Knowledge of sewage treatment technology

Pay more attention to the public account: environmental protection water treatment

Today, we will present you with the professional name of water treatment, involving chemical water treatment, circulating water treatment, sewage treatment and other water treatment fields, including activated sludge method, reverse osmosis, MBR membrane method and other related names, full of dry goods.

1. Chemical water treatment

1. Surface water: refers to the water that exists on the surface of the earth's crust and is exposed to the atmosphere, and is a general term for four water bodies: rivers, glaciers, lakes and swamps, also known as "land water".

2. Groundwater is the water stored in the formation voids below the aeration zone (the aeration zone refers to the geological medium located below the earth's surface and above the diving surface), including rock pores, fissures and karst caves.

3. Raw water: refers to the water collected in nature, including but not limited to groundwater, reservoir water and other water sources that can be seen in nature, without any artificial purification treatment.

4. PH: represents the value of the pH of the solution, pH=-lg[H+] is the negative value of the common logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions contained in it.

5. Total alkalinity: the total amount of substances in water that can neutralize with strong acids. Such substances include strong bases, weak bases, strong bases and weak salts.

6. Phenolphthalein alkalinity, which is the alkalinity measured by phenolphthalein as an indicator (titration endpoint pH=8.2~8.4).

7. Alkalinity of methyl orange: It is the alkalinity measured by using methyl orange as an indicator (titration endpoint pH=3.1~4.4).

8. Total acidity: Acidity refers to the total amount of substances in water that can neutralize with strong alkalis, including inorganic acids, organic acids, strong acids and weak alkali salts.

9. Total hardness: In general natural water, mainly Ca2+ and Mg2+, the content of other ions is very small, usually the total content of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in water is called the total hardness of water.

10. Temporary hardness: the hardness formed by the presence of Ca(HCO3)2 and Mg(HCO3)2 in the water, the hardness can be removed after boiling, which is called carbonate hardness, also known as temporary hardness.

11. Permanent hardness: The hardness formed by the salt substances such as CaSO4 (CaCl2) and MgSO4 (MgCl2) in the water cannot be removed after boiling, and this hardness is called non-carbonate hardness, also known as permanent hardness.

12. Dissolved matter: in the form of simple molecules or ions in water (or other solvents) solution, the particle size is usually only a few tenths to a few nanometers, invisible to the naked eye, and there is no Tyndall phenomenon

13. Colloid: a group of particles of several molecules or ions combined, usually in the tens of nanometers to tens of microns, invisible to the naked eye, but the Tyndall phenomenon will occur.

14. Suspended solids: It is a small particle visible to the naked eye formed by the combination of a large number of molecules or ions, and the size is usually more than tens of microns.

15. Total salt content: The total amount of ions in water is called total salt content. It is obtained by adding the amount of all cations and anions obtained from the total analysis of water quality, and is expressed in mg/L (in the past, PPM).

16. Turbidity, also known as turbidity. In a technical sense, turbidity is a surrogate parameter used to reflect the amount of suspended solids in water. The main suspended solids in the water are generally soil. Taking 1 L of distilled water containing 1 mg of silica as a standard unit of turbidity, it is expressed as 1 PPm.

17. Total dissolved solids: TDS, also known as total dissolved solids, is measured in milligrams per liter (mg/L), which indicates how many milligrams of dissolved solids are dissolved in 1 liter of water.

18. Resistance: According to Ohm's law, under the condition of a certain water temperature, the resistance value R of water is inversely proportional to the vertical cross-sectional area F of the electrode and proportional to the distance L between the electrodes.

19. Conductivity: The strength of the conductivity of water is called the conductivity S (or conductivity).

20. Conductivity: The conductivity of water is the reciprocal of the resistance of water, which is usually used to represent the purity of water.

21. Resistivity: The resistivity of water refers to the resistance between the opposite sides of the cube water with a side length of 1CM at a certain temperature, and its unit is ohm * cm (Ω * CM), which is generally a parameter that represents the quality of high-purity water.

22. Softened water: refers to the water that removes or reduces the hardness of water (mainly refers to calcium and magnesium ions in water) to a certain extent. During the softening of the water, only the hardness decreases, while the total salt content does not change.

23. Desalinated water: refers to the water in which salts (mainly strong electrolytes dissolved in water) are removed or reduced to a certain extent. Its conductivity is generally 1.0-10.0μs/cm, resistivity (25°C) is 0.1--1000000Ω.cm, and the salt content is 1.5mg/L.

24. Pure water: refers to strong electrolytes and weak electrolytes (such as SiO2, C02, etc.) in water. Remove or reduce the water to a certain extent. Its conductivity is generally 1.0-0.1μs/cm, and the resistivity is 1.0--1000000Ω.cm. The salt content < 1mg/l.

25. Ultrapure water: refers to the water in which the conductive medium in the water is almost completely removed, and the gas, colloids and organic substances (including bacteria, etc.) that do not dissociate are also removed to a very low degree. Its conductivity is generally O.1-0.055μs/cm, resistivity (25°C) > 10×1000000Ω.cm, salt content < 0.1mg/l. The ideal pure water has a (theoretical) conductivity of 0.05 μs/cm and a resistivity (25 °C) of 18.3×1000000 μs/cm.

26. Deoxygenated water, also known as deoxygenated water, removes dissolved oxygen from water, and is generally used for boiler water.

27. Ion exchange: a method for separating the exchangeable groups in the ion exchanger and the different ion exchange capacity between various ions in the solution.

28. Positive resin, with acidic group. In aqueous solution, acidic groups can be ionized to form H+, which can be exchanged with cations in water.

29. Anionic resin: containing basic groups, they are ionized in aqueous solution and are exchanged with anions.

30. Inert resin: no active group, no ion exchange, the relative density is generally controlled between the yin and yang resins, so as to separate the yin and yang resins, avoid the cross-contamination of the yin and yang resins during regeneration, and make the regeneration more complete.

31. Microfiltration: MF, also known as microporous filtration, belongs to precision filtration. Microfiltration is able to filter out micro- or nano-sized particles and bacteria from the solution.

32. UF, one of the membrane separation technologies with pressure as the driving force. For the purpose of separating large molecules from small molecules, the membrane pore size is between 20-1000A°.

33. Nanofiltration: NF is a pressure-driven membrane separation process between reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration, and the pore size range of nanofiltration membrane is about a few nanometers.

34. Permeation: Osmosis is the phenomenon of diffusion of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane. It permeates from a region of high water molecules (i.e., a low-concentration solution) into a region of low-water molecules (i.e., a high-concentration solution).

35. Osmotic pressure: For semi-permeable membranes with different concentrations of aqueous solution on both sides, the minimum additional pressure applied on the high concentration side in order to prevent water from penetrating from the low-concentration side to the high-concentration side is called osmotic pressure.

36. Reverse osmosis;RO, reverse osmosis is to press water from a concentrated solution to a low-concentration solution through artificial pressure, the pore size of RO reverse osmosis membrane is as small as nanometers, and water molecules can pass through the RO membrane under a certain pressure, and impurities such as inorganic salts, heavy metal ions, organic matter, colloids, bacteria, and viruses in the source water cannot pass through the RO membrane.

36. Dialysis, also known as dialysis. A membrane separation operation driven by concentration difference, which uses the selective permeability of the membrane to solutes to achieve the separation of solutes with different properties.

37. Electrodialysis;ED, when dialysis is carried out under the action of electric field, the phenomenon of migration of charged solute particles (such as ions) in the solution through the membrane is called electrodialysis.

38. EDI, also known as continuous electrodesalination technology, is a pure water manufacturing technology that combines ion exchange technology, ion exchange membrane technology and ion electromigration technology.

39. Recovery rate: refers to the percentage of feed water converted into permeable water or permeable liquid in the membrane system.

40. Desalination rate: the percentage of the concentration of total soluble impurities removed from the influent water of the system through the reverse osmosis membrane, or the percentage of specific components such as divalent ions or organic matter removed by the nanofiltration membrane.

41. Salt permeability: the opposite value of the desalination rate, which is the percentage of the dissolved impurities in the influent water that permeate the membrane. Permeate: Purified permeate produced by passing through a membrane system.

42. Flux: The flow rate of permeate per unit membrane area is usually expressed in liters per square meter per hour (L/m2h) or gallons per square foot per day (GFD).

43. Product water: The purified aqueous solution is the produced water of reverse osmosis or nanofiltration system.

44. Concentrated water: the part of the solution that penetrates the membrane, such as the concentrated water of reverse osmosis or nanofiltration system.

2. Circulating water treatment

45. Circulating water: The system that uses water to cool the process medium is called the cooling water system.

46. DC cooling water system: the cooling water only passes through the heat exchange equipment once, and the water is discharged after use.

47. Open circulating water: the heat emitted by the process medium or heat exchange equipment is removed by water cooling, and then a part of the hot water is evaporated when the hot water is in direct contact with the air, and most of the hot water is cooled and then recycled.

48. Closed circulating water system, also known as closed circulating cooling water system. In this system, the cooling water is not immediately discharged after use, but is recycled and reused.

49. Cooling tower: It is a device that uses water as a circulating coolant to absorb heat from a system and discharge it to the atmosphere to reduce the water temperature. There are two cooling methods: natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation.

50. Water distributor: The return water is evenly distributed to the filler through the water distributor.

51. Filler: The backwater forms a water film through the filler, increasing the contact area with the air.

52. a water collector to recover the liquid water carried in the vapor of part of the evaporated water.

53. Circulating water refers to the total amount of circulating water of the cooling tower on the circulating water system. N50 water retention: the sum of all water volumes in the circulating water system, equal to the sum of the pool volume and the volume of water in the pipes and water cooling equipment.

54. Replenish the amount of water: It is used to replenish the water required for the loss of evaporation/sewage/splash in the circulating water system.

55. Side filtration water: the amount of water diverted from the circulating cooling water system is treated according to the requirements, and then returned to the system.

56. Evaporation water: the amount of water lost by evaporation in the operation of the circulating cooling water system.

57. The amount of sewage discharge: the amount of water that needs to be discharged from the circulating cooling water system under the condition of the determined concentration multiple.

58. The amount of water lost by wind blowing and leaking: The amount of water lost by wind blowing and leakage during the operation of the circulating cooling water system.

59. Replenish the amount of water: the circulating cooling water system replenishes the water lost during operation.

60. Concentration multiple: the ratio of the salt concentration of circulating cooling water to the salt concentration of supplementary water.

61. Heat exchange: The heat exchange between objects is called heat exchange. There are three basic forms of circulating water heat exchange: heat exchange, convection heat exchange, radiation heat transfer, and evaporative heat exchange.

62. Heat conduction: The phenomenon of heat transfer between the parts of the object in direct contact is called heat conduction.

63. Convective heat transfer: In the flow body, the heat transfer between the fluids is mainly due to the movement of the fluid, so that a part of the heat in the heat flow is transferred to the cold fluid, and this heat transfer mode is called convection heat transfer.

64. Radiation heat exchange: part of the heat energy of the high-temperature object becomes radiant energy, and after being emitted to the receiving object in the form of electromagnetic waves, the radiant energy is converted into heat energy and absorbed, and the way of electromagnetic wave heat transfer is called radiation heat exchange.

65. Evaporation heat exchange: a form of heat exchange that takes away the latent heat of vaporization when evaporating through water molecules.

66. The temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the cooling water, and the temperature difference of the water between the inlet of the cooling tower and the outlet of the pool.

67. Wet bulb temperature: refers to the air temperature when the water vapor in the air reaches saturation under the same enthalpy value.

68. Dry-bulb temperature: It is the temperature measured by the thermometer in ordinary air, that is, the air temperature that we often say in our general weather forecast.

69. Physical cleaning: The debris in the pipeline is cleaned out of the pipeline through the flow rate of water.

70. Chemical cleaning: through the action of chemicals, keep the surface of the metal heat exchanger clean and activated, and prepare for the pre-film.

71. Pre-filming, that is, chemical conversion film, is a type of protective layer on the surface of metal equipment and pipelines, especially the pipelines after pickling and passivation are qualified, which can be protected by the method of pre-filming.

72. Corrosion inhibitor: inhibits or retards the process of metal corrosion.

73. Scale inhibitor: the treatment process of using chemical or physical methods to prevent sediments from being generated on the heating surface of heat exchange equipment.

74. Oxidizing fungicide: a biocide with strong oxidizing properties, usually a strong oxidizing agent, which has a strong biocidal effect on microorganisms in water.

75. Non-oxidizing fungicide: It is not to kill microorganisms by oxidation, but to poison the special parts of microorganisms, so it is not affected by the reducing substances in water.

76. Effective chlorine refers to the amount of chlorine in chlorine-containing compounds (especially as a disinfectant) with the same oxidizing capacity, which can quantitatively indicate the disinfection effect.

77. Residual chlorine: Residual chlorine refers to the effective chlorine left in the water after chlorination and disinfection after a certain period of contact.

78. Combined chlorine: refers to the compounds of chlorine and ammonia in water, including NH2Cl, NHCl2 and NHCl3, with NHCl2 being more stable and having good sterilization effect, also known as binding residual chlorine

79. Free residual chlorine: refers to ClO-, HClO, Cl2, etc. in water, which has fast sterilization speed and strong sterilization power, but disappears quickly, also known as free residual chlorine.

80. Positive phosphorus: +5 valence phosphorus in phosphate.

81. Organophosphorus is a compound containing a carbon-phosphorus bond or a phosphoric acid derivative containing an organic group.

82. Total iron: Iron in various states of existence, including all iron elements.

83. Total zinc: Zinc in various states of existence contains all zinc elements.

84. The residence time of the agent: the effective time of the agent in the circulating cooling water system.

85. Scaling: The calcium and magnesium bicarbonate dissolved in the water are decomposed by heat, and the white precipitate is precipitated, which gradually accumulates and adheres to the container, which is called scaling.

86. Corrosion: refers to the process of loss and destruction (including metals and non-metals) under the action of surrounding media (water, air, acid, alkali, salt, solvent, etc.).

87. Biological slime: a viscous substance composed of microorganisms and the mucus produced by them, mixed with other organic and inorganic impurities, and adhered to the surface of objects.

3. Sewage treatment

88. Domestic sewage: mainly the discharge water produced by various kitchen water, washing water and toilet water used in human life, which is mostly non-toxic inorganic salts, and contains more nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur in domestic sewage, and many pathogenic bacteria.

89. Municipal sewage: a general term for sewage discharged into the urban sewage system. The combined drainage system also includes production wastewater and trapped rainwater. Municipal sewage mainly includes domestic sewage and industrial sewage, which is collected by the urban drainage pipe network and transported to the sewage treatment plant for treatment.

90. Industrial wastewater: refers to the wastewater, sewage and waste liquid generated in the process of industrial production, which contains the materials, intermediate products and products of industrial production that are lost with water, and the pollutants generated in the production process.

91. COD: Chemical oxygen demand, the amount of oxidant consumed in the process of chemical oxidation of substances that can be oxidized in the water body under specified conditions, expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per liter of water sample, usually recorded as COD.

92. BOD: The amount of dissolved oxygen in the water consumed by microorganisms in the process of decomposing organic matter in the surface water body is called biochemical oxygen demand, which is usually recorded as BOD, and the commonly used unit is mg/L.

93. BC ratio: indicates the degree of biochemical of pollutants in water, 0.1-0.25 difficult to biochemical, 0.25-0.5 biochemical, > 0.5 easy to biochemical.

94. TOC;refers to the total amount of carbon contained in dissolved and suspended organic matter in the water body, reflecting the content of oxidized organic compounds in the water, and the unit is ppm or ppb.

95. Ammonia nitrogen refers to the nitrogen in the form of free ammonia (NH3) and ammonium ions (NH4+) in water.

96. Organic nitrogen: a general term for nitrogen-containing substances combined with carbon, such as proteins, amino acids, amides, urea, etc.

97. Kjeldahl nitrogen and TKN refer to the nitrogen content measured by the Kjeldahl method. It includes ammonia nitrogen and organic nitrogen compounds that can be converted to ammonium salts under these conditions.

98. Nitrate nitrogen: NOxˉ refers to the nitrogen element contained in nitrate. Nitric acid is only with nitrite.

99. Total nitrogen, TN, is the total amount of inorganic and organic nitrogen in various forms in water.

100. Total phosphorus;TP, the results of the determination of various forms of phosphorus converted into orthophosphate after the digestion of the water sample are measured by the number of milligrams of phosphorus per liter of water sample.

101. Phosphine: Phosphate in the form of H2PO2ˉ cannot be removed by normal chemical phosphorus removal, and needs to be converted into sulfate to remove.

102. Chromaticity: refers to the degree of yellowish or even yellow-brown color of soluble substances or colloidal substances contained in water.

103. a grille; used for removing floating objects in water.

104. Primary sedimentation tank, also known as a sedimentation tank, is a structure used to remove sinken objects and floating objects in sewage treatment.

105. a regulating tank: a structure used to regulate the flow of inlet and outlet water. It mainly plays the role of regulating the quantity and quality of water, as well as the adjustment of sewage pH value and water temperature, and can also be used as accident drainage.

106. Accident pool: Accident water collection tank is a kind of structure required in the process of sewage treatment, and the accident pool is generally set up when treating the high-concentration wastewater discharged by some factories such as chemical and petrochemical industries.

107. Grease trap: The purpose of separation is achieved by using the different proportions of suspended solids and water in wastewater.

108. Air flotation: A large number of fine bubbles are produced in the water, so that the air is attached to the suspended solids particles in the form of highly dispersed micro bubbles, resulting in a state of density less than water, and the principle of buoyancy is used to make it float on the water surface, so as to realize solid-liquid separation.

109. Biochemical pool: the field pool where bacterial metabolism is located in biochemical treatment.

110. Secondary sedimentation tank, that is, secondary sedimentation tank, secondary sedimentation tank is an important part of the activated sludge system, and its function is mainly to separate the sludge, make the mixed liquid clear, concentrate and reflux activated sludge.

111. Advection sedimentation tank: the plane of the pool body is rectangular, and the inlet and outlet are respectively located at the two ends of the pool length.

112. Vertical flow sedimentation tank, also known as vertical sedimentation tank, is a sedimentation tank in which wastewater flows vertically in the pool. The plan of the pool body is circular or square, and the water enters the pool from top to bottom through the inlet pipe located in the center of the pool. Precipitates by the weight of the sludge itself.

113. Amplitude flow sedimentation tank: Waste water enters the tank from the inlet pipe in the center of the pool, and flows slowly to the periphery of the tank along the radius direction. The suspended solids settle in the flow and enter the sludge hopper along the slope of the bottom of the pond, and the clarified water overflows from the perimeter of the pond out of the channel.

114. Sludge tank: generally used to hold the reflux sludge and the remaining sludge.

115. Monitoring pool, also known as clear water pool, is used to hold treated sewage.

116. Condensation: The process by which colloids lose stability. Commonly known as colloidal destabilization.

117. Flocculation: the process of destabilizing colloids coalescing into large particles of flocs.

118. Coagulation: The whole process of two stages of forming large-particle flocs through destabilization and flocculation. A general term for agglomeration and flocculation

119. Metabolism: The exchange of matter and energy between the body and the external environment and the self-renewal process of matter and energy in the organism are called metabolism. Metabolism includes anabolism (anabolics) and catabolism (dissimilation).

120. Bacterial colloid: Some bacteria are determined by their genetic characteristics, and the bacteria are glued together according to a certain arrangement, and are surrounded by a common capsule to form a certain shape of bacterial group, which is called a microbial colloid.

121. Filamentous bacteria: a class of bacteria with a filamentous structure. The skeleton of the colloidal mass.

122. Autotrophic bacteria: bacteria with inorganic carbon source as carbon source

123. Heterotrophic bacteria: bacteria that use organic carbon sources as carbon sources

124. Anaerobic environment: theoretically anaerobic means that there is no molecular oxygen and no nitrate nitrogen. But it is impossible to achieve in real work. In engineering, DO<0.2 is anaerobic,,

125. Aerobic environment: there are both dissolved oxygen and nitrate nitrogen. In engineering, DO>0.5 or more is aerobic.

126. Hypoxic environment: refers to the absence of molecular oxygen and nitrate nitrogen. In engineering, DO at 0.2~0.5 is hypoxia.

127. Activated sludge method: a sewage treatment method realized by adsorption, metabolism and slurry-water separation of bacterial colloids.

128. Biofilm method: a method for organic sewage treatment by using microorganisms (i.e., biofilms) attached to the surface of certain solid substances.

129. Hydraulic retention time: abbreviated as HRT, water treatment process noun, hydraulic retention time refers to the average residence time of the sewage to be treated in the reactor, that is, the average reaction time of the interaction between the sewage and the microorganisms in the bioreactor.

130. Muddy age: refers to the average residence time of microbial cells in the aeration tank. For activated sludge with reflux, sludge age is the time (in days) it takes for the entire tank to renew the sludge on average.

131. SV: 30 minutes sedimentation ratio refers to the mixed aeration tank activated sludge mixture is quickly poured into a 1000ml graduated cylinder to the full scale, and after 30 minutes of static precipitation, the volume ratio of the sedimented sludge to the mixed liquor is the sludge sedimentation ratio (%), also known as the sludge sedimentation volume (SV30) expressed in mL/L. Because the sludge can reach or approach the maximum density after 30 minutes of sedimentation, this time is generally used as the standard time for the determination of this index.

132. MLSS;Sludge concentration, the weight of dry sludge contained in 1 liter of sludge mixture in aeration tank

133. MLVSS;The concentration of volatile suspended solids in the mixed liquid represents the concentration of the organic solid part of the activated sludge in the mixed liquid.

134. RSS; sludge concentration of reflux sludge.

135. SVI, sludge volume index, is an index to measure the sedimentation performance of activated sludge. It refers to the volume (in mL) occupied by the corresponding 1g of dry sludge after 30min of static sedimentation of the aeration tank mixture, that is: SVI = sludge volume (mL) / sludge dry weight (g) after 30min static sedimentation of the mixture, that is, SVI=SV30/MLSS.

136. Internal reflux ratio: the ratio of the flow rate of nitrification liquid reflux to the inlet flow rate is generally expressed as a percentage, and the symbol is r.

137. External reflux ratio, also known as sludge reflux ratio, the ratio of the flow rate of reflux sludge to the influent flow. It is generally expressed as a percentage with the symbol R.

138. Inoculation: The process of adding activated sludge or granular sludge to the biochemical treatment system.

139. Acclimation: The transformation process of the cultivated and mature fecal sewage activated sludge to gradually have the ability to treat specific industrial wastewater.

140. Organic load: refers to the amount of pollutants removed by a unit mass of activated sludge in a unit time.

141. Volumetric load: the volume of the unit aeration tank, the weight of pollutants that can be removed in a unit time.

142. Impact load: In the sewage treatment operation, the sludge volume will generally be maintained at a certain level, and the volume of the reactor (aeration tank, anaerobic reactor, etc.) will not change of course. However, if the quality of the influent water changes significantly (COD soars or drops sharply), the sludge load and volumetric load will change greatly, which will have an impact on the sludge microorganisms, which is the so-called shock load.

143. ORP;redox potential, which is the measurement index of the redox ability of aqueous solution, and its unit is mV.

144. DO: The molecular oxygen dissolved in water is called dissolved oxygen, which is usually recorded as DO, and is expressed as the number of milligrams of oxygen per liter of water.

145. Aeration: A means of making the air in strong contact with water, the purpose of which is to dissolve the oxygen in the air in the water, or to expel the unwanted gases and volatile substances in the water into the air.

146. Oxygenation rate: In wastewater treatment, the ability of the aerator to supply oxygen to the liquid is called the oxygenation capacity, which is calculated in kg/(m3 ̇h) [10 °C or 20 °C, 101.3kPa]. The oxygenation capacity of a liquid per kilowatt hour is known as oxygenation efficiency.

147. Push-flow activated sludge method: sewage is evenly promoted and flowed, and wastewater enters from the head of the pool and flows out from the tail end of the pool, and the front and rear liquid flow are not mixed.

148. Sequential batch activated sludge method: an activated sludge sewage treatment technology that operates according to the intermittent aeration mode. Its main feature is the orderly and intermittent operation in operation.

149. Microscopic examination, abbreviation of microscopic examination. It is to take samples and make films of the specimens to be tested, and observe, analyze and judge them under a microscope.

150. Protists: Protozoa is the lowest type of eukaryotic single-celled animal in the animal kingdom, and the individual is composed of a single cell.

151. Metazoans: a general term for all animals except protozoa (metazoan subkingdom).

152. Non-filamentous swelling: non-filamentous swelling caused by the accumulation of a large number of highly viscous substances (such as glucose, mannose, arabinose, rhamnose and deoxyribose) in the body of colloidal bacteria.

153. Swelling of filamentous bacteria: swelling of filamentous bacteria caused by the reproduction of a large number of filamentous bacteria in activated sludge.

154. Peroxidation: Microorganisms continue to oxidize when oxygen is sufficient and nutrients are insufficient, that is, when the carbon source in sewage is insufficient.

155. Exogenous respiration: Under normal circumstances, microorganisms use the energy supplied by the outside world to carry out respiratory metabolism, which is called exogenous respiration.

156. Endogenous respiration: If the outside world does not supply energy, but uses its own internal stored energy substances for respiratory metabolism, it is called endogenous respiration.

157. Aging: Sludge disintegration caused by long mud age, long-term low load or peroxidation.

158. Residual sludge refers to the activated sludge discharged from the secondary sedimentation tank (or sedimentation area) outside the system in the activated sludge system.

159. Ammoniation: refers to the process of decomposition of nitrogen-containing organic matter such as protein, urea and other microorganisms into ammonia.

160. Nitrification: refers to the process of oxidation of ammonia into nitric acid under the action of microorganisms.

161. Denitrification: refers to the biochemical process in which bacteria reduce nitrogen (N) in nitrate (NO3−) to nitrogen (N2) through a series of intermediate products (NO2−, NO, N2O).

162. Short-range nitrification and denitrification; short-range nitrification refers to the generation of nitrite by NH3, which no longer produces nitrate, and the direct generation of N2 from nitrite is called short-range denitrification.

163. Synchronous nitrification and denitrification: nitrification and denitrification reactions often occur under the same treatment conditions and in the same treatment space, so these phenomena are called synchronous nitrification/denitrification (SND).

164. Anaerobic ammonia oxidation, that is, the biological reaction process in which ammonia nitrogen is oxidized into nitrogen by anaerobic ammonia bacteria using nitrite as an electron acceptor under anoxic conditions.

165. Chlorination at the breakpoint: NH3-N in wastewater can be oxidized into chloramines (NH2Cl, NHCl2, NCl3) by chlorine oxidants (such as Cl2, NaOCl) at an appropriate pH value, and then oxidized and decomposed into N2 gas to achieve the purpose of removal.

166. Struvite method: a method for removing ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus by using magnesium ions, ammonium ions and phosphate in water to form ammonium magnesium phosphate precipitation.

167. Biological phosphorus removal: the process of phosphorus removal is realized by using the excessive phosphorus absorption characteristics of phosphorus bacteria.

168. Chemical phosphorus removal: the process of removing phosphorus by using the principle of precipitation between phosphate and certain metal ions.

169. Gasification and phosphorus removal: the process of phosphate forming phosphine under the action of microorganisms.

170. Sludge drying: the process of removing most of the water content from the sludge through the action of percolation or evaporation.

171. Anaerobic reactor: a special reactor set up for anaerobic treatment technology.

172. Anaerobic granular sludge: The granular sludge produced by the upflow anaerobic sludge bed and its similar reactor is hollow and nearly circular, mainly composed of inorganic precipitate and exopolysaccharides, and a variety of microorganisms living together can effectively remove pollutants in wastewater.

173. Aerobic granular sludge: granular activated sludge formed by the self-coagulation of microorganisms in an aerobic environment.

174. MBR, also known as membrane bioreactor, is a new type of water treatment technology that combines a membrane separation unit and a biological treatment unit. Membranes are used instead of secondary sedimentation tanks.

175. Advanced oxidation: the process of oxidative degradation of pollutants in sewage that cannot be oxidized by ordinary oxidants by generating hydroxyl radicals.

176. Hydroxyl radical is an important reactive oxygen species, which is formed by the loss of an electron by hydroxide (OH-) in terms of molecular formula. The hydroxyl radical has a strong electron-gaining ability, that is, oxidation ability, with an oxidation potential of 2.8V. It is the second largest oxidant in nature after fluorine.

177. Evaporation crystallization: heating the evaporation solvent to make the solution change from unsaturated to saturated, and if it continues to evaporate, the excess solute will be crystal precipitated, which is called evaporation crystallization.

178. Halophagobacteria: refers to a class of bacteria and microorganisms with specific physiological structures that can only survive in a salty environment.

179. Reclaimed water reuse: It is to treat domestic sewage (or urban sewage) or industrial wastewater with advanced technology to remove various impurities, remove toxic and harmful substances and some heavy metal ions that pollute the water body, and then disinfect and sterilize, the water body is colorless, tasteless, the water quality is clear and transparent, and meets or is better than the national standard for miscellaneous water (or relevant regulations), and is widely used in enterprise production or residents' life.

180. Zero discharge: It means that after the industrial water is reused, all (more than 99%) of the salt content and pollutants are highly concentrated into wastewater for recycling, or the filter press is used to filter out the insoluble substances and recycle, without any waste liquid discharged from the factory.