The so-called ancient capital, literally means the ancient capital, and can be divided into narrow and broad senses.
In a narrow sense, first of all, the political power must be independent, and secondly, it must live for a long time, and the ruins are close to the relevant cities, and they cannot be far away from the ruins.
Xi'an
In a broad sense, it is simple, even if it is a small imperial court, as long as the regime is independent and its capital is the political center, it should be regarded as an ancient capital.
Guangzhou was once the capital of South Vietnam and the Southern Han Dynasty
Since the Xia Dynasty, there have been 217 such ancient capitals, among which there is also the saying of "eight ancient capitals".
Xi'an, Luoyang, Nanjing, and Beijing were the first four, followed by Kaifeng, Hangzhou, Anyang, and Zhengzhou.
The family background of the first four bigwigs is thick enough, and the Kaifeng of the "city stacked city" is not a big problem.
The two provincial capitals of Hangzhou and Zhengzhou, the former of the Southern Song Dynasty and Wuyue, and the latter of Shangtang Bodu, are actually a little watery.
Hangzhou
And Anyang is one of the most low-key ones.
He is a native of Yu Village, and he is ranked "twelve" among the eighteen brothers, living in the northernmost part of the village, next to Jin Village and Ji Village.
Talking about the history of the ancient capital of Anyang, you can't avoid Yecheng, which is now Linzhang, Handan, Hebei.
The Duke of Qi Huan built Yecheng, and in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, Yecheng was first operated by Yuan Shao, and then occupied by Cao Cao, which opened the prelude to the capital of Cao Wei, Later Zhao, Ran Wei, Qianyan, Eastern Wei and Northern Qi dynasties.
Linzhang County Tongque Santai site
"The old site is in Linzhang, and the old people are in Anyang", the relationship between Anyang and Yecheng lies in the third year after the Northern Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Northern Qi.
After the "Rebellion of the Three Governors", Yang Jian set a fire in Yecheng and moved the people and the local government south to Anyang, 45 miles away, and a new Yecheng was born.
Anyang Wenfeng Tower
There is one remaining dynasty in addition to the six dynasties, it is an absolute heavyweight, and it is thought that Anyang can be selected into the "eight", and it has to account for more than half of the credit.
"A Legendary City 3,300 Years Ago"
More than 90 years ago, our understanding of the Shang Dynasty only stayed in words ("Historical Records: Yin Benji").
It wasn't until 1928 that a group of archaeologists came to Xiaotun Village in Anyang, dug through 3,300 years with a shovel, and glimpsed the traces of a dynasty.
The Shang Dynasty is divided into three historical stages: early, middle and late, and we are familiar with the "Late Shang".
That is, the 19th monarch of the Shang Dynasty, Pangeng, moved his capital to "Yin" (Anyang, Henan), and the 30th monarch Di Xin (King of Shang) was destroyed by King Wu of Zhou in the 273 years.
Oracle bone script of the Shang Dynasty
After King Wu destroyed Shang, he gave Yin to Wu Geng, the son of King Wu, and was killed because of Wu Geng's rebellion, and gradually fell into ruins, so it was called "Yin Ruins".
The Yinxu site is roughly divided into two parts: the royal tomb area and the palace and temple area.
The royal tomb area is the tomb group of Yin Shang, there are thirteen tombs in the east and west districts, and more than 2,000 burial tombs, and the treasure of our town and country - the stepmother Wuding comes from here.
Wangling District
Stepmother Wuding - Collection of the National Museum of China
The Shang Dynasty pursued a system of "human sacrifice", and no matter what activities were held, it was as casual as killing chickens.
Most of the royal tombs are sacrificial pits, with more than 14,000 skeletons, including the elderly, children, and even foreign races.
A human head boiled in a bronze vessel
As the name suggests, dozens of palaces and temples in Yin Shang are mainly concentrated here.
It is also the place where bronze and oracle bones are excavated with the highest concentration, such as the famous "YH127" pit.
In 1936, archaeologists excavated more than 17,000 pieces of carved oracle bones in this ash pit alone, and it is estimated that they dug up the "National Library".
Tombs of women have also been found in this area.
There are dozens of large tombs in the Yin Ruins, but they have basically been stolen, and the tomb of the woman is the only complete high-standard royal tomb.
The 7.5-meter-deep tomb is filled with nearly 2,000 burial items.
At that time, archaeologists couldn't even get their feet, and the 468 bronzes alone exceeded the total number of bronzes unearthed in Yinxu over the years, which was quite exaggerated.
Nu Hao is the wife of the Shang king Wu Ding, and she is a very capable general.
She once repelled the ghost people (i.e., the Aryans), the so-called "women are warlike ghosts, and behead 20,000 white heads".
Although most of the treasures unearthed in Yinxu have been "borrowed" by the provincial museum or the national museum, after all, the family background is thick enough, and there are still a lot of highlights.
PS: One thing to note is!!
From October 7, 2023, part of the underground exhibition hall will be closed here, if you plan to come to Yinxu, you can wait for the new hall to be completed and opened.
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Tangyin Yue Fei Temple
Jiang Ziya, Guan Yu, and Yue Fei are the three martial saints in Chinese history.
Guan Yu began to "become popular" in the Northern Song Dynasty, especially Huizong sealed him four times, and in the Ming and Qing dynasties, he was specially sealed, replacing Jiang Ziya as the new martial saint.
Zaozhuang Guandi Temple
Yue Fei, a native of Tangyin County, Anyang, was born in the Northern Song Dynasty and was mainly active in the Southern Song Dynasty.
He was a famous general of the Southern Song Dynasty against Jin, and in January 1142, Qin Hui killed him and his eldest son Yue Yun on trumped-up charges.
Hangzhou West Lake Wind Wave Pavilion
20 years later, Song Xiaozong rehabilitated him, pursued Wu Mu, crowned the king of Hubei, and was buried in Qixialing on the bank of West Lake in Hangzhou.
But unfortunately, because he was unjustly killed by the emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty, Yue Fei did not enter the martial arts temple of the Southern Song Dynasty.
Hangzhou Yue Wang Temple The tomb of Yue Fei and his son Yue Yun
In the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Yue Fei was named the "Emperor of the Three Realms Jing Demons", which was similar to Guan Yu's title at that time.
However, in the Qing Dynasty, Yue Fei's official status plummeted.
Guan Yu was vigorously promoted, just because Yue Fei was an anti-Jin hero, and the Manchu Qing was a descendant of the Jurchens of the Jin Dynasty, the so-called "Hou Jin".
Distinguish Master Guan's "almighty god" attribute.
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There are three major Yue temples in China, the battlefield - Yue Fei Temple in Zhuxian Town, Kaifeng, the place of death - Yue Wang Temple in Hangzhou, and the birthplace here - Tangyin Yue Fei Temple.
Tangyin Yue Fei Temple
Tangyin is Yue Fei's hometown, and the age of the construction of this Yue temple is unknown.
It is only known that it was rebuilt in the first year of Ming Jingtai (1450), more than 100 years earlier than Wanli crowned him as a god (1615).
There are a total of six courtyards in the rectangular outline, more than 100 Ming Dynasty buildings are antique, and there are hundreds of inscriptions and stone carvings left by the past dynasties.
There is the Qianlong Imperial Monument outside the mountain gate, and of course there is also the "Yue Temple Standard Configuration" - Qin Hui and other five kneeling statues.
I remember that there are only four bodies in the Yuewang Temple in Hangzhou, and there are more Wang Jun here.
As for the tickets, 38 yuan is not expensive, and of course there are two free ways.
One is that your surname is Yue, and the other is that you can recite "Man Jianghong", but the Yue Fei Museum has to charge an additional 20 yuan, which is not cost-effective.
5 kilometers to the north of Yue Fei Temple is the ruins of the city of You.
The first prison in Chinese history, it was the place where King Shang held Ji Chang 3,000 years ago.
Wenfeng Pagoda of Tianning Temple
In the cities I have visited, many of them have this kind of tower, either called Wenfeng, Wenbi, or Wenchang.
In short, the "central idea" of building the tower lies in the prosperity of the style of study and the emergence of talents who study and become officials.
Wenshan City, Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province
The Wenfeng Tower in Anyang is a long time ago.
It was founded in the second year of Zhou Guangshun after five generations (952, and there are eight years for Zhao Kuangyin to add a yellow robe), and it has been more than 1,000 years since he broke his fingers.
This tower is inexplicably peculiar at first glance.
The normal tower is "big and small", but this tower is not according to common sense, the five-layer heavy eaves increase step by step from bottom to top, it is really "live for a long time".
The brick body and wooden eaves are Liao-style style, but the tower is the Tibetan lama tower according to the Qing Dynasty.
There are various brick carvings on the outer edge, with yellow-green glazed tiles, with the surrounding green vegetation, it is beautiful in the sun.
It's good-looking, and the price is a little inflated.
The tower is in Tianning Temple, 30 yuan to enter the temple, if you want to climb the tower, you have to pay another 5 yuan.
Shudingji Pagoda
The tower is the companion of the temple, and the Xiuding Temple is a royal temple, built in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and has been repeatedly destroyed and repaired in the past dynasties.
When Zhu Gaosui, the third son of Zhu Di, was the king of Zhao in Anyang, he once regarded Xiuding Temple as the "private temple" of the palace.
Anyang Gaoge Temple The building of the Zhao Wangfu in the Ming Dynasty
Later, the temple was destroyed, and only one tower survived, because it was rebuilt in the Tang Dynasty, commonly known as "Tang Tower".
It is different from the tower we usually see, because it is only one floor, a bit like the Sui Dynasty Simen Tower in Licheng District, Jinan, and looks like a sedan chair from a distance.
Once you look at it closely, the boss with his mouth open is shocked.
The tower base tower is 20 meters high, the hollow structure is solid on three sides, embedded with glazed tiles, and the content is varied, including the wrestler maid, flying music, birds, beasts, fish, insects, flowers, etc.
There is it in the Northern Wei Dynasty, because the Tang Dynasty has repaired, so there is a distinct Tang Mi style, because it is too exquisite and gorgeous, it is called "China's first Hua Tower" on the rivers and lakes.
It is sad that in modern times, many glazed bricks have been stolen and lost overseas, and it is known that museums in the United States, Britain, Canada and other countries have wall tiles for repairing temple towers.
It's no wonder that some people say that a brick can change an apartment in the city, but I think it's much more important than a house.
There are also two tombs of big men in Anyang, one is Cao Cao's Gao Ling, and the other is Yuan Lin of Yuan Shikai.
Regarding where Cao Cao is buried, there have been controversies over the years, such as a joke before.
Gaoling is located in Xigaoxue Village, Anyang, and was discovered in 2006.
With the final recognition of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage in 2009 and the completion of the Gaoling Museum, the voice has been much quieter in recent years.
Anyang Gaoling Ruins Museum
When I coded words, I specifically searched for related papers.
Liu Qingzhu, a teacher from the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, has an article "Archaeological Confirmation and Interpretation of Cao Cao's Tomb", which can explain the relevant issues.
Then there is Yuan Lin of Yuan Shikai.
At first, I was puzzled, because in my impression, it seems that only the tombs of saints can be called "forests", such as the "Kong Lin" of Confucius in Qufu and the "Guan Lin" of Guan Yu in Luoyang.
Yuan Lin, very close to Yinxu, can be visited together
A combination of Chinese and Western stone statues
Later, I learned that the reason for "Yuan Lin" was that he was clever.
Yuan Shikai's eldest son, Yuan Keding, originally wanted to emulate the emperors of the past dynasties and call his father's tomb "Yuan Ling", but Xu Shichang objected.
If it weren't for those 83 days, the afterlife would not have been the same
Something like this:
"Your father was not able to call the emperor during his lifetime, if he used the name of Yuan Ling after his death, it is estimated that he will be sprayed, Lin and Ling are homophonic, and the name of the Ling is still the truth, which is quite perfect!"
Source: It's a traveler
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