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National Library of Philosophical and Social Science Achievements
History of Kangzang (Ancient Volume, Modern Volume)
Shi Shuo is the editor-in-chief
298.00 RMB|hardcover·1028 pages
ISBN：978-7-5228-1988-4
Epilogue
This book is the final result of the major projects I presided over and undertook the National Social Science Fund. From the establishment of the project in 2010, the completion of the project in 2019, and the selection of the "National Library of Philosophy and Social Science Achievements" in the same year, to today's upcoming payment, this process has lasted for 14 years, like a marathon and a long journey, in which hardships, busyness, joy, frustration, perseverance, long waiting, anxiety, etc., every moment is history and worth remembering.
The past is like the wind, looking back on the past 14 years, lighting a cigarette and smiling indifferently. When the results were about to be published, two feelings were strong. First, I really feel the ease of finishing something, and I can finally breathe a long sigh of relief. Second, I would like to thank my research team for their consistent trust and support over the past 14 years. Without them, this achievement would not have been possible. I would like to express my deep gratitude to each and every one of them!
The reason why it took nine years to complete this book is that it is more difficult than we imagined. The General History of Tibet, led by the China Tibetology Research Center and completed with the participation of more than 90 scholars, lasted 14 years. However, the backbone of the General History of Tibet does not deal with the Kham-Tibet region. The Kham-Tibet region, also known as the "Kham region", refers to the eastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which is located in the Hengduan Mountains and is the distribution area of the entire Tibetan Kang dialect. "Kang" means "frontier land" in Tibetan. The "borderland" is unusually vast, spanning four provinces and regions of Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet, including three autonomous prefectures (Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan, Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan, Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai) and Changdu City. The importance of the Kang-Tibet region lies in the fact that it is not only a geographical connection and transition zone of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau inclined to the east, but also an area where the Tibetans have contacts and exchanges with many ethnic groups in the southwest, and at the same time, it is also a connecting hub and bridge between the central dynasties and the Tibetan region, and is a frontier area for governing Tibet. It is often said that "to be stable is to be healthy", which is the reason for this. During the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, it was a place of turmoil, and many major events that affected the whole country and attracted attention took place. However, such a region has always lacked a general history work that systematically sorts out its historical context. Although there have been books on "historical tales" related to this region published before, they are simplistic and partial, and do not cover the entire Kang-Tibet region. It is difficult to systematically and comprehensively sort out and outline the historical context of such a geographically, culturally and socially "marginal" but extremely important connection and transition area. The most difficult thing is that the previous research in the academic community is relatively weak, lacks systematization and completeness, and has no previous research framework to refer to; second, it involves a vast area, the data is scattered and scarce, and the history of many local regions is missing in the literature; and third, there is no fixed political center in the history of the region. These three points have brought great difficulty to the combing and research of the historical context of the Kang-Tibet region. Therefore, in the process of research, there is often a feeling of "eating crabs first". Fortunately, many of us and my research team have been engaged in the study of the Tibet-Yi corridor since the 90s of the 20th century, and this research has provided important support for us to finally complete the History of Kang-Tibet.
Now, "The History of Kangzang" is finally going to "meet the ugly daughter-in-law and her in-laws" and meet the majority of readers, and I feel a little apprehensive in my heart. There are two points that may be our confidence: First, we have done it conscientiously, we have not dared to have any slackness or sloppiness, and we have done our best; second, although there are many "negotiable" and things that need to be perfected in the book, and what it has sorted out is a broad historical context, it is the first work to systematically sort out and study the historical context of the Kang-Tibet region, and its basic and pioneering nature is beyond denying its foundation. Through a systematic combing of the historical context of the Kang-Tibet region, we can not only clearly understand the extensive and deep ties between the Tibetans and the various ethnic groups in the southwest, but also have a more thorough understanding of how the central dynasties implemented the management and governance of Tibet through the Kang-Tibet region. This may be the value and significance of the History of Kangzang.
It is gratifying that in 2019, as the only achievement of ethnology, the History of Kangzang was selected into the National Library of Philosophy and Social Science Achievements. The National Library of Philosophy and Social Science Achievements is a "national high-end academic brand", and the selected achievements are "academic masterpieces that reflect the current frontier of philosophy and social science research in mainland China and reflect the highest level of related disciplines". This is a high honor. In 2023, the book won the first prize of the 20th Sichuan Provincial Social Science Outstanding Achievement Award. This is a great encouragement to us and a high recognition of the perseverance and hard work of our research team over the years.
This book is a collective achievement, and the credit belongs to everyone. The following persons undertake the completion of each volume and chapter:
History of Kangzang (Ancient Volume)
Chapters 1-3, 4, Sections 1 and 3, Chapter 5: Shi Shuo
Chapter 4, Section 2: Wang Xinyuan
Chapter 6: Luo Hong
Chapters 7 & 8: Li Zhiying
Chapter 9, Verses 1-3: Liu Huan
Chapter 9, Section 4: Shi Shuo, Zou Libo
Chapter 9, Sections 5-7, Chapter 10: Lina Wang
Chapters 11-12: Yuzhu Cuom
History of Kangzang (Modern Volume)
Chapter 1: Wang Zhi
Chapters 2-3, 10, 12-13: Zou Libo
Chapters 4-7, 9, 11: Wang Haibing
Ph.D. students Yan Cui and Pan Xiaotong participated in part of the work in Chapter 8.
I would like to give special thanks to my student and assistant, Assoc. Prof. Zou Libo. He assisted me with a lot of work related to the project. His unpretentious, down-to-earth and progressive style of study has contributed a lot to the successful completion of the project.
I would also like to express my special thanks to Mr. Zheng Qinghuan, Director of the History Branch of the Social Sciences Academic Press, and his editorial team for their attention and support for the publication of this book. In order to edit the book and improve the quality of editing, the editorial team specially purchased a set of 13 volumes of the General History of Tibet. His professionalism and dedication are impressive. Here, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks and respect to Mr. Zheng Qinghuan and his editorial team!
In closing, I would like to express that the world is a wonderful place, and that we should always face the world with gratitude and humility. For this reason, I would like to thank everyone who has helped the "History of Kangzang". They are: Mr. Hao Shiyuan, Mr. Zhou Weizhou, Professor Ma Guoqing, Professor Xirao Nyima, Professor Huang Weizhong, Researcher Zhang Yun, Professor Liu Zhengyin, Professor Wang Chuan, Researcher Zhou Yuan, etc., as well as many experts and scholars whose names I do not know. At present, it is not easy to publish ethnic works, and the successful publication of this book will surely receive the support and affirmation of many people. Here, on behalf of the research group, I would like to express my sincere thanks and high respect to them!
Shi Shuo
On December 17, 2023, at the residence of Jiangan Garden, Sichuan University
National Philosophy and Social Science Achievements Library Kangzang History (Ancient Volume, Modern Volume) Shi Shuo, Editor-in-Chief, 298.00 yuan|hardcover, 1028 pagesISBN: 978-7-5228-1988-4
Introduction
This book is the first general history work that comprehensively and systematically outlines and presents the overall historical outlook of the Kham region. Based on the basic context and characteristics of the history of Kang District, it is divided into two volumes: "Ancient Volume" and "Modern Volume". Kham District, also known as "Kham Tibet", is one of the three major historical and geographical regions of Tibetan tradition. The region is located in the Hengduan Mountains, which is an important connection zone between the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the western Sichuan Plain and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. This book places the history of Kang-Tibet in the exchanges and interactions between the central dynasties, the Tibetan region, and the Han and Tibetan ethnic groups in the form of a general history, and systematically sorts out and presents the historical development of the region. By combing through the historical development of the Kang-Tibet region, we can not only have a clearer understanding of the political exchanges, trade and multi-ethnic cultural exchanges between Tibet and the various ethnic groups on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the hinterland, but also have a clearer understanding of the historical trajectory of the gradual integration of the Tibetan people into the Chinese nation. This book is a basic work on the history of Kang and Tibet, which is the culmination of data and research results.
About the Editor-in-Chief
Shi Shuo is a professor at the School of History and Culture of Sichuan University and a distinguished professor of "Changjiang Scholars" of the Ministry of Education. His research interests include the history of Chinese ethnicity, the Tibet-Yi corridor, and the history of Sino-Tibetan relations. He has published 14 academic monographs, including "The History of the Eastward Development of Tibetan Civilization", "The Origin of the Tibetan Nationality and the Ancient Civilization of Eastern Tibet", "Research on the Towers of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau", and "The Tibet-Yi Corridor: The Origin of Civilization and the Origin of the Nation", and published more than 160 academic papers.
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Ancient Wu
Chapter 1 Characteristics and Status of Kham in the Three Traditional Tibetan Regions
Section 1: Regional Characteristics of the Tibetan Nationality
Section 2 On the Three Traditional Tibetan Regions
Section 3 The scope and geographical environment of the Kang area
Section 4 Social outlook and humanistic characteristics of Kang District
Section 5 Academic Understandings and Research on Kang District
Chapter 2 The History of Kham before the 7th Century
Section 1 Remains of human activity in the Paleolithic Kang area
Section 2 Sites of large settlements in the Neolithic Kang area
Section 3 The relationship between the Neolithic culture in Kang area and the upper reaches of the Yellow River
Section 4 The connection between sarcophagus burial culture and the white wolf tribe in Kang District
Section 5 The genealogical appearance of the tribes in the Kham area from the corpus of "White Wolf Song".
Section 6 Contacts and Interactions between the Kham Tribes and Weizang before the 7th century
Section 7 The vassal state of the Sui Dynasty Kang District and the inheritance relationship with the white wolf
Chapter 3 The Rise and Eastward Expansion of the Tibetan Dynasty
Section 1 The Establishment of the Tibetan Dynasty and the Situation of the Tribes in the Kham Region
Section 2 The Battle of Songzhou and the Tibetan Invasion of the Western Sichuan Plateau
Section 3 The Battle and Advance Route of the Tibetans in Jiannan and Xichuan
Chapter 4 The Dependency and Alliance of the Tibetan Tribes in the Kham Region
Section 1 The Tubo Subordinate and Control of the Tribes in the Kham Region
Section 2 Relics of Tibetan Activities in the Kham District
Section 3 The Spread of Tibetan Buddhism to the Kham Region
Chapter 5 From the period of secession to the Kang region under the rule of the Yuan Dynasty
Section 1 "Tibetan Relics": Population Integration in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau
Section 2: "Kang" and its Connotation in Tibetan Literature in the Later Propagation Period
Section 3 The Administrative Divisions of the Yuan Dynasty in Tibet and the Formation of the "Three Regions" in Tibet
Section 4 The "Samburo Rebellion" and the "Dogansi Propaganda Division" were established
Section 5 The conquest and domination of the Kang region by the Lang family
Section 6 The Origin and Background of the Title of "Human District" in Kang District
Section 7 The Legend of the "Black-headed Dwarves" and the "Six Clans": The Integration of the Kham Tribes
Chapter 6 The Development and Evolution of the Political and Religious Pattern in the Kang District in the Ming Dynasty
Section 1 The Establishment and Partition of the Ming Court in the Kang District
Section 2 The expansion of Mu's Tusi to the Kangnan region
Section 3 The Development of Gelugpa in Kham in the 15th and 16th Centuries
Section 4 Penetration of the Mongol Tumut tribes into the Kham region
Section 5 The southward movement of Gongdao in the Ming Dynasty and the rise of the status of Kang District
Chapter 7 The Rise and Fall of Baili Tusi in Kang
Section 1 Screening of historical records related to Baili Toast
Section 2 The lineage of Baili Tusi and the prospect of the land
Section 3 The Rise of Berry Toast and Its Religious Attitudes
Section 4 The Bitter Conflict with the Gelug Sect and Its Downfall
Chapter VIII Heshute Mongolia Enters the Kham District
Section 1 The Handu Expedition to the Kham Region and the Gelugpa Forces to the Kham Region
Section 2 The rupture of relations between Khandu and the Gelugpists
Section 3 Events in the Year of the Wooden Tiger
Chapter 9 The Qing court's focus on the management of the Kham area and the management of Tibet shifted to the Kham area
Section 1 Wu Sangui's Rebellion and the Qing Court's Intervention in the Kham District
Section 2 The "Battle of the Western Furnace" and the Qing court's control of the Arrow Furnace
Section 3 The completion of the Luding Bridge and the rise and prosperity of the archery furnace
Section 4 "Shooting Arrow Furnace": Place Names, Legends and Beliefs under the Fusion of Han and Tibet
Section 5 The Qing court's exploration of the road to Tibet from the archery furnace in "Driving the Preservation of Tibet".
Section 6 The Qing court's opening up of the road from Yunnan to Tibet
Section 7 The opening of the Sichuan-Tibet Road and the southward shift of the Qing court's center of gravity to govern Tibet
Chapter 10 During the Yongzheng period, the Kang area was fully controlled and the boundary between Kang and Tibet was demarcated
Section 1 The Qing court prevented the Lobzang Danjin rebellion from spreading to the Kham region
Section 2 The End of the Mongol Power of Heshute in Kham
Section 3 The Qing court set up a large-scale Tusi operation in the Kangbei region
Section 4 Yongzhengshi's Classification of the Administrative Boundaries of Tibetan Areas
Chapter 11 The Seventh Dalai Lama Moves to Huiyuan Monastery in Kham District
Section 1 The Reincarnation and Identification of the Seventh Dalai Lama in Litang
Section 2 The "War to Defend Tibet" and the Seventh Dalai Lama's relocation to Huiyuan Monastery
Section 3 The construction of Huiyuan Monastery, the residence of the Dalai Lama
Section 4 The Dalai Lama's stay at Xihuiyuan Monastery and his return to Tibet
Chapter 12 The Qing Dynasty's "Zhan Zhi Problem" and the Rise of Gong Brown in Kang District
Section 1 The Historical Source of the Rise of the Gongbrown Knot: The Three Battle of the Yongzheng to the Qianlong Dynasty
Section 2 Tibetan Assistants Brown Knot and Zhan Pair Return to Tibet
Section 3: The Provocation of the Tibetan Officials stationed in Zhan and the dispute between the Kang District
Section 4: The Struggle for Belonging
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index
Modern volume
Chapter 1 The Missionary Activities of Foreign Churches in Kham and the Lesson Plans of the Late Qing Dynasty
Section 1: The Missionary and Development of Foreign Churches in Kham
Section 2 Lesson plans for Kang District in the late Qing Dynasty
Chapter 2 The Turning Point of Sichuan-Tibet Frontier Affairs and Management in the Late Qing Dynasty
Section 1 Preparation for the Sichuan-Tibet Border during Ding Baozhen's Supervision of Sichuan
Section 2 The Initial Formation of the Strategy of Xiliang and the Late Qing Dynasty to Manage the Kawabe
Section 3 Fengquan Jingbian and the Batang Incident
Section 4 The Sichuanbian War and the Preparation of the Sichuan-Yunnan Frontier Minister
Chapter 3 Zhao Erfeng passed through the riverside
Section 1 "Three Strategies for Pingkang" and "Six Things on the Side"
Section 2 The case of the Sichuanbian land reform and the Derge Tusi attack
Section 3 Proposal for Changing the Stream to Establish a Province
Section 4 Implementation of the New Deal at Kawabe in the Late Qing Dynasty
Chapter 4 Kawabe Affairs during the Beiyang Government
Section 1 The Political Situation in Tibet and the Sichuanbian Border and the Western Expedition of the Sichuan-Yunnan Army in the Early Republic of China
Section 2 The Evolution of the Situation in the Sichuanbian Region after the Suspension of the Western Expedition
Section 3 Fighting on the Sichuan Border in the Context of the Defense Zone System
Section 4 Sino-British Negotiations on the Demarcation of the Border between Sichuan and Tibet
Chapter 5 The War in Tibet and Kang and Qingdao in the Thirties of the 20th Century
Section 1 The Great White Incident: The Origin of the Third Kang-Tibet Dispute
Section 2 The Nationalist Government sent personnel to the Kham region to negotiate with the Tibetan army
Section 3 The Kang-Tibet and Qinghai-Tibet Wars Led by Local Forces
Section 4 The Settlement of the Monks of the Dajin Monastery and the Settlement of the Kang-Tibet Dispute
Chapter 6 The Return of the Ninth Panchen Lama to Tibet and the Evolution of the Situation in Kang-Tibet
Section 1: The Activities of the 9th Panchen Lama in the Interior and the Reaction of the Kashag Government
Section 2 The Advancement of the Panchen's Return to Tibet and the Evolution of the Situation in Kang-Tibet
Section 3 The Ninth Panchen Lama's Journey and the "Ganzi Incident"
Section 4 Review of the Panchen's Return to Tibet and the Nationalist Government's Kang-Tibet Border Administration
Chapter 7 The Power of the Leaders and Social Governance in the Kangnan Region
Section 1 The Rise and Activities of the Leaders in the Kangnan Region
Section 2 Unification and Intractable Governance: Township, City and County Politics in the Early Republic of China
Section 3: Zeng Yanshu's Xuanfu and Social Governance in Kangnan Region
Chapter VIII The Red Army's Long March passes through Kham and the establishment of the Boba government
Section 1 The Red Army's Long March into Kang and its activities in the Kang area
Section 2 Establishment of the Boba Government in the northern part of Kham
Section 3 The Red Army's Ethnic Policy and Its Interaction with the People of the Kham District
Chapter 9 Xikang Province and Liu Wenhui's strategy of governing health and economic borders
Section 1 Gesang Zeren's practice of the Xikang provincial system
Section 2 Liu Wenhui presided over Xikang and the establishment of Xikang Province
Section 3 The issue of the boundary of Xikang Province in the process of provincialization
Section 4 "Building a New Xikang": Liu Wenhui's Strategy for Governing Health and Economic Frontiers
Chapter 10 Construction measures and their effectiveness during Liu Wenhui's administration of Xikang
Section 1: Military and Political Rectification and System Building
Section 2: Economic Construction and Improvement of People's Livelihood
Section 3: Organizing Buddhism and Establishing Education
Chapter 11 Establishment of the System of Regional Ethnic Autonomy in the Kham Region
Section 1 The Establishment of the Tibetan Autonomous Region in Xikang Province and the Democratic Reform in the Kham Region
Section 2 The rule of the Governor of Qamdo in the western part of Kham and its end
Section 3 The Kham Area in the Process of Peaceful Liberation of Tibet
Chapter 12 Kham: The Nexus of Sino-Tibetan Exchange in Modern Times
Section 1: The "Tibetan Study Group" and the lectures and Dharma transmission activities of senior monks in the Kham District in the mainland
Section 2 Commerce and Trade and Its Development in the Kang District
Section 3 Sino-Tibetan Interaction and Cultural Integration in Kham
Chapter 13 Social and Cultural Changes in Modern Kang District
Section 1 The "Limei Movement" and the New Development of Bon in Kham
Section 2 Inheritance and Development of Traditional Culture and Art in Kang District
Section 3 Daily life in modern Kang society
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index
postscript
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Editor: Zhou Chang
Reviewer: Song Rongxin, Li Lili