seeding techniques
2.2.1 Seedling transplanting rapeseed. The seedling raising time is in mid to late September, choose a seedbed with fertile soil and convenient drainage and irrigation, and cultivate the seedbed 7 ~ 10 days in advance. Prepare 100 g of seeds every 667 m2, in order to prevent rapeseed seedling pests and diseases, you can use Gaoqiao + Xerox time seed dressing, slightly dry to sow seeds, then cover with fine soil or ash manure, and close weeding with Jindur. Carry out thinning seedlings when 1 ~ 2 true leaves of rapeseed, remove the weak seedlings, and then chase 1 fertilizer with urea; at 3 ~ 4 leaves according to the growth of paclobutrazol chemical control, the insect pests such as cabbage insects can be controlled with high-efficiency and low-toxicity insecticides, such as sword spray; seedlings can be transplanted at 30 ~ 35 days, row spacing is 40 cm, plant spacing is 20 ~ 27 cm, transplanting is completed in early October.
2.2.2 Direct seeding rape. Direct seeding rape is planted at the end of September ~ early October, in order to facilitate sowing, usually every 667 m 2 according to the rape seed 0.4 ~ 0.5 kg, borax 1kg, add an appropriate amount of fire soil ash and mix well, evenly spread, before sowing the furrow surface can be sprayed with a small amount of water, so that it maintains a certain humidity, if in case of dry weather, it should be irrigated in time. You can also open the hole and sow on demand, the plant row spacing is 27cm, 33cm respectively, sow 5 ~ 8 seeds per hole, and leave 1 seedling in the future.
After sowing, cover it with fire soil ash. In order to remove gramineous weeds in the field, about 3 days after the completion of sowing, spray with 50% acetochlor mixed with appropriate amount of water according to the instructions.
2.3 Post-broadcast management
2.3.1 Nutrient management. To do a good job of balanced fertilization, compound fertilizer 40 kg/667 m 2 should be applied to winter rape in the growth period. At the bud stage, it is necessary to pay attention to the spraying of boron fertilizer, in addition to the auxiliary application of inorganic fertilizer. The usual spraying scheme is boron fertilizer 50 ~ 100 g + potassium dihydrogen phosphate 100 ~ 150 g + urea 150 ~ 200 g, the water consumption is 50 ~ 75 kg, and foliar spraying can also choose 0.2% borax solution + 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution.
2.3.2 Water management. Rapeseed is sensitive to water, it is "afraid of drought and avoid waterlogging", and in the rapid growth stage, rapeseed is sensitive to water demand, but the rainfall in Nanjing is uneven, and it is easy to suffer from drought or waterlogging. In case of drought, the ditch should be set up in advance, and the ditch should be divided according to the conditions, and the debris and weeds need to be cleaned up in time before and after irrigation. In view of continuous rain and heavy rainfall, do a good job of smooth communication and pay attention to waterlogging prevention.
2.3.3 Pest control. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the areas where sclerotinia sclerotinia disease reoccurs, and the key pests and diseases under prevention and control include root swelling disease, downy mildew, sclerotinia sclerotinia disease, blight, black shin disease and aphids, lepidopteran pests, jumping beetles, ape leaf beetles, etc. The prevention and control of pests and diseases should be carried out in combination with the characteristics of different growth periods, before the flowering stage, the main prevention and control of sclerotinia sclerotinia sclerotinia is carried out; the prevention and control of aphids should be done at the early flowering stage; the flower bud stage is the period when the diseases and pests of rape are the most common, and the diseases are mainly sclerotinia sclerotinia and there are many kinds of insect pests. The key period of rape pest control is at the early flowering stage and the full flowering stage, and it is necessary to adopt a comprehensive control method combining biological control and appropriate chemical control (small dose spraying of pesticides). At the early flowering stage, 50% prochloraz manganese salt combined with 50% Sukrin was used for spraying, and 48% Lesben EC and cypermethrin EC were used to control diamondback moth, open tail beetle, jumping beetle and other pests at the full flowering stage, and light and biological traps were used to assist in trapping. For the prevention and control of sclerotinia sclerotiorum, 100 g of 40% sclerotinia sclerotinia is dissolved in 50 ~ 75 kg of water for spray control.
2.3.4 Grass pest control. From December to January of the following year, weeds are removed with herbicides, and weeds are mainly pulled out manually at the bud stage.
2.4 Harvest at the right time. Manual harvesting generally begins after about 80% of the rape pods in the field have turned yellow and the peel has turned black, and is harvested in the morning and afternoon when the light is weak, which can prevent the horn from bursting when it is heated. The harvested rapeseed is bundled, dried for 7 days, and then the seeds are mechanically dehulled and harvested. Mechanical harvesting generally begins when all the sleaves have changed color and the sleaves are above 95% ripe. Before harvesting, it is necessary to check the equipment, adjust the sieve of the harvester to the appropriate position, and adjust the air volume to the appropriate size to improve the harvesting efficiency and reduce the harvesting cost.
3 Effective measures to improve the efficiency of rapeseed planting
The core of improving the efficiency of rapeseed planting mainly includes fertilizer reduction and simple application technology, green prevention and control technology of diseases, insects and weeds, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flying seeding technology, "one promotion and four prevention" technology, and whole-process mechanized planting technology. At the same time, taking Yongning Street as an example, firmly grasp the critical period of rapeseed's own development, ensure that rapeseed "strong seedlings, early onset, stable growth, and strong fruits", focus on the two peak biomass accumulation periods before winter and post-spring flowering, and strive to obtain a larger biomass, so that it can be reasonably transformed and distributed to the reproductive organs, and finally form a high yield.