Stevenson cold cultivation techniques for cranberry varieties
Wang Zizhen [Jishan Huayao self-media network debut]
Stevenson variety of cranberry has outstanding cold resistance, significant yield, excellent agronomic traits, rich nutritional value, and its growth and development characteristics are highly consistent with the climate and cultivation environment of the alpine region in northeast China, and it is an advantageous cranberry species suitable for cultivation in northeast China. In recent years, stevenson has formed a certain scale of cultivation area in the northeast region of China, and has become one of the main cultivars of cranberries in the region. In order to provide effective cultivation technology for the large-scale production of cranberry varieties stevenson and tap its potential for increasing production, Heilongjiang Hejiang Forestry Science Research Institute has continued to carry out cultivation technology experiments in related fields since 2014, through a series of tests such as planting density tests, foliar fertilization tests, field management, etc., to explore the cultivation technology suitable for the cold areas of cranberry in China, and the cultivation technology of cranberry cold land formed through years of test accumulation is complete in content and sound in the technical system. It has strong operability and wide adaptability, and at the same time has certain guidance for farmers to cultivate cranberry varieties Stevenson, and the relevant technical points are summarized as follows.
1 Cultivation site selection
Cultivation land generally chooses plots with good light and good ventilation and shading conditions, and arid plots are not suitable for cultivation. It should be planted in meadow plots, low-lying areas or forest slopes and valleys with rich organic matter, loose humus, high soil water holding, good permeability, and low soil pH.
2 Prepare before planting
(1) Seedling selection. Colonization usually buys 1 year old seedlings, high-quality cranberry seedlings generally have 5 to 6 main branches, the length of the main branches is about 15 cm, the branches have protruding skin holes, and there is toughness, the branch epidermis is purple-brown, the buds on the main branches are full, the number is larger, and the root system is denser and the roots are more.
(2) Land preparation. Cranberry planting needs to prepare the land, first through the rotary tiller deep ploughing layer, the purpose is to loosen the soil, bury stubble, weeds, etc., after ploughing with a disc rake, nail rake rake for rake operation, rake depth of 4 to 10 cm, through the rake to break the soil block, loosen the topsoil, retain water and moisture, improve the ground temperature. After the raking of the land, the soil is properly suppressed with a suppressor, and finally the surface of the land is leveled with a flattener.
(3) Land reclamation. Cranberry has special requirements for the cultivation substrate, likes sandy loam soil with acidity, softness, good air permeability and rich in organic matter, and adjusts the soil pH value after land preparation before colonization, requiring the improved soil pH value to be 4. 0~4.5, soil organic matter content of 8%~12%. The cultivated soil is usually mixed with the acidic grass charcoal soil and fine sand, and the mixing ratio of the original soil and the grass charcoal soil and fine sand is 2 : 2 : 1 or 3 ∶ 3 : 1, and about 80 grams of sulfur powder is mixed per square meter to reduce the pH of the soil to 4. 5, at the same time per square meter mixed with 200 grams of acidic potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer as a base fertilizer. Soil modification is usually carried out in the autumn of the year before colonization, and it is better to leave the soil mixed for more than 4 months before colonizing cranberries.
(4) Make a furrow. Cranberries have the characteristics of moisture-tolerant and waterlogging tolerant, and should be cultivated with low furrows. The low furrow specifications are: furrow depth 45 cm, furrow length 6 m, furrow width 1 m, and the trail around the furrow is 15 cm above the ground. Lay a plastic film slightly wider than the bottom of the furrow to increase water retention. After the low furrow is ready, the soil after the soil is changed into the cultivated furrow and filled with soil to 5 cm above the ground.
3 Colonization period
Cranberry open-field cultivation must be carried out after the end of the final frost period, and if the solar greenhouse cultivation is used, it can be carried out annually. The northeast region is suitable for colonization in mid-April, not more than mid-May at the latest, and the germination of cranberries after mid-May is not conducive to the rooting of cranberries seedlings.
4 Colonization methods
The row spacing for 1-year-old seedlings is 30 cm ×30 cm, and the row spacing for seedlings over 2 years old is 60 cm ×60 cm. If the seedling colonization density is too large, the nutrient area of the seedling is reduced, the ventilation is poor, and the light is insufficient, the field growth of the seedling will be reduced. Before colonization, first dig a colonization hole with a diameter of 15 cm and a depth of 10 cm, put the seedlings with soil lumps into the planting hole, gently lift the seedlings upwards, and at the same time cover the soil compaction, so that the cover soil is slightly higher than the root neck, and water once after colonization.
5 Field management
(1) Weeding. Cranberry plants are short and prone to grass pests, and should be weeded frequently. In the season of vigorous weed growth from June to August, weeds should be removed every 10 days, and herbicides, such as dichox 1500 times liquid, should be used to weed, so as to minimize the number of mechanical weeding, so as not to hurt the cranberine seedlings in the process of weeding.
(2) Irrigation. Cranberries need more water for growth, into the middle of May should be based on drought irrigation, centralized irrigation in June-August, in the budding, flowering, fruit expansion period to appropriate irrigation, overall keep the cultivation of furrow surface moist is appropriate.
(3) Ploughing. In order to increase the thickness of the loose soil layer, improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil, and improve the soil fertility, 1 to 2 times of ploughing are carried out every growing season, and in principle, 15 cm depth is appropriate.
(4) Topdressing. After the end of the slow seedling stage of cranberries, a quick-available nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer was applied once in combination with watering, generally 10 kg of diammonium phosphate and 8 kg of urea per mu. Foliar fertilizer is applied during shoot growth and bud formation, and sprayed between periods 0. 1% ～0. 2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate 3 times. Apply the base fertilizer in autumn, and apply 200 grams of compound fertilizer per fruit tree.
6 Shaping and trimming
(1) Fixed drying. After the colonization of cranberries, it needs to be dried, and the seedlings after drying generally retain 3 to 4 main branches in different directions, and the length of each main branch after pruning is 8 to 10 cm, and each main branch retains 3 to 4 buds and a certain number of leaves.
(2) Summer pruning. In summer, the main branches of cranberries are pruned. Select 4 to 5 main branches with the appropriate direction on the trunk, and the rest are all removed, and the retained main branches should be shortened by about 1/2. During the fruiting period, the crown width should be controlled, and weak branches, dead branches, diseased branches, intersecting branches and overlapping branches should be removed, so as to provide sufficient nutrition for the growth of fruiting branches and promote fruit development.
(3) Winter pruning. After planting for 2 years, the cranberries should be pruned every winter, and the drooping branches, horizontal branches, weak branches, over-dense branches, cross branches and overlapping branches in the canopy should be removed at the bottom of the tree, and the flower buds at the top of the branches should be shortened to promote the development of middle and lower flower buds.
7 Pest control
(1) Disease prevention and control. The main diseases of cranberries are leaf blight, zombie fruit disease and leaf green loss. Leaf blight can be controlled from June to September with 50% carbendazim wettable powder 1000 times liquid or 50% methyl tolbuzin wettable powder 1000 ~ 1500 times liquid for prevention. Zombie fruit disease can be sprayed with 50% urea in early spring, control zombie disease occurs in the primary stage, spray 20% zimmamine before flowering, can make the disease resistance effect more than 90%.
(2) Pest control. The main insect pests of cranberries include lepidoptera and homoptera pests, which can be sprayed every 15 to 20 days every 15 to 20 days during the high incidence of pests 1500 times liquid or 2. 5% Kung Fu Emulsion 1000 ~ 1500 times liquid. For aphids, mites and other insect pests, 50% aphid pine emulsion 1000 ~ 1500 times liquid or 50% octylthion emulsion 2000 times liquid can be sprayed every 15 days, and 3 times in 1 growing season can effectively prevent the occurrence of the above insect pests and improve the yield and quality of cranberry fruits.
8 Harvesting
The harvest of the cranberry fruit begins in October and ends in November. The best time to harvest is based on the fact that the fruit turns dark red. Cranberry harvesting has two ways: dry harvest and wet harvest, and dry harvest is mainly manually picked; Wet harvest is usually 1 day before harvest to inject water into the cultivated low furrow, on the 2nd day the mechanical water wheel knocks down the fruit on the vine, the vine berries float on the water, and then the fruit is collected by a water wheel, drained and stored.
9 Protected from wintering
In winter, it is often used to inject water into the low furrow to form an ice layer for overwintering and cold protection. When the soil layer freezes in early November, fill the entire low furrow with water, and ensure that the whole cranberry plant is soaked in water when the water is injected, and the whole cranberry plant can stop the water injection after freezing 5 cm below the ice layer. The standard for the formation of an ice layer is to form a layer of thick ice of more than 5 cm on the surface of the planting pond, and usually the ice layer can play a good wintering and cold protection effect on cranberries.