Keeping the election, that is, waiting for the selection. In the Tang Dynasty, the selection period of the Ministry of Officials had to be observed first, and the time ranged from three to more than ten years, and only after the expiration of the period could they participate in the selection and awarding of officials. In addition to the first promotion, after the expiration of the term of office of the sixth-rank ordination officer, he must also suspend his official position and wait for several years before he can participate in the new round of election and awarding of officials. This process is called the election. During the election period, the juzi and officials either actively prepared for the exam, or roamed to visit friends, or lived in seclusion in the countryside, or fell in love, leaving behind countless classic literary works.
Regarding the selection system in the Tang Dynasty and the influence of selection on literary creation, Mr. Wang Xuncheng has a detailed introduction in his book "Selection and Literature in the Tang Dynasty", and the following is a selection of the section "The Relationship between Election and Literature" in Chapter 9 of this book:
The scholars were very busy and hard in front of the Jinshi and the first, and they traveled to the state capital and the Beijing division all the year round to solve and take the exam. After becoming an official, he became even busier, and he was confined by tedious and chaotic official affairs all day long. It is only during the election period that they are leisurely, and they have time to roam around, so some people's roaming poems are mostly produced here. Mr. Li Jiayan's "The Year of Cen Poetry" said that Cen Shen "Tianbao's public actions were unknown in the fifth and sixth years, and You Yongle and Pingyang were suspected to be in these two years". The fifth and sixth two years were the time for Cen Shenjin and the subsequent election, and during this period he "acted unclearly" because he roamed. He not only went to Yongle and Pingyang, but also went to Heshuo, Jiang, Qi and other places, and wrote a lot of good poems. There are also people who roam around the border area during the election and write many works that reflect the life of the border soldiers. Wang Changling's Biansai poems, many of the chronological records, chronicles, poem notes, commentaries, etc., about his life and deeds, are believed to have been written in front of Jinshi and the first, thinking that he was the first and first officials of Jinshi, and had no time to travel far to the northwest, and only Jinshi and the first before would roam the northwest. In fact, on the contrary, it is more likely that the poems were written during the election period of the Jinshi and the followers. Wang Changling was in the fifteenth year of the Kaiyuan Dynasty, and he had three years to keep the election, during which he had enough time to visit Jingzhou, Xiaoguan, Lintao, Yumen Pass, and even Qinghai and Xiaye to roam. At this time, he was in the first place, proud of the spring breeze, and full of spirit, which was in line with the tone of his Biansai poems, and it was possible to write heroic and unrestrained Biansai poems that reflected the spirit of the Tang Dynasty. During the election period of Wang Weijinshi and the second guard, he also roamed to the Longshang area, and the title of "Yan Branch" said: "At the age of twenty-one. "Knowing that it was made during the election period, "Longtou Xing" and "Veteran Xing" are also regarded as at this time. Liu Zongyuan Jinshi and the Later Shou Shou traveled to the area of Pizhou during the election period, and collected a lot of life deeds about Duan Xiushi, which accumulated rich materials for him to write "Duan Taiwei's Affair" in the future.
Wang Wei of the Tang Dynasty painted "Jiangshan Ji Snow Map" (detail)
Some officials who have completed the examination and dismissed ranks, like the advanced scholars, roamed to visit friends or lived in seclusion in their homes during the election period, and also wrote many famous works, enriching the content of Tang poetry. There are many examples of poems in this area, and I will briefly describe one or two poems about the life of choosing one.
Some of the poems reflect the loneliness of Shou Cho. For example, Huang Tao wrote a poem in the late Tang Dynasty, entitled "Su Li Shaofu Garden", poem:
A pot of turbid wine and a hundred poems, live in this garden to keep the election period.
The moon in the deep courtyard is cool and the night is cold, and the ancient cedar wind is like a spring.
Taste the frequent tea dust and clean heart, and discuss the famous mangosteen shadow shift.
After the green moss is swept away tomorrow, who will Shi Tingyin sit and recover?
("All Tang Poems" Volume 705)
The poem writes about the quiet and distant life of Li Shaofu during the election period, and the lofty and tranquil state of mind, but between the lines, there is a sense of loneliness and loneliness in Li Shaofu. Another example is Liu Changqing's "Former Anyi Zhang Mingfu Suburban Residence":
Outside the lonely Dongguo, Mr. Bai Shouyi.
The test is full of solitary qin, and the family moves to five willows.
The sunset is fishing near the water, and the spring rain is ploughing the fields.
Under the empty forest all day long, who knows this.
("All Tang Poems", Vol. 147)
Write about the lonely and lonely life of Zhang Mou who moved to the suburbs after the resignation of the former Anyi County, and the mood of being hidden and clear but no one appreciated it.
Cave 23 of Mogao Grottoes Farming in the rain in the Tang Dynasty
In the Tang Dynasty, officials below the sixth rank did not have many incomes and did not have much savings. After the examination is completed, the official must be suspended and dismissed, and there is no salary during the election period. As a result, many honest officials have no livelihood and are in a state of poverty after they are dismissed. There are many poems in Tang poetry that describe poverty during the election period. For example, Zhang Ji's "Tongwei Yuanwai Kaiyuan Guan Looking for Taoist Priests" cloud: "Yesterday, the official had no livelihood, and he wanted to seek a teacher's decision." (ibid., vol. 386) writes wittily about his life without rice after his official dismissal. After Yao Heba's Wugong County main book, he once wrote the poem "Baxing Wugong County Will Enter the City":
When the green shirt is taken off, he sings wildly, planting shallots and shalting the ancient slope.
Wild guests meet and add alcohol sickness, and Chunshan temporarily writes poetry demons.
He also knows that the official is still poor, and he likes to sleep a lot.
If you want to say goodbye to Jiuqu, the cane of the Ming Dynasty began to pass.
(Ibid., Vol. 498)
When he was dismissed from office and elected to the election, he lived in poverty and had to plant vegetables and trees to make a living. The late Tang Dynasty poet Laihu wrote the poem "Wanling Sends Li Mingfu to Retire and Return to Jiangzhou": "When the official is full, he looks for anglers, and his poor family has used the money from selling pianos. (Ibid., Vol. 642) Wanling County ordered Li to be so poor that even his beloved qin had to be sold to survive, Huang Tao's "Shu Cui Shaofuju": "The world is chaotic and merciful, and the family is poor and worth the famine. (Ibid., Vol. 704) Zhou He's "Ji Ninghai Li Mingfu": "The family is poor and thinks about the election, and Shi Jing remembers returning to farming. (ibid., Vol. 503) can be said to describe the common living conditions and ideological activities of the former senior officials who were dismissed and elected in the midst of the chaos and famine of the world.
Li Sixun painted "Ploughing and Fishing" in the Tang Dynasty (detail)
During the period of the election or dismissal of officials, the literati had romances with ladies and prostitutes in song houses, and performed many romantic events, which provided material for the legends of the Tang Dynasty. Zhang Sheng in Yuan Zhen's "The Legend of Yingying", that is, Yuan Zhi himself, is the proof. In the ninth year of the Yuan Zhen Yuan Ming Jing and the first, the eighteenth year of the Zhen Yuan Winter was sentenced to the Ping Judgment Dengke, and the middle ten years were kept for the election period. During this period, Yuan Zhi once roamed to Hezhong Mansion and met Cui Yingying. "The Biography of Yingying" contains Zhang Sheng asked his age after seeing Yingying, and Yingying's mother Zheng said: "Today, in the seventh month of Zijiazi's year, Zhenyuan Gengchen is finally born at the age of seventeen. "Knowing Cui Yingying was born in July of the first year of Dezong Xing (Jiazi year), to the sixteenth year of Zhenyuan (Gengchen year) is seventeen years old, Zhang Sheng, that is, Yuan Zhi and Yingying Xiangyue are also in the same year. "Zhang Sheng's Russian tone is in time, and he should go west." Zhiyuan Zhi expired in the sixteenth year of Zhenyuan, and when he went to Chang'an to participate in the winter Jiquan election, he entered Beijing in the year of Mengdong. "Next year, the civil war will not be won, and Zhang will stop in Beijing", and abandoned Cui Yingying. The so-called "invincible in the literary war" is by no means an ordinary selection of words and writings, but must be a subject selection. From the know, Yuan Zhen has participated in the selection examination of the ministry subjects at least twice, one in the spring of the seventeenth year of Zhenyuan, the subject is unknown, perhaps it is the book judgment of the Diocesan subject, this time he was defeated. The other time was in the winter of the eighteenth year of Zhenyuan, and he was awarded the official school Shulang in the spring of the second year. The story of Zhiyuan Zhi and Cui Yingying happened during his election.
The story of Li Yi and Huo Xiaoyu mentioned in Jiang Fang's "The Biography of Huo Xiaoyu" also happened during the election period of Li Yijinshi and the follower. Chuanyun: "In the calendar, Li Shengyi in Longxi is famous, twenty years old, and he is promoted to the rank of Jinshi. Next year, Diocesane, I will try to be a heavenly official. In summer and June, to Chang'an, she was given up in Xinchangli. It is said that Li Yijinshi and the queen wanted to participate in the Diocesan examination in the spring of the second year, so they came to Chang'an from Luoyang in June of that year and lived in Xinchangli. Then after being matched by matchmaker Bao Shiyi Niang, he met Huo Xiaoyu, and since then the two have loved each other, like glue and paint, inseparable, "so two years old, day and night". This was all done by Li Yi during the election period. "In the spring of the following year, he was sentenced to Diocesan Dengke with a book, and was awarded the main book of Zheng County." The so-called "spring of the next year" refers to the spring of the third year after the Jinshi and the second. After Li Yi Dengke was conferred the official, he abandoned Huo Xiaoyu. Of course, this is just a novel, which is made up according to the strict character of Li Yifang in history, but it is quite consistent with the poet Li Yi's official career. According to the fourth volume of "The Biography of Tang Caizi", Li Yi "has been on the list of Jinshi in the fourth year of the Great Calendar". According to the "Dengke Ji Kao" volume for ten years, Li Yidang was in the Eastern Capital Jinshi and the first, so he would have to go to Chang'an in June of that year to "try the heavenly official". In the third year after he entered the Shi Dynasty, that is, in April of the sixth year of the Great Calendar, he ascended to the rank of the lord of Wenke and awarded the title of the master of Zheng County. All of this is in line with what is written in the novel.
"The Legend of Tang Caizi"
Xu Yaozuo's "Biography of the Liu Family" wrote the story of Han Hong, one of the ten talented sons of the Great Calendar, who lost his concubine Liu, during the period of Han Hong's Jinshi and the second election. It is said that Li Sheng, a son of a rich family, was friendly with Han Hong, and gave his maid Liu to Han Hong. Li Sheng gave another 300,000 yuan, Zuo Hong's capital. "Next year, Yang Du, the waiter of the Ministry of Rites, will be promoted to the first place. Screen in the middle of the year. Liu's name said: ...... Hong then saved his home in Qingchi. Over the years, lack of food, and self-sufficiency with makeup. At the end of Tianbao, the second capital was robbed, and the scholars and girls were horrified. The Liu clan was also lost at this time to the hands of the Tibetan general Sha Zhali. According to the fourth volume of "The Biography of Tang Caizi", Han Hong was in the thirteenth year of Tianbao Jinshi and the first, and his election lasted for three years, and the second year of Zhide expired. During this period, he and the Liu family "lived in the middle of the year", and then "saved the family in Qingchi", and after the year, the Anshi Rebellion broke out. Of course, Han Hong and the Liu family were reunited later, and that was after he became an official.
"Taiping Guangji" volume 274 quotes "Biography of Famous Men in Minchuan":
Ouyang Zhan is a native of Jinjiang, Quanzhou. The weak crown can belong to the text, and the sky is long and the Khan. In the first year of Zhen, he climbed into the Shidi, completed the test, traveled to Taiyuan, and in the music book, because he was happy, he was very affectionate. and returned, but to allied with it and said: "To the capital, you should meet each other." That is, he wept and said goodbye, and still gave the poem that said: "Drive the horse to feel far away, and turn back to the dust of the long road." The high city is gone, and the people in the city are restored. I am not willing to go, and I am forgiving and forgiving. Wuyuan is in the northeast of the Jin Dynasty, and thousands of miles of southwest Qin. I don't go out, and I don't have a car that stops wheels. Liuping and the department gourd, early and late blind dates. "Looking for the four assistant teachers of the country, live in Beijing. The person in the book thinks about it, and after years of illness, it is dangerous to lead the bun, and the blade is in the box, and the female brother said: "I am dead." Gou Ouyang was born to come, and it can be a letter. The poem said: "Since goodbye, I have lost my complexion, half thinking and half hating." If you want to know the old clouds, open the gold box for the slave. "It's gone. And Zhan envoy to, the female brother as he said, went straight to Beijing, with a white matter, Zhan Qi read it, and saw his poems, and died.
Meng Jian's "Yong Ouyang Xing Zhou Shi and Preface" also contains his story, cloud:
When I first arrived in Taiyuan, I lived in the general's banquet, there were prostitutes on the banquet, especially in the north, I was often in the life, I was pleased, and I stayed for many months, thinking that the joy of Yan Wan was all there. Even if he was in the south, the prostitute invited him to accompany him, and said: "Ten eyes see, do not be afraid." "Farewell, please wait until you come to greet you, and let it go. The birth did not fulfill the promise, expired, and the order was sent by the first to the prostitute, and the prostitute was secretly welcomed. Prostitutes are sick because of their hopes, and they can't do anything. On the eve of his death, he cut his bun and said, "When you visit me, you should take the bun as your favor." "A to, get it, return by air, give a bun to life. Born to mourn for it, and born to die for ten years. ("All Tang Poems", vol. 473)
It seems that Ouyang Zhan and Taiyuan prostitutes' admiration and love are indeed true. It's just that "The Biography of Famous Scholars in Minchuan" arranged it during the election period of Jinshi and the follow-up, but Meng Jian said that this matter was during the election period after the completion of the four assistant teacher examinations. According to Ouyang Zhan, there are several poems written in Taiyuan with Li Shangshu, Zheng Xingjun Zhongcheng, and Yan Chang, they are Li Shuo, the secretary of the school rite department, Zheng Dan, the commander of the Hedong Marching Army, Sima Yushizhongcheng, and Taiyuan Yin Yanshou, all of whom have successively served as the envoy of Hedong Jiedu and Taiyuan Yin. Then Ouyang Zhan's trip to Taiyuan should be from the sixteenth year of Zhenyuan to the beginning of Yuan He, and the love with Taiyuan prostitutes should also be at this time, and Meng Jianxu is right.
"Quantang Poems" volume 516 contains a poem by Fang Qianli, entitled "Sending Concubine Zhao", the front order, cloud:
Yu Chu went to the first place, and traveled to the mountains. There are those who enter the Shi Wei Peng, who invited the Zhao family from the South China Sea to come as a concubine. Go west to Kyoto, transferred to Tianguan, Yu Nai and Zhao farewell, about the Mid-Autumn Festival as the meeting date. Zhao Ji is in love, and Yu is lyrical and affectionate.
This preface is very legendary, but what is even more strange is contained in the "South China Sea Fei" on the volume of "Yunxi Friendship Discussion":
Dr. Fang Qianli was first on the first stage and traveled to the mountains. Poem preface: "There is a Jinshi Wei Peng, who invited the Zhao family from the South China Sea, nineteen years old, as a concubine. Yu Yi's sideburns are pale and yellow, tired of swimming, will be the difference between heaven and water, stop the period of autumn, and the wind and dust of Jingluo, and also its ambition. Zhao repeatedly hated Yu Yanran and did not get to go with him. That is, the light boat, temporarily for the dream of the north and the south, the song is deed, and the poem is to send affection. Said: Luan Feng flew to the sea and the autumn of the trees, and endured to listen to the bells and drums over the king's tower. I should only be happy with the frost moon and the gentleman's will, and soothe Yaoqin to send me sorrowful. The mountains are far away and the Mojiao double tears flow, and the geese come to the empty space to send the eight elements of seclusion. If you return to Qiongshi, you will travel thousands of miles to Zhu Xuan. (Original note: Wanli Bridge in Shuchuan) Fang Jun to Xiangzhou, when Xu Hun served the royal to Hongnong Gong Panyu's life, thousands of miles with affection to entrust, promised to have a promise. Only then did he arrive at the mansion and send someone to visit him, intending to give him a salary. said: "The Zhao family is talented from Wei Xiu. "Xu and Fang and Wei have cloth clothes. If you want to show it, you will be worried about Wei Yi, and if you don't say it, it seems to be a negative statement. It is difficult to name the plain money, and it is a newspaper for the poem. Fang Jun heard that there were several funerals of Ouyang Simen Zhan Taiyuan (original note: Ouyang Taiyuan's death, Meng Jianshangshu has been described in an orderly poem). Hun Ji Fang Xiucai poem said: "The spring breeze white horse purple silk reins, just when the silkworm is sleeping and not picking mulberry." Five nights with the twilight rain, a hundred years without a festival waiting for autumn frost. Looking for the embroidered belt Zhu Tenghe, but he recognized that the skirt was long and the grass was long. In order to repay the journey to the west and reduce his hatred, Ruan Lang went to marry Liu Lang. ”
Xu Hun's poem is included in the volume 536 of "Quantang Poems", titled "Dr. Qianli of the House", with a note under the title, cloud: "One is "Passing by the Water", and the other is "The guest has a Xinfeng Pavilion inscription and farewell words, because of the preacher, it is as good as it gets, and it occasionally makes four rhymes to mock it". However, this poem was re-collected under the name of Zhao's in the "Quantang Poems" volume 800, with the title "Sending Love", and the title said: "A work made by Xu Hun on behalf of him." "All Tang Poems" Zhao's Xiaochuanyun:
Zhao, a native of the South China Sea. Fang Qianli was the first to go, You Ling, and his son Wei Peng brought Zhao from the South China Sea, and planned to be a concubine. Fang was tired of traveling, and he did not get rid of Zhao Kai, and then sent someone to visit him, and Zhao had already learned from Wei.
In short, there is no right or wrong, true or false, but this incident happened in the roaming of Fang Qianli Jinshi and the subsequent Shouxuan. If it is correct in the first year of Yamato, then its joys and sorrows with the Zhao family seem to be in the second or third year of Yamato.
The love story of Ouyang Zhan and Fang Qianli already has legendary plots and materials, but it is a pity that no one processed it perfunctory and wrote it into a novel at that time.
Some legends are created during the author's selection period, because the author has plenty of time to contact the society extensively, collect materials, and create with peace of mind. For example, Shen Yazhi's "Strange Dream Record" and "Resentment in Hunan Province" were written during his Jinshi and Later Election Period. At the beginning of "Strange Dreams", it was written: "In the tenth year of Yuanhe, Shen Yazhi recorded his room from Jingzhou, the Longxi Gongjun. And the wise men in Chang'an are all visitors. On May 18, the Duke of Longxi and the guest period feasted in the Dongchi Restaurant. In the banquet, Longxi Gong told a story about Xing Fengmeng's encounter with a beautiful woman dancing with a bow. According to the sixth volume of "The Biography of Tang Caizi", Shen Yazhi's "Yuan and ten years, the squire Cui Qun went down to Jinshi. Jingyuan Li Huipi is the secretary in charge". Knowing Shen Ya's Jinshi and the second, he entered the Jingyuan Festival to make Li Hui shogunate, and the Duke of Longxi was Li Hui. The book was written when he was in the shogunate, when it was still in the election period. "Xiangzhong Grievances" writes a love story between Xiangjiang Jiaolong Zhidi and Taixue Zheng Sheng. At the end of the story, it said: "In the thirteenth year of Yuanhe, Yu Wen was in the middle of friends, and because he made up for his words, the title was "Resentment in Hunan Province". "In the thirteenth year of Yuanhe, Shen Yazhi's election period had just expired, and he was waiting to participate in the winter Jiquan election of that year.
(This article is excerpted from "The Relationship between the Selection and Literature in the Tang Dynasty, Shouxuan and Literature")
A book explains the road to public examination and promotion for scholars in the Tang Dynasty
"Tang Dynasty Selections and Literature" (Chinese Academics, Youdao) Wang Xuncheng Simplified horizontal row 32 hardcover
978-7-101-16296-7
$78.00
Introduction
In the Tang Dynasty, both the first and the first officials were required to abide by certain rules for keeping the election, and after the expiration of the election period, they could only be awarded after the examination. This is the election system of officials in the Tang Dynasty.
This book comprehensively discusses this complex and cumbersome system of electing officials and its related issues, analyzes in detail how scholars in the Tang Dynasty entered the official career through the official examination, and how incumbent officials were elected, vividly shows the living conditions and psychological process of scholars in the Tang Dynasty on the way to seek office, and examines the relationship between election and literature from the perspective of the entire Tang Dynasty election system.
About the Author
Wang Xuncheng (1945-2016), a native of Lanzhou, Gansu Province, graduated from the Department of Chinese of Lanzhou University in 1982 with a master's degree in Tang Dynasty literature, and stayed on to teach in the same year, successively serving as lecturer, associate professor and professor. He used to be the vice president of the Gansu Ancient Literature Society and the vice president of the Gansu Tang Dynasty Literature Society. His main works include "Notes on Grass Notes on Rock Poems", "Selected Songs and Literature of the Tang Dynasty", "Selected Selections and Literary Treatises of the Tang Dynasty", etc.
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Table of Contents
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（统筹：一北；编辑：思岐）