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From the Shang and Zhou dynasties to the Qin and Han dynasties, the issue of the title of the monarch was a rotten pit.
During the Warring States Period, people were completely confused, let alone Sima Qian's "Historical Records".
For example, according to the records of the "Historical Records", the Shang Dynasty was called the emperor, but the emperor was obviously higher than the king. Zhou was called the king, so he had to say "So King Wu of Zhou is the Son of Heaven." Later generations degraded the emperor, and the name was king", fooling the past.
01
The source of "king, emperor, emperor".
【Wang】
In the "Historical Records", it is recorded that Shang is called the emperor and Zhou is called the king, which is wrong.
During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the supreme leader was the king.
King Wen of Zhou, as well as King Wen of Zhou's father, the "Wang Ji" often mentioned in the Book of Songs, are both called kings.
At that time, Zhou was only a small state to the west of the Shang Dynasty.
However, under the influence of the idea of great unification in later generations, everyone always felt that there could only be one king in the world, so Sima Qian changed the name of "Wang Ji" to "Gong Ji" in the "Historical Records" - thinking that at that time, the Zhou State could only be called a duke, not a king.
The phenomenon of a small country in the Western Zhou Dynasty being called the king is also common, and in the unearthed inscription of Mi Bo Gui, there is a "Wu Mi Wang".
In the Spring and Autumn Period, the monarchs of Chu, Wu, and Yue were also kings;
In the Warring States, the royal family was declining, and the monarchs of various countries slowly began to claim the throne.
But in this way, inflation, the king is not worth much.
This brings us to the "emperor" we will discuss next.
【Emperor】
1. "Emperor" in traditional literature
The "Book of Songs" and "Shangshu" (28 articles in today's text) are the oldest and most credible documents.
There are 16 poems in which the word "emperor" appears in the Book of Songs, and the word "emperor" appears 43 times.
Among them, "God" appears 24 times, more than half of the emperor word.
The other words "emperor", on closer examination, also refer to "God".
Therefore, the emperor in the Book of Songs is completely equivalent to "God".
Hu Ran Tian also, Hu Ran also. "Gentlemen Grow Old"
There is an emperor, who is hateful. "New Year's Moon"
Even worse, there is no self-indulgence. / Worse, no self-defeat. "Willows"
There are weeks that are not visible, and life is not timely. / Wen Wang Zhi descended, on the left and right. / Fateful, Hou Yu Zhoufu. / Yin Zhi is not a teacher, and he is matched. "King Wen"
Zhao Shi, Yu Huai is blessed. / Near the woman, no heart. "Da Ming"
The emperor is here. / Elderly, hate its style. / Move to Mingde, string Yi carry the road. / Province its mountain, 柞棫 Siba, pine and cypress Si Dui. / To be against the state, since the great uncle Wang Ji. / Maintain this Wang Ji, save his heart, and give his virtue to the sound. / Receiving blessings and giving to grandchildren. / It is said that the king of Wen, without the help, without the envy, landed on the shore first. / It is said that the king of Wen, to Huai Mingde, not to be loud, not to be revolutionary. / If you don't know what you don't know, go with the flow. / The emperor is the king of Wen, the enemy of Er, the brother of Tonger, the hook of Er, and Er Linchong, in order to cut down Chongyong. "The Emperor"
Performing martial arts is sensitive, and it is important to stop. / With the Hell, not quiet. / Its incense begins to rise, dwelling in the letter. "Shengmin"
板板,下民卒癉。 《Board》
Swinging, the people are opened. / Mighty, its life is many. / From time to time, Yin does not use the old. "Swing"
After the grain is not restrained, not coming. / Haotian, I don't leave it behind. / Haotian, I'd rather be lucky. / Haotian, then I am not worried. Yun Han
If you don't show Chengkang, you are the emperor. "Competition"
I will come to Mou, and my life will be raised. Siwen
Ming Zhao, up to the use of Kang Nian. "Ministers"
Yes, no disaster is harmless. / No two is safe, and the woman is in the future. / The Queen, the Emperor Houji. "The Palace"
古命武湯，正域彼四方。 《玄鸟》
The width of the fall is long, there are generals, and there are businessmen. / Fate is not violated, as for Tang Qi. / Zhao is delayed, yes, the fate is in the nine circles. Long Hair
"Shangshu" ("Yuxia Book" excluding the Warring States pseudo-trust) appears in a total of 15 articles of "God", and the word "emperor" appears 33 times.
Among them, "God" appears 18 times, which is more than half of the emperor's character.
In the Diji language, the other characters for "emperor" also refer to "God".
There are only two exceptions, that is, "Di Yi" appears once each in "Wine Message" and "Duofang", referring to the previous kings of the Shang Dynasty.
Be afraid, don't dare to be unrighteous. "Tang Oath"
I will restore the virtue of my ancestors. Pan Geng
It is angry, not the 'Hong Fan' nine domains, and Yi Lun is fierce. Hong Fan
乃命于庭，敷佑四方。 《金滕》
Yu Wei boy, he didn't dare to take his life. / Shuang Bang by Zhe, but also only ten people know that God's destiny is more than heavenly. "The Great Message"
聞于,休,天乃大命文王. 《康诰》
It is a salty soup of its own. "The Wine Story"
The emperor changed the order of Yuan Zizi and the great country Yin. / The king comes to God, and submits himself to the earth. The Calling
The fate is final. / Induction, there is not a summer is not easy, then it is only downgraded, to the summer. Emperor Fukyong, great obscenity. / Er Yin Duoshi, now only I Zhou Wang Pi Ling undertakes, there is a destiny to say: cut Yin, sue Yu. Toast
I don't dare to settle for my life. / In Taiwu, there are Ruo Yizhi, Chenhu, Geyu. / In the past, he exhorted the virtue of the king of Ning, and his great life was to bow down. / But when Zhaowen Wang Di saw it, he heard it. "Jun Zheng"
Hong Wei Tu Tian's life, Fu Yongyin read in the worship, but was reduced to Xia. / It is a great prostitution, and it does not refrain from persuading it day by day, and it is heard. / The fate of the Turkic Diagram is not to be restrained from the beauty of the people, but to be punished greatly, and there is a summer of chaos. / So that B, ignoring virtue and prudence, also refrains from exhortation. "Multi-Side"
The ancients Di only had Xia, but there was a big competition, calling for Jun to respect Di, and he was dedicated to the trip of nine virtues. / The more it becomes Tang Zhi, the Geng life of Pi Jiao. / Qin punished, I have Xia, Shi Shang was ordered, and the surname of Xiandian was Wan. / With respect. /"Legislature"
With the end of the order to. "The Legend of King Kang"
The emperor asked the widows and widows of the people to resign to Miao. / Don't blame the seedlings. "Lu Xing"
However, at that time, the collection was ordered by King Wen. "The Fate of the Marquis"
We seem to be able to assert that:
"Emperor" means "God", and its original meaning has nothing to do with the emperor.
However, the experimental error of "Di Yi" is like a fish in the throat, and we will solve this problem below.
2. The "emperor" in the unearthed documents
Emperor Yi is also in the inscription of Biqi, and the name of the king of Shang is called "emperor":
Four worship of the pot
There's more in the oracle:
For example, Wu Ding is called "Di Ding", Zu Jia is called "Di Jia", Kang Ding is called "Di Ding" and so on.
It seems that the king of Shang can indeed be called "emperor...... The conclusion we just came to is shaky.
But the Japanese scholar Shima Kunio found that this "emperor" is not the meaning of the emperor, but the name of the son to the father.
The lineage of the Shang kings in the oracle bone inscriptions of Yinxu
Source/Gao Ming, "General Theory of Chinese Paleography"
However, there are certain problems with the words of Shima Kunio.
In fact, in the oracle bone divination, the king of Shang only called his direct father "emperor", while his uncle Uncle Bury was never called "emperor" when he was a king of Shang.
For example, Zu Geng is Kangding's uncle, and his descendants have not been kings, so there is no such thing as "Di Geng" in the divination.
This term of "emperor" clearly distinguishes between the direct and the collateral.
Mr. Qiu Xigui: Calling one's father "emperor" is obviously related to the concept of distinguishing one's concubines[1].
This usage is also found in Jin Wen, such as calling the father "Di Kao".
Therefore, the "emperor" here is the predecessor of the so-called grandson of the descendants.
On the right side of the Yan is 啻, which is from the emperor's voice, and there is no problem in judging that they are homologous.
The "Historical Records" mistakenly understood these "emperors" as emperors, so it is believed that the Shang kings were called "emperors", which was obviously influenced by the meaning of "emperor" in later generations.
It is recorded in "Spring and Autumn": In the summer and May, Yu Yu Zhuang Gong.
It was Lu Min who sacrificed his father. The ritual "禘" also implies this ancient usage.
3. The evolution of the meaning of the word "emperor".
Based on the above, we know two ways to use "emperor":
1. It is used as the name of the direct king in the divination;
2. The Book of Songs and the Book of Songs are used as the special title of "God".
The two usages are clearly linked.
The Shang and Zhou called God "God" precisely because they considered themselves to be descendants of God.
The merchants considered themselves to be descendants of the Emperor or Emperor Shun. In addition, there are Zhou people's ancestor Yellow Emperor, Chu people's ancestor Emperor Zhuan, Jiang surnamed Zu Yandi, Ying surnamed Zu Shaohui, and so on.
"Shangbo Jian" directly claimed that the ancestor of Xia Shang Zhou was the son of the Emperor of Heaven.
These "gods" were originally unrelated, but in the Spring and Autumn Period, the nations blended with each other, and finally slowly personified, becoming real ancient emperors, and even having a blood relationship.
That is, the "Five Emperors" who were praised by the Warring States.
As a result, the word "emperor" also has the meaning of "God", and it has become a title even higher than that of the king.
This change occurred at the latest in the late Spring and Autumn Period and the beginning of the Warring States Period.
"Mencius" often talks about the gossip of Emperor Shun, but the emergence of the "Five Emperors" system is a little later.
In the middle and late Warring States period, Qin and Qi competed for the first place and were stronger than the other countries.
Finally, they no longer looked down on the title of "king".
In 288 B.C., King Qin Zhao was called the "Western Emperor" and King Qi was called the "Eastern Emperor".
However, under the pressure of public opinion, after a few months of addiction to becoming emperors, they changed back to "king".
p.s.
Emperor and Ti, it has nothing to do with each other.
Ti, originally called "蔕", is a "belt" sound word.
In the Middle Ages, "belt" was written as "emperor" because of its close sound.
【Emperor】
The history of the word "emperor" is similar to that of the emperor.
Let's start with the literature:
There is God, who is hateful. "Poetry, Xiaoya, New Year's Month".
献之祖。 《诗·小雅·信南山》。
The corpse was raised. "Poetry Xiaoya Chutz".
God, there is He. "Poetry, Daya, Emperor".
Wang Weipi, the emperor is Haozai. "Poetry, Daya, King Wen's Voice".
肆天弗尚。 《诗·大雅·抑》。
No ancestors. "Poetry, Daya, Zhanyin".
Yan and Tian. / Fake test. "Poetry, Zhou Song, Yong".
It's a matter of exams. / To the king. / Nian Zizu. "Poetry, Zhou Song, Min Yu Boy".
休矣考。 《诗·周颂·访落》。
Later Emperor. Ancestor Houji. Zhou Gongzu. "Poetry, Lusong, Palace".
Heaven has paid the Chinese people and the territory of the Turks to the first king. "Books and Trees".
The Emperor God changed the Yuanzi. / It is from time to time. "Book Calling".
From time to time, there is Ruo Yi Yin Ge in the sky. "The Book of the King".
Heaven changes the life of the great state. / Day with a precept. / After relying on the jade few. "Book Gu Ming".
The emperor mourned and killed innocently. / Emperor Qing asked his subordinates. "Shu Lu Xing".
It's obvious:
Emperor is an adjective.
It is often used in front of such words as heaven, emperor, ancestor, and test.
It can be roughly translated as: bright/great.
At this time, the "emperor" did not have any monarch meaning in it, and there was never a noun usage.
However, the word "emperor," which originally meant the supreme god, has been used as the title of the ancient emperor.
The reason is very simple - the emperor is often used in conjunction with the heavens and emperors.
For example, the "Emperor God", "Emperor God", and "Emperor Empress Emperor" quoted above in the Book of Songs.
Emperor, the phenomenon of changing from an adjective to a noun may have occurred in Chu at the earliest.
《楚辞》里有"东皇太一"，又有"西皇"。
(Does it correspond well to Qi Qin's self-proclaimed Eastern Emperor and Western Emperor)
Since then, "emperor" has become synonymous with God.
But the good times did not last long, and after the emperor was praised as the supreme god, like the emperor, he also began to personify the trend, and gradually became the "ancient emperor" before the five emperors, that is, the "three emperors" (or nine emperors).
This change is completely parallel to the word "emperor".
However, this change happened very late, leading to the unification of the Qin state before the personification of the "emperor" was completed.
And the ancestor Shu Yao Shun, this kind of rhetoric that was commonly used by travelers in troubled times, lost power in an instant after reunification.
Therefore, there are many sayings about the Three Emperors, and they also retain quite mythological colors.
For example, Nuwa's creation of people and Shennong's tasting of herbs are the result of "personification" being forcibly terminated halfway through.
On the contrary, the mythological color of the Five Emperors is much smaller.
[Emperor]
The source of the "emperor" has an official endorsement:
Prime Minister Juan, Yu Shi Dafu Zheng, Ting Weisi, etc. all said: "In the past, the five emperors were thousands of miles away, and their foreign princes obeyed the princes or the dynasty or not, and the Son of Heaven could not control it." Now His Majesty has raised righteous soldiers, punished the remnants of thieves, pacified the world, the sea is a county, and the laws and regulations are unified, which has not been seen since ancient times, and the five emperors are beyond reach. The ministers would like to discuss with the doctor: 'In ancient times, there was an emperor, an earthly emperor, and a Thai emperor, and the Thai emperor was the most expensive. 'The ministers are so angry that they are honored, and the king is the 'Emperor of Thailand'. The order is 'system', the order is 'edict', and the Son of Heaven calls himself 'I'. The king said: "Go to 'Tai', take the 'emperor', take the ancient 'emperor' title, and call it 'emperor'." And he agreed.
- "Historical Records: The Records of the First Emperor of Qin"
The meaning of this passage is very clear, Qin Shi Huang took the emperor of "Emperor of Thailand" and the emperor of "Ancient Emperor", called emperor.
The parallel event is that Xiang Yu took the hegemony of the "Five Tyrants" and the king of the "Three Kings (Xia, Shang and Zhou)", and proclaimed himself the overlord.
They are all little experts at inventing words.
Since then, China's 2,000-year-old emperors have been called emperors.
02
谥号
The monarchs of the Han Dynasty were called "emperors", such as Emperor Wen of Han and Emperor Wu of Han, which were abbreviations of "Emperor Xiaowen of Han" and "Emperor Xiaowu of Han".
Among them, civil and military are the ministers' final judgment on the coffin of the deceased king, which is the so-called nickname.
As a kind of evaluation, there are naturally good and bad names.
In the Spring and Autumn Period, the king of Chu Gong, before he died, found out in his conscience and said to the ministers: If you give me a "spirit" or "force", I will be satisfied!
Spiritual, powerful, obviously evil.
In the end, the minister still gave a good nickname - Gong.
Chu Ziji, told the doctor: "Not the valley is not virtuous, the young master of the community, born for ten years and lost the ancestors, not as good as the lessons of the teacher, but should be blessed, is not virtuous, and the death of the teacher in Yan, to humiliate the community, for the doctor to worry, its grandiose, if the spirit of the doctor, the leader of the protection, to die on the ground, is only the spring and autumn season, so from the ancestors in the temple of prayer, please for the spirit of the strong, the doctor chooses. ”
Mo is right, and the five lives, it is Xu, Qiu, the king of Chu Gong, the son of the conspirator, the doctor said: "You have a fate." ”
Zi Nang said: "The king's order is to be shared, if it is destroyed, the country of Hehechu, and the king is coming, there are barbarians, and the South China Sea is dying, and it belongs to the summer, and knows its faults, but it is not a common, please tell the total." ”
The doctor from it.
- "Zuo Biography Xiang 13"
Qin Shi Huang was particularly disgusted by this kind of behavior of "sons discussing fathers and ministers discussing kings", so he canceled his nickname and called himself "Shi Huang". His son is the "Second Emperor", and even his children and grandchildren are endless.
But the idea is beautiful, the reality is cruel.
The second Qin Dynasty died, so the Han Dynasty reinstated the nickname. It has been used until the Qing Dynasty, but it is becoming less and less objective.
The system said: "I heard that the ancient times have a number, and the ancient times have a number, and death is a good behavior." In this way, the son will discuss the father, and the minister will discuss the king, which is meaningless. From now on, it has come to remove the law. I am the First Emperor. The generations to come, the second and third generations to the eternal world, the spread is endless. ”
- "Historical Records: The Records of the First Emperor of Qin"
03
庙号
The so-called XX ancestor and XX sect are temple numbers, which are for the internal sacrifices of the royal family.
It stands to reason that only emperors with high merit can have a temple number.
As Shen Tujia said:
The merit is greater than that of Emperor Gao, and the virtue of Mo is greater than that of Emperor Xiaowen. Emperor Gao Temple should be the temple of Emperor Taizu, and Emperor Xiaowen Temple should be the temple of Emperor Taizong.
It is very clear that Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty has the merit of mixing the sea, and Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty has the virtue of benevolence, forgiveness and frugality, so Emperor Gao is the ancestor and Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty is the Taizong.
But when it came to discussing the temple number of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Xiahou Sheng thought that although Emperor Wu had the merit of destroying the people, he was not able to consume the people's power and engage in extravagance and corruption:
Xiahou Shengdu, Changxin Shaofu, said: "Although Emperor Wu has the merit of conquering the four Yi and the vast land, he kills many soldiers, exhausts the people's financial resources, and has no luxury, the world is wasted, the people are displaced, and half of the things are deceased, the locusts are large, the red land is thousands of miles, or the people cannibalize each other, and the livestock has not recovered so far; ”
However, in the end, everyone still built a temple for Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, called "Sejong".
Therefore, the Han Dynasty was still very strict in calling "Zong", and not every emperor could mix up a temple number.
However, "inflation" is always happening.
In the future, every emperor has a temple number, and the nickname is becoming more and more stinky and long, and more and more unreliable.
Li Shimin was originally "Emperor Wen", and later became "Emperor Wenwu Dasheng Daguangxiao Emperor".
Song Taizu was called "Qiyun Liji, Heroic and Martial Arts, Shende and Holy Merit to Emperor Ming Daxiao", which is completely impossible to call.
So I had to call them by the temple name, which gave rise to the names of Tang Taizong and Song Taizu.
Everything, blame inflation.