The name of the Northeast Tun is discussed

1. The source of the village and the village

1 tun

Tun, oracle bone inscription like a seed, with tender stems on top and thin roots below, and a skimming indicator symbol is added to the root to indicate that the seed is rooted. Some oracle bone inscriptions are written in a glyph similar to "sheng", the lower part (屮) is like a seed that has just broken through the soil and germinated, and the upper part is like the tender part of a seedling. The original meaning of the word: the seed sprouts and takes root downward. Jin Wen turned the tender into a little bit. The seal script writes a solid dot as a horizontal one. The seed germination takes root as "tun", and the seed germinates at the same time as "qi".

The evolution of the word "tun".

The original meaning of the word "tun" is "wrap up", "roll up", "fence up", etc. For example, the tun of "Juntun" and "Tunken" is a stockade with a defensive wall, which later evolved into a village. Knowing: from the through one. "屮 (chè)" refers to grass. "One" refers to the ground. It resembles the curly wrapping shape of the newborn plants. Original meaning: curling, wrapping. By extension: gathering.

2 Villages

"Village" is a variant of "邨", and the word "village" is not included in the earliest Chinese character book "Shuowen Jie Zi", and it is not found in previous literature. It seems that the Qin and Han dynasties did not have such a term and organization as a village before, but in fact, there was the original form of the village, the word "village". The glyph uses "tun" as the sound side, which is also the shape side, indicating stationing, and "yi" as the side side, indicating the area where the population gathers. The "wood" represents building materials, "cun" means handheld, and the whole glyph represents the settlement of the house with wood. The original meaning of the word: the natural settlement of the population gathering.

The evolution of the word "village".

In the Shang and Zhou dynasties, "the wild was named after the yi", and the rural dwellings were arranged according to the neighborhood, and the walls were set up to form the yi. "Zhou Li Diguan" "Nine husbands are wells, and four wells are yi", indicating that the establishment of the yi is based on the well field. The Hanshu Food and Goods Chronicle says that in the spring, the cultivators are urged to go to the fields, and there are houses in the fields, and they can live in the spring and summer; after the autumn, when the farming work is rested, "in the winter, they will finish in cognac" and return to live in the towns. There are juks on both sides of the Yimen, and the supervisor is there: "Spring, will go out of the people, Li Xu Pingdan sits in the right school, and the neighbor sits in the left school." This is a picture of the township against the backdrop of a vast field, with high walls surrounding the houses in the town, and the gate of the town is closed, and when the door is opened, the stone on the left side of the door is the post of the village official.

Say the word "邑"

The specific form of village settlements has been explained by scholars from multiple perspectives. Some scholars believe that the village (邨) "is a village formed on the newly reclaimed land of Tuntian" and is related to Tuntian. Some scholars believe that the word "tun" itself has the meaning of gathering, and take "tunju" and "tunwu" as examples to illustrate

Lu, Qiu, and Ju are the early forms of Chinese villages, and they are also the three main source forms of villages.

The concept of lu appeared very early and referred to the temporary residence of farmers located in the fields. In the pre-Qin period, peasants belonged to the countrymen, and lived in the city to facilitate management, prevent thieves and accumulate wealth. However, because the land was outside the city, in order to facilitate production, a house was built in the field. When the farm is busy, he lives in Lu, and when the farm is not working, he returns to the city. In this way, the peasants in ancient times had two residences, in Ye Yulu and in Yi, with 80 households in one mile and eight families in one lane. Later, the peasants slowly migrated to the fields, and Lu seems to have become a regular residence for the peasants.

"Hanshu Food and Goods" says: The way of managing the people is based on the local work. Therefore, it must be built to stand on the acre, and it is the boundary of its meridians. Six feet is a step, a hundred steps are an acre, a hundred acres are a husband, three husbands are houses, three houses are wells, and one mile is a well, which is nine husbands. Eight families together, each received 100 acres of private land, 10 acres of public land, is 880 acres, and the remaining 20 acres are considered houses. Eight houses have a total of 20 acres, each with two and a half acres. However, because Mencius's Jingtian system is too idealistic, the interpretation of later generations will inevitably have the nature of sand table deduction.

Chinese Painting "Three Visits to the Thatched House"

In addition to living in Lu, there are also a large number of "savage" settlements in the wilderness. Savage settlements have people named "mounds", such as the ancestor of the Qin people, Feizi is good at raising horses, and its settlement is Xiinu Mound (that is, the current Tianshui area). The shape of "mound", "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" cloud: "One said, the four sides are high and the center is the mound." According to the glyph, some people think that "a mound is a hole in the earth that rises above the earth, like a hill." As a result, the mounds where the savages live are located in the cols. In the Shang Dynasty, Qiu was already a production, hunting and endowment unit, and the manager was called "Xiaoqiu Chen". In the Spring and Autumn Period, the Lu State had the stipulation of "making Qiu Jia" and Zheng Guo "making Qiu Fu". The fact that the mound is a settlement formed by the clustering of several individual inhabitants regardless of caste, seems to indicate that the inhabitants of the various clans and communes have replaced the original kinship of the inhabitants of various clans and communes with geographical and neighborhood ties. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the name "Qiu" gradually disappeared in the administrative system.

Qin ancestor West Dog Hill (Tianshui)

Ju is another early form of the village. Gathering originally had the meaning of gathering, and "Shuowen Jie Zi" cloud: "Gather, will also." Note: "Accumulate words with words, gather with words." "It is mainly used for personnel, and it can also be used as a system unit, and it is used in a wide range, and many times it refers to settlements. "Historical Records of the Five Emperors" cloud: "One year and the residence into a gathering, two years into a city, three years into Chengdu." Based on the use case of "gathering", it can be preliminarily concluded that "gathering" as the meaning of settlement is artificially set, and this situation can still be found in the Sui Dynasty. This characteristic of gathering is most distinct in the Han and Han dynasties. According to statistics, there are 7 places in the "Hanshu Geographical Chronicles", and the number in the "Later Han Shu County Chronicles" has increased to 55, while there are only 3 followers of the same name.

Through the investigation of these early settlements, we can realize that there are at least three types of villages: the development of temporary settlements represented by the Lu of the Chinese people, the development of natural settlements represented by the Qiuli of the savages, and the development of resettlement settlements represented by the man-planned settlements. At the same time, we also note that villages are not all naturally formed, nor are they simply separated from ancient cities, and there are many causes of villages.

The village in the "Fuchun Mountain Residence Map".

The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (including the Sui Dynasty) was the generalization stage of the concept of "village", with a large number of village settlements appearing, and the use and distribution of the name "village" gradually expanding, gradually replacing other titles and becoming the collective name of all wild settlements. The "village" began to take on social significance and entered the national local administrative system. In the Tang Dynasty, it was explicitly stipulated that all wild settlements were collectively referred to as "villages", and that villages were designated as first-level administrative organizational units, which made a qualitative change in the meaning of villages, which was a milestone in history.

2. Introduction to the name of the Northeast Tun

1 tun

1) The origin of Northeast Tun

In the Northeast Plain, villages named after a certain family name are everywhere, such as Lijiatun, Wangjiatun, Lijiatun, Guojiatun and so on, and the list goes on. At the beginning of the establishment of these villages, they were often named after the majority of a certain family name or the first to settle here, and some of them were named after a family name because of the greatest influence in Bentun. Presumably, the origin of these tunzi has a lot to do with the tuntian system. Before the Ming Dynasty, the Northeast region had always been a wild land, and few Han people lived and lived. It was not until the Ming and Qing dynasties, with the return of Tuntian and Jingqi to Tun, that the population of Northeast China swelled rapidly, and many villages were established.

After the Ming Dynasty unified the Northeast, it set up the Liaodong Metropolitan Command Envoy, which had subordinate units such as Wei, Qianhu, Baihu, General Banner and Small Banner in order, which became a special system of military and political integration. The source of the army was military households, and the soldiers took turns guarding and tuntian in the guards, which later evolved into tuntian. If you talk about it, the history of many tunzi in Shenyang is longer than that of the Qing Dynasty, because the military tun guard system at that time was made here by the Ming Dynasty.

Liaoyang City (Ming Dynasty Liaodong Command Division)

In order to consolidate the rule of the Manchurian aristocracy, the Qing government regarded the Liaoshen region, the Liaohe River valley, and some parts of Jilin as its "ancestral traces of the king" and "the important place where our dynasty and the dragon prospered". In order to maintain this special area, Han people and other ethnic groups were strictly forbidden to enter, so wicker edges were built as regional markers. Both "peri-peri" and "peri-periplea" are classified as "forbidden areas". Outside the wicker edge, there are many enclosures of the Qing Dynasty, which served as a place for Manchu rulers to practice martial arts.

Schematic diagram of wicker edges

The implementation of the Jingqi Huitun during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty was the beginning of the development of the Northeast Wasteland and large-scale development. In fact, the original intention of Jingqi Huitun was mainly to solve the livelihood problem of the Eight Banners stationed in Beijing. After the Qing Dynasty settled in the Central Plains, all the living needs of the banner people were supplied by the state, but with the rapid increase in the population of the banner people, it caused a heavy burden on the Qing Dynasty rule. For this reason, since the beginning of Qianlong, the Qing court used official power and financial resources to guide and organize the soldiers of the Eight Banners to move back to Lalin, Acheng, Shuangcheng, Hulan and other places in Heilongjiang Province within the wicker border to carry out tuntian.

Lalin Huazang Monastery

The Qing Dynasty's Jingqi Huitun adopted the method of dividing the land by the well field system in the history of the mainland: the length and width of 6 Huali were wells, each well was divided into 9 districts, each area was 4 squares, each side was 360 bows, and there were 25 bars of Hemaohuang. The Qing court according to the well field wasteland, the well field village, each well a tun, each tun 32 households, numbered into 3 cards, each card 10-11 households, each household one ding; Implement a armor protection system. During the Jiaqing period, the Beijing flag returned to the double castle of Tun, chose the place to place the flag to build the tun, set up three tuns in the left and right, eight flags for each tun, each flag was divided into two wings, the middle was the middle tun, the east was the left tun, the west was the right tun, and 120 flags were set up (Manchu for the camp).

Twin Castle Railway Station

Jingqi Huitun has greatly promoted the development of Heilongjiang towns. In the Huitun area, due to the arrival of the Beijing Banner and the influx of a large number of displaced people, not only did the hazel mang become fertile land, but also the prosperous scene of "more and more people stationed in Manchuria, denser residents, traders and livestock, and unexpected gatherings", so that the sparsely populated border areas in the past formed a dotted village settlement.

2) The origin of Shenyang Xinmin

In the eighth year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1651), a large number of disaster victims were transferred from Shandong and Hebei to the Northeast to reclaim the famine. In the Qing Dynasty, there were "banner people" and "people", and most of the "people" were Han people who broke through the eastern part of the country. At the time of immigration, the foothold of the "people" was called "Mintun". However, these "people" also came first and came first, and the first to occupy a place, and the people called it "Mintun", and it was called very good. However, this place is good, and soon a lot of people moved to the place where Xinmin City is located to settle down, in order to distinguish other "Mintun" on the east side of the Liao River, it is simply called Xinmintun. So this place is called Xinmintun. Later, there were counties, halls, and governments here, and the word "Xinmin" was used.

Xinmin Town, Shenyang

3) The serial number is the name of the tun

In the northwest of Yushu County and the northeast of Fuyu County of Songyuan City, Sanchahe, Xincheng Bureau, Dasanjiazi, Qijiazi, Xiaojia, Caijiagou, Xin'an and other townships, there are about 200 natural tuns named after serial numbers, and these tun names are derived from the Qing Dynasty's Bodu Ne Tuntian.

In the Qing Dynasty, Bodune belonged to the Jilin general Bodune deputy capital, and was one of the seven major military towns in the early Qing Dynasty. The territory corresponds to the area of present-day Ningjiang Buyeo and Yushu counties. Like Lalin and Twin Castle Tuntian, the purpose of Bethune Tuntian is to move idle personnel in the Beijing Banner. All the expenses of the Lalin Tuntian and the Twin Castle Tuntian are borne by the state, and the cost is huge. The Padun field was initiated by the Jilin general Fu Jun, who first recruited people to cultivate the land, and then moved the Beijing flag after the land was ripe. Due to the different social status of the bannermen and the people, the state can save a lot of money by adopting the above-mentioned method of recruiting people to cultivate crops nearby.

Matsubara

The area of the Bedun Tuntian, formerly known as the paddock, has been barren for many years, with neither trees nor livestock. There are about 200,000 acres of reclaimable land. Its land is a new city tun, divided into eight flags and two wings. It is numbered by the eight characters of governance, root, in, agriculture, business, nourishment, crop, and grain. These eight characters, each word numbered 15, that is, 15 tun, before and after the count of 3,600 households, 120 tun.

Place Bertune, Songbara

According to the above-mentioned principle of allocating households by number to build tun, this naming method is determined by the government, and it has become a natural tun name after it is determined, and most of them have been used to this day. The names of the tun with serial numbers above the sixteenth, such as the eighteenth, twentieth, twenty-two, twenty-five, etc., are different. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the uncultivated land in the Beduntian area was reclaimed one after another. The wasteland that was released one after another after the 120 Tun Desert was close to the original Desert, so it was arranged to No. 25 in the order of the original Desert. After the 16th, the years of the construction of the tun should be after the Tongzhi Dynasty.

As for adding words or adjectives such as the size of the east and west, up and down, before and after the serial number, according to the analysis, first, the place name must meet the requirements of colloquialism. Such as the number 5 of the word Zhi, the number 5 of the original word, and the number 5 of the Ding word........ This kind of place name is very inconvenient when it is called, and people often omit the word "Zhizi" and call it a number. And each serial number has eight, and in order to distinguish them, it becomes the size of the thing, etc. Second, in the fifth to seventh year of Daoguang, when the 120th Tun was established, there were about 900 acres of land in each tun. Due to the multiplication of the population, the name of the tun is constantly changing. In order to distinguish it from the original Tun and Xintun, its name is also modeled after the old tun and added directional words or adjectives, such as the upper second, the lower second, the big fifteenth, the small fifteenth, the former seventh, the east tenth, etc.

The former No. 7 town of Changling County

With the changes of time, objective environment and social system, place names are constantly changing. Now, in each of the eight characters of Zhi, Ben, Yu, Nong, Wu, Zi, Jia, and Sui, several numbers have disappeared and have been replaced by new names for Natural Tun

2 Bunks (Sheds)

Nest shop, also known as nest fort, nest shed. A shack refers to a simple hut, while a bunk refers to a shack for sleeping. Nest shop is the simplest temporary dwelling building for the poor and hunters unique to the Northeast. Use a few wooden sticks to support a triangle or shape with the terrain, cover it with firewood and grass and other sundries, and spread it around its perimeter to avoid wind and rain, and live in a nest against the cold. Because its shape is like a special food in the Northeast - "Wotou", it is commonly called a shack.

Shelf

At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the Manchurian, Mongolian, and Han armies each set up eight banners, and all those who belonged to the above three flags were collectively called "banner people", and the Han people who were not incorporated into the Han army banner, and the Han people who continued to go out of the customs, were called "people", or "people". The distinction between the so-called "banner people" and "people" is mainly manifested in land ownership. Where the "flag people" occupy, each has its own region, Manchu, Mongolian, Han three kinds of flag people are each a district, each has a meridian boundary, not mixed, called "Qitun". The "people" cannot be placed alongside the "banner people", and the "people" cultivate or serve in the homes of the "flag people", which are called "mercenary reclamation", or seek the surplus land abandoned by the "flag people" to reclaim the land, and then move the Beijing flag after the land is ripe.

Shelf

The houses within the flag boundary are only allowed to be sold to the flag members, and the flag houses are not allowed to be sold to the "people". In order to make a living, it is estimated that the Han people who went to the eastern part of the country could only build some shacks to achieve the simplest dwelling. After a long time, the population gathers more, and it can only be formed with the approval of the government office, which is called "Minrentun". "Qitun" and "Mintun" have their own boundaries. Therefore, in the plain area of Northeast China, there are many place names named after "shacks" or "nests", such as "Caijiawobao", "Zengjiawobao", "old shacks" and so on. Although the place name is still there, the humble dwellings that confirmed the pioneering spirit of the ancestors have long since disappeared. Nowadays, we can only feel the extraordinary life experience of our ancestors through the lonely melon shack in the field.

3 Horse Racks

"Horse shelf" used to be a kind of traditional living room of the Evenki, Hezhe, Xibe and other ethnic groups in the old days, and it was developed on the basis of the cellar. There is still a simple type of housing called "horse frame" in the northeast, which is between a shack and a main house, and can be lived in for a long time. It is supported by trees, spread branches on the top, smeared with grass and mud, and there is only a low floor shop indoors, which is warmed by a fire on the spot, and the outside is saddle-shaped, so it is called "horse frame".

Horse shelf

In rural areas, the horse frame house is also called the horse butt house. Like the main house, it has adobe walls, straw covers, and doors and windows open to the south. However, there are also differences between the horse frame house and the main house: the main house is a large house in the east-west direction, while the horse frame is a wing house in the north-south direction, and the shape of the horse frame is like a lying horse, it only has a gable on the south side, and the windows and doors are open on the south gable, which is the horse's head held high, and the other three sides are walls. The ridge of the roof is low, and the "horse's buttocks" are covered with thick thatch. The thatch that covers the roof is also made of "foreign grass" from the Northeast.

Wood-carved corrugated horse shelf

So far, the Northeast Plain still retains a lot of place names called "three horse frames", "five horse frames", "six horse frames", there is a four horse frame township in rich county, as the name suggests, there are "horse frames" corresponding to the numbers at the beginning of the construction of tun. In addition, there are some "horse frames" named after surnames in the Northeast, such as "Dujia horse frame" and so on. Such a place name bears witness to the arduous years of the ancestors who began to work hard from poverty and whiteness. More than 200 years ago, when they came to the Northeast with their wives and children, they had no relatives, and in order to make a living, they had to build this simple "horse frame" in the fields to live. It is easy to imagine that living in this kind of horse frame, suffering from mosquito infestation in summer and enduring cold storms and snow in winter, the spirit of the ancestors to endure hardships and stand hard work is manifested in the simple dwelling.

4 Iji Village

Now in the Songnen Plain, you can often see some tun settlements named after the word "well". For example, Datong District of Daqing City has six wells, seven wells, eight wells, nine wells, and two wells in Zhaozhou County. There is a Mijingzi (town) in Buyeo County. There are 268 villages in Qian'an County, and all villages are named after the character "well".

Mitsuiko (town) in Buyeo County

The name of the well should be related to the well field system. The "well field system" in the history of the mainland was implemented in the Zhou Dynasty. It is used as a unit of rank for princes and officials, and as a unit of calculation for controlling slaves, and is a square field with a certain plan, acreage and boundaries. A square field of 100 steps in length and width is called a "field", and the acre of a field is 100 acres, as a "husband", that is, the land cultivated by a laborer. The well field planning is inconsistent in different regions. Some places use the decimal system, and some places call a "well" with nine square fields. Because the nine square fields are placed together, it happens to be a "well" shape, and this is how the name of the well field came about. The area of a well is one square "li"; one hundred wells is ten miles square, called one "cheng", which can accommodate 900 laborers, and 10,000 wells are square 100 li, called one "same", which can accommodate 90,000 laborers.

In the well field, there are irrigation channels of different sizes between the fields, the li and the li, the cheng and the cheng, and the same and the same, which are called Sui, ditch, Xun, and Hu; parallel to the canals, there are also vertical and horizontal passages, called paths, 畛, roads, and roads. The size, depth and width of the various channels have certain specifications. In Heilongjiang Province, although the "well field system" was redefined in the past, its planning method is obviously different from history. Its basic method is 1 bow for every 5 feet, and 360 bows for one mile. It is a bow wide, 2,880 bows are 1 yuan, and the land is 10 acres (about 12 acres now). The width and length are 1 mile each, and the land is 45 square meters. The width and length are 6 miles each, and the land is 1,620 miles into a well. Each well is divided into 9 zones, with 4 squares in each area and 45 square meters per side. The following is still mu, centi, and centi, calculated in 10 rounds. When the wasteland is released, the area of the wasteland section is cleared first. The first section, the second demarcation, the division of A, the division of wells, the division, the division of the square. After the font number is listed, the drawing will be submitted to the Mongolian Affairs Bureau.

Layout plan of the well field ditch

To sum up, it can be seen that those tun settlements named after the word "well" are the areas that were arranged and named when the land reclamation was demarcated. Because it is located in a well field, it is named after the well field. It can be inferred from this that those tunluo, such as Erjingzi, Liujingzi, Qijingzi, Bajingzi, Jiujingzi, etc., are all tunluo named after the deserted section when the boundary is demarcated.

In the early years of the Republic of China, Qian'an was rich in water and grass, fertile land, sparsely populated, and was an ideal place for grazing and reclamation, so there were many people who came here to open up wasteland. Before the establishment of Qian'an County, there were already natural villages of "pioneers", and there were no unified rules for the names of villages at that time, some of which retained the original Mongolian tun names, some of which were named after the names of the village owners, and some of which were named after the villages by topography and features.

In 1926, the county was established. In order to facilitate the sale and rent of land, when measuring, according to the basic pattern of the ancient Chinese "well field system", the land of the county is divided into squares, each square is in the shape of a "mouth", and each mouth word is connected with the surrounding mouth words on all sides, and the mouth words extend into the shape of "well". Therefore, each side of the land is called a well. After measuring, the county has drawn a total of 274 wells, and 36 small squares have been drawn out in each well, and the area of each square is 45 square meters (each length and width are 6.6 miles). The shape of the surrounding area of the survey land is very irregular, and when the measurement is made, a lot of land that cannot be squared is left at the extension boundary. Therefore, the square land is called the "whole well", and the land that is not square is called the "broken well", and there are 35 such broken wells.

　　The provincial governor, Zhang Zuoxiang, decided to name each well with the traditional Chinese enlightenment reading, the Thousand Character Text. Because the "Thousand Character Text" is elegant and vulgar, suitable for all ages, it is widely circulated, and it is set as the name of the village, which is easy to be accepted by people. On June 19, 1926, the General Administration of Exploration and Broadcasting issued the No. 1 Notice, which clearly stipulated that the name of each well should be named in the "Thousand Character Text", and the arrangement method was to arrange the village names in accordance with the traditional Chinese writing habit of "from top to top, from right to left". Sentence by word, word by word down, each well a word, this word as the name of the well, and the well "well" word as the end of the name, all the wells are called "□ well". At that time, the Qian'an place name did not accept all the words of the "Thousand Character Text", but tended to be good and avoided evil, there were trade-offs, and they were strictly screened. The method chosen was to start from the first sentence of the "Thousand Character Text" "Heaven and Earth Yuan Huang" to the 119 sentences of "both the collection of tomb yellow", and choose 268 characters as the village name out of a total of 476 characters, and discard 208 characters.

Gan'an Tianzijing

5 Battalions

There are many villages and towns called "Yingzi" in the Northeast Plain, such as "Dagpur Yingzi", "Nanyingzi", "Gunner Yingzi", "Bali Yingzi", "Yingchengzi" and so on. These towns and villages get their name from the fact that there were military troops stationed here in the earliest days. Most of the garrisons consisted of Mongol and late Manchu troops, and the time of the garrison was often the time when these villages and towns were formed. The place where the army is stationed is called "barracks" or "camps", and folk customs call them "camps". After the army was transferred, a large area of flat ground and preliminarily formed roads were left here, which was convenient for people's lives, so the common people moved here one after another, and gradually formed a village and town.

Gunner Yingzi Village, Jianping County, Liaoning

6 Joko, Tsubako, and Ryoko

The Northeast Plain has many tun names named after "Chengzi" or "Baozi", such as "Mengchengzi", "Xiaochengzi", "Xiangyang Chengzi", "Chenjiabaozi", "Yuejiabaozi" and so on. The so-called "city", "fort" or "weizi" generally refers to a kind of defense facility in which the ancestors who gathered in the old days to protect their property from being robbed by beards, and spontaneously rammed earth around the village to build a wall. The earthen walls are generally built with dry ramparts, thicker at the bottom and gradually thinner upwards, leaving several gates as needed. The villagers spontaneously organized defense, and some villages purchased guns and hired "gunners" to assist in the defense.

Songbara single family bib

The "city" or "fort" in the countryside is like the wall of a large town, and it is a product of an era when social order is unstable, the legal system is not perfect, and it is difficult to ensure the livelihood and personal safety of the lower classes. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, with the continuous progress of mainland society, the former "city" or "fort" has long been pushed by the peasants, and it is difficult to see the slightest trace, replaced by green rice, or tall poplar.

7,000 households

After the Ming Dynasty unified the Northeast, it did not implement the administrative system of provinces, prefectures and counties in the Central Plains, but successively set up two capital divisions of Liaodong and Nuergan, as well as the northern parallel capital division, which had subordinate units such as Wei, Qianhu, Baihu, General Banner and Small Banner in order, which became a special system of integration of military and government. The source of the army is the hereditary military household, and each household sends one person to serve as a soldier in the Zhengding Zhiwei Station, and the soldiers take turns guarding the garrison and the tuntian, and the income from the tuntian is used to supply the needs of the army and generals. Its goal is to raise troops without draining the country's financial resources. "Shenyang Zhongwei" is one of the 25 guards of the Liaodong Division.

Shenyang Yao Qianhu Tun Town

At the beginning, the Ming Dynasty implemented Tuntian for military rations, and later, this army "stayed in Shajiabang for a long time" and slowly began to live. The corresponding management began, so there were official positions such as "Thousand Households", among which, many officials, together with their families, stayed in Shenyang or the surrounding areas to implement Tuntian. Whether it is a thousand households or a hundred households, they all become tunzi in the end. As a result, today's place names such as "Yao Qianhu", "Liu Qianhu" and "Li Qianhu" were left.

8 Oil mills, flour mills

In the old society, due to the weak industrial base of the mainland, all kinds of non-governmental light industry workshops flourished. In the northeast alone, there are many privately owned small oil mills, flour mills, brewing pots, blacksmith stoves, and carpenter shops. At the beginning of the establishment of Tun, once a workshop had a small influence in the local area, over time, the common people agreed to take this workshop as the place name of Bentun.

Nowadays, there are still many such place names scattered in various places in the Northeast Plain, such as "Chejia Oil Mill", "Dayanjia Flour Mill", "Pengjia Furnace", "Old Burning Pot", "Dong Mupu" and so on. With the development of the economy, such small workshops are rare in today's rural areas, and most of those simple machines and tools have been abandoned in a corner of the warehouse, and gradually become a historical relic. Only these glittering place names allow us to imagine the colorful economic life of our ancestors.

9 shops, pharmacies

In the northeast, there is a kind of traditional folk inn called "big car shop", which is mainly set up in the vicinity of the traffic arteries and the city pass, providing simple accommodation for the passing traders, the cost is low, and it is named after the big car of the means of transportation commonly used by the traffickers.

At first, most of these shops were independent, but as the number of customers increased, other businesses such as shops, taverns, blacksmith stoves, carpenters' shops, etc., and more and more people gathered, and over time villages and market towns were formed. Now there are many places named after stores in Northeast China, such as "Guojiadian", "Gaojiadian", "Zhangjiadian", "Linjiadian", etc., many of which use the name of the original car shop.

Northeast car shop

With the development of modern means of transportation, the big car shop gradually disappeared. The new small hotels serving long-distance freight truck drivers retain the characteristics of the original large car shops set up according to traffic routes, simple hostels, and low prices.

There are also some villages in the Northeast named after a certain pharmacy, such as "Liu Pharmacy" and so on.

10 Named after historical sites

There are not many villages in the northeast named after historical sites, and some of them are difficult to know from the place names what they are related to a certain period of history. For example, the Wanjin Pagoda of Nong'an, its place name originates from the Liao Dynasty tower base here, and the folk call it "half the tower", which later evolved into the "Wanjin Pagoda". For another example, some place names are related to the "wicker edge" that was built in the northeast in the early Qing Dynasty to maintain the "rise and fall of the ancestors". During the Qing Dynasty, 164 side platforms were set up to guard and maintain the side walls. There are 3~4 people in each side station, and 150 to 200 people under the jurisdiction of Taiding. Over time, the vicinity of the border platform developed into a village. Later, some places close to the side platform were named after the side platform, such as "five", "six", "nine" and so on.

Jiutai County, Jilin

11 Named after geographical features, flora and fauna

The origin of this kind of place name is generally at the beginning of the establishment of the tun, people often call their village tun with the more familiar geographical features, common animals and plants near the place of residence, and over time, the convention has become a place name.

Changchun Erdaogou Post Office

With the topography, feature characteristics or geographical location, it is called bay, well, tree, platform, fort, shop, shop, village, guan, house, house, gang, hill, dam and many other names. This kind of place name is everywhere, such as "Qianshan", "Erdaogou", "Panjialing", "Dajiagou", "Fork Road", "Poplar", "Five Trees", "Yellow Fish Circle" and so on.

12 Manchurian and Mongolian place names

Northeast China has been the hometown of the Manchu people since ancient times, and they have lived a life of fishing and hunting among the white mountains and black waters for generations. Since the rise of the Mongols in the 13th century, it has also become a nomadic destination. To this day, we can still get a sense of their activities from some place names in the Northeast.

On the banks of the Yinma River in Buhai Town, Dehui City

The formation of Manchu and Mongolian place names in Northeast China is mostly unknown. However, as for the root cause of its formation, it is mostly caused by hunters and shepherds. Due to their low level of education, they refer to various physical geographical entities or a certain area according to their topography, features, or the intuitive feelings of the person who named it, as well as the scene and events they saw when they first came into contact with the place. In the long run, the convention became a place name. Here are some examples:

Halahai Town, Nong'an County

Karen (Manchu means sentry card), Mishazi (Manchu means swamp), Yinma River (Manchu Yilmen River evolved, meaning "Hades", because of its narrow river, the rainy season often floods, hence the name), Buhai (built after the train, Mongolian name is "Wuhai Station", later transliterated "Buhai", Chinese meaning is unknown), Halahai (located in Nong'an County, is a Mongolian name, named after the person. Another saying is that "Harahai" is also called "Harahai", referring to nettle plants), Tiger City (the name of the railway station. Located in the territory of Dehui City, it means "reed grass" in Mongolian).

Ma Hongshen collected and sorted out Picture provided by the author