Abstract:Beef is rich in protein, amino acid composition is closer to the needs of the human body than pork, can improve the body's ability to resist disease, and is particularly suitable for people who grow and develop and recuperate after surgery and illness in supplementing blood loss and repairing tissues. Eating beef in the cold winter has the effect of warming the stomach and is a good tonic for the cold winter. China's per capita beef consumption is second only to pork. Beef is high in protein and low in fat and delicious. In 2023, the output of beef in mainland China will be about 7.53 million tons, the demand will be 10.3976 million tons, and the average market price will be about 85.88 yuan per kilogram.
1. Definitions
Beef is the edible part of the limbs, bones and internal organs after being bled to death. Beef is rich in protein, amino acid composition is closer to the needs of the human body than pork, can improve the body's ability to resist disease, and is particularly suitable for growth and development, post-surgery, post-illness recuperation in replenishing blood loss and repairing tissues. Eating beef in the cold winter has the effect of warming the stomach and is a good tonic for the cold winter. It is suitable for people with sagging middle qi, shortness of breath, weakness, muscle and bone soreness, anemia, long-term illness and yellow face. Beef is a food loved by people all over the world, one of the main meat foods consumed by Chinese, and enjoys the reputation of "the pride of meat".
Second, industry policies
In recent years, both national and local governments have introduced policies to support the high-quality development of the beef cattle industry. The State Council has issued the "14th Five-Year Plan for Promoting Agricultural and Rural Modernization", proposing to implement the action of expanding the herd and improving the quality of basic female animals and the incremental improvement of grass-fed animal husbandry in the south, and guiding the standardization, intensification and intelligent transformation of livestock and poultry pens in a number of large-scale beef cattle farms. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs issued the "Implementation Opinions on Implementing the Key Work Deployment of the Party Central Committee and the State Council in 2022 to Comprehensively Promote Rural Revitalization", proposing to implement the action of increasing the quality of beef cattle, carrying out pilot demonstrations of grassland animal husbandry transformation and upgrading, optimizing the regional layout of slaughtering enterprises, promoting the standardization of slaughtering enterprises, and strengthening the prevention and control of major animal diseases. Combined with the actual situation of the development of the beef cattle and yak industry in various places, the local government has introduced beef cattle breeding subsidies and industrial support policies around strengthening cow breeding, enhancing financial support, and strengthening the green ecology of beef cattle.
3. Industry barriers
1. Financial barriers
Cattle are one of the most widespread and large livestock in the world. Because of its own reproductive growth characteristics, compared with the general pigs, sheep, chickens and ducks and other livestock and poultry breeding industries, it has the characteristics of large initial capital investment, long investment cycle, and slow investment results. Generally speaking, it generally takes more than 2 and a half years for calves from birth to successful fattening (it even takes more than 3 years to raise high-grade snowflake beef), during which it is necessary to continue to invest in feed costs, labor costs, plant equipment depreciation, etc., and the comprehensive cost will be more than 20,000 yuan/head (high-grade beef cattle will be higher). To reach more than 10,000 beef cattle breeding, it often requires a cumulative investment of hundreds of millions of dollars. From the purchase of the first generation of calves to the slaughter of the second generation of beef cattle, it generally takes more than 5 years of investment cycle for two generations of cattle. In addition, the scientific, large-scale, refined slaughtering of beef cattle also needs to invest a lot of money, 10,000 tons of beef cattle slaughtering base, the annual slaughter number of about 23,000 heads, even if the cost price of 20,000 yuan/head procurement, also need tens of millions of working capital. The investment in plant equipment is generally about 25 million. Therefore, the huge demand for capital is a relatively difficult barrier for new entrants in the industry.
2. Technical barriers
Beef cattle farming is the most complex and difficult in modern livestock and poultry farming. In the whole process of beef cattle breeding and slaughtering, a large number of modern disease prevention and control technology, modern genetic technology, frozen sperm breeding technology, feeding management technology, nutrient intake control technology, standardized slaughtering technology and cooling acid discharge process are used, and the pre-slaughter and post-slaughter inspection and quarantine system is required to monitor the safety of meat. Among them, modern genetic technology and frozen sperm breeding technology are of great significance for cultivating excellent beef cattle breeds, and the breeds of beef cattle determine the growth rate, disease resistance, meat ratio and other aspects of cattle. Feeding management technology and nutrient intake control technology are directly related to the net meat rate of slaughtered cattle, the quality level of beef, meat texture, eating taste and nutritional value. Standardized slaughtering and cooling and acid removal processes are the final steps to ensure beef quality and food safety. Especially for high-grade beef, the quality of cooling and acid excretion directly affects the grade and price of beef. The above-mentioned technical needs are the accumulation of years of practice by industry enterprises, and it is difficult for new enterprises to have all of them in a short period of time.
3. Brand barriers
The frequent occurrence of food safety problems such as "clenbuterol" has made consumers pay more and more attention to the safety of meat consumption. Choosing beef products with brand assurance and traceability is a common practice among consumers. The establishment of a brand needs to go through the experience of market competition. It is a long process to design, shape, promote, be recognized, and be recognized for a brand. And the maintenance of the brand is a long-term and arduous task. This sets a high bar for new entrants.
Fourth, the industrial chain
The upstream of the beef industry chain is mainly pasture and feed for breeding beef cattle. In countries with different resource endowments and levels of development, there are large differences in the way and scale of beef cattle breeding. For example, countries with strong resource endowments (grassland resources), such as Australia, New Zealand, Brazil and Argentina, generally adopt the model of "grassland-type modern animal husbandry", which is based on natural grassland and mainly fenced grazing. Countries with developed beef industries represented by the United States are accustomed to adopting the breeding method of grazing and free-range and centralized fattening, which is also commonly known as the "large-scale factory animal husbandry" model. In countries lacking resource endowment or low level of development, such as Japan, which is poor in land resources, and developing China, the "farmer dispersed feeding model" is still adopted.
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