The so-called housing construction project cost management is to reasonably determine and effectively control the cost of construction projects. The cost here refers to all the costs spent on the construction of a project, including the cost of preliminary work, survey and design work, construction and installation work, equipment and tool purchase costs, construction unit management costs and other engineering construction costs. Among them, the reasonable determination of cost is the premise of effective control; The effective control is based on the determination of reasonable cost, and both are indispensable and cannot be abandoned.
Several stages of cost management in the whole process of housing construction projects
According to the implementation progress of the housing construction project, the content and management focus of the management are different, the stages of the housing construction project can be divided into investment decision-making stage, design stage, bidding stage, implementation stage, completion acceptance and settlement.
1. Cost control in the investment decision-making stage For a long time, the phenomenon of "three excesses" has generally existed in construction projects, and it is necessary to overcome this phenomenon and make "the approved investment estimate as the maximum limit of construction project cost", which plays a controlling role in the future design budget estimate, construction drawing budget and project completion settlement. It is necessary to work together through many aspects and links, among which improving the relative accuracy of project investment estimation and fully funding are the primary responsibilities of project cost managers. Especially in the investment decision-making stage, the project legal person (or project owner) is the main body of project cost control, and the project legal person should conduct careful and detailed research and investigation from the construction purpose of the proposed project, the prediction function (or design function) after the completion of the project and the various factors predicted in the project construction cycle, and make specific objectives and decisions to control the project cost in the project investment decision-making stage, and accordingly require the project cost management personnel to make more accurate investment estimates.
2. Cost control in the design stageIn the design stage, the design unit shall strive to control the budget estimate within the investment of the entrusted design according to the requirements of the design task power of attorney of the owner (construction unit) and the provisions of the design contract. The cost control of the design stage is an organically linked whole, and the cost (estimate, budget estimate, budget) of each design stage restricts and complements each other, the former controls the latter, and the latter supplements the former, which together constitute the control system of the project cost. In the process of design, it is necessary to carry out design tracking, evaluate the design drawings and engineering content in time, and compare the design project investment with the planned investment in a timely manner. If it is found that the design investment exceeds the planned investment, the design will be amended to ensure that the investment does not exceed the limit. In addition, a technical-economic comparison of design options should be carried out to seek the possibility of investment savings.
3. Cost control in the bidding stageThe bidding for the construction of mainland engineering is an earlier field, and it is also the most extensive and mature field.
The tasks of project cost management in the bidding stage mainly include the following three aspects:
(1) Within the approved budget estimate and budget limit, and under the condition of meeting the requirements of project quality and construction period, determine a reasonable owner's bid base.
(2) According to the nature and characteristics of the project, formulate the bid evaluation method.
(3) the formulation of contract terms related to the project cost. The three are interrelated and should be considered comprehensively to achieve the optimal effect.
4. Cost control in the construction stageThe implementation of the project is the process of transforming the planning and design scheme of the construction project into an engineering entity. This process is the main process of the formation of project funds, that is, the main use stage of construction funds. Therefore, from the construction to the completion of the project, the control and management of the construction funds occupies a very important position in the whole process of fund management, which directly affects the quality and efficiency of the project. In the early stage of feasibility study and preliminary design of the project, the primary task of cost management is to optimize the design scheme and reasonably predict the project investment. In the project implementation stage, how to control the actual cost within the predicted value and how to use the construction funds scientifically are the main goals and tasks of cost management research.
In the construction stage, the cost engineer should carefully review the construction organization design, use the method of technical and economic comparison for comprehensive review, take the planned investment amount as the target value of investment control, regularly analyze the reasons for the deviation between the target value and the actual investment value, and focus on the increase in the cost of the construction organization design due to the use of various unreasonable construction measures. For the occurrence of engineering changes, it is necessary to carefully review the changes in the unit price, quantity and amount of each sub-item, implement prior checks, and actively monitor to ensure the realization of investment control objectives. As a cost engineer, he should be proficient in the terms of the construction contract, be familiar with the professional and technical standards of the project, and be a good arbitrator!
In the implementation stage of the project, the following points can be started in controlling the project cost:
(1) Carefully review the contract price and bill of quantities, basic unit price and other relevant documents;
(2) Correctly carry out project measurement, review the project payment bill, and settle the project price according to the regulations;
(3) Correctly understand the design intent, strictly control the design changes, and change the inappropriate design in a timely manner;
(4) Proficient in the use of quotas, reasonable on-site visas;(5) Review the construction organization design, select a reasonable construction plan, and effectively control the cost.
5. Cost control in the completion settlement audit stage: The final account of the completion of the construction project is the most important part of the whole project cost control. How can the final accounts faithfully reflect the actual cost of the whole project, but also reflect the ability of the employer and the contractor to manage the project cost. The collection and evidence collection of these materials must also pay attention to their validity, such as the design change notice must have the signature and relevant seal of the designer issued by the original design unit, and the visa of the on-site supervision must be signed and sealed by the person in charge of the construction site of Party A and approved by the designer. In the final accounts of most engineering projects in mainland China, when the construction contractor completes the final accounts, the construction contractor generally overcounts in the completion settlement statement, and the employer does everything possible to cut it indiscriminately, and the phenomenon of ripping off is serious, and the project settlement is delayed again and again, and some of them are delayed for several years, which greatly affects the use of engineering construction projects and the confirmation of construction project costs.
The focus of the audit of the completion settlement
1. Quantity review: Quantity audit is the most basic in the settlement, which directly affects the calculation of the direct cost of the project and other costs, and its accuracy is directly related to the level of the project cost. Therefore, it is necessary to verify the accuracy of the engineering quantity according to the as-built drawings and other relevant information and the site conditions, and to review the projects that are inconsistent with the drawings and the construction site caused by calculation errors, especially the situation that the budget personnel of some construction units deliberately increase the engineering quantity and double calculation when making settlements.
2. Quota set of review: wrong set of quota, repeated set of quota in the settlement of often appear, some construction units in the application of the project budget quota, the original quota has included the work content, insist on a separate project, repeated application of the quota, deliberately increase the cost of the project.
3. Review of fee collection standards: project settlement is composed of direct fees, profits, fees and taxes, etc., and it is very important to accurately apply various rates and whether the basis of fees is correct.
4. The audit of the amount of building materials and the price difference: generally speaking, the cost of civil engineering materials accounts for about 70% of the total cost of construction projects, in recent years, the construction market materials have changed greatly, and the construction unit has many loopholes in the control of the amount of building materials. After several years of engineering audit practice, I believe that the best material supply is to use Party A's order, Party B signs a procurement contract with the supplier and organizes the incoming materials, and Party A supervises and inspects the quantity and quality. In this way, the price of materials is controlled and the quality of materials is supervised, if necessary, Party A will directly allocate the materials to the supply unit, and also prevent Party B from misappropriating the materials, to ensure that the project materials are in place in a timely manner, accelerate the progress of the project, and reduce the cost of the project. In short, the management of engineering material costs is a highly professional, large and complex task.
5. Review of concealed project records, changes and visa forms: In the settlement of projects, the visa of concealed projects often causes controversy, because visa personnel often pay attention to technology and time, and ignore the billing issues, resulting in the phenomenon of duplicate visas in the contents included in the quota. The site management of the concealed project is not good, and the auditors are very passive when implementing the audit, so it is necessary to think about the settlement at the beginning of the project, do a good job of concealed visas, and reduce the phenomenon of ripping off the settlement after completion. To sum up, in order to effectively control the cost of construction projects, only by resolutely transferring the control focus from the original single control of the project implementation stage (reviewing the construction drawing budget) to the various stages of project construction, and adopting different cost management and control methods for each stage, can we achieve twice the result with half the effort. In the process of producing building products, the key details of labor, materials and costs can be saved, and a lot of money can be saved.
15 cheats for cost control in construction projects
(1) Start from the earthwork:1. As a builder, the earthwork should be balanced, the appropriate building elevation should be expected, and the construction unit can be clearly indicated when bidding, and the site earthwork should not be purchased for backfill or transported. 2. As a construction party, when using the pile foundation, if it is not allowed to excavate the soil with machinery between the piles, you can first reduce the elevation of the site, try to make the excavation depth shallower, take the soil to the nearby yard and stack it, and then backfill after the pile is driven and the foundation is constructed, so that the mechanization is adopted as much as possible, and the construction period and cost are saved. 3. If the use of mechanical soil between piles is allowed, the construction organization design should be prepared as follows: the earthwork is mechanically taken to a certain depth, and then manually leveled to the base (at least one cushion thickness should be retained, if the mechanical excavator level is average, it is recommended to retain 30cm). 4. It is best to carry out the process of mechanical excavation when manually clearing the base, so that the cleared earthwork can be immediately transferred by the excavator, and the elevation of the base on the site also has obvious reference. If there is a pile breaking project, the pile breaking should also be carried out and the pile slag should be transported away in time. Don't underestimate the scum, it's a big pile after smashing.
(2) Start from the masonry project:1. Strictly control the ash joints, mortar is more expensive than bricks, mortar ash joints should be left as small as possible, otherwise should be left as large as possible, of course, the first should meet the specifications, within the adjustable range of adjustment. 2. The mix ratio of the mortar is strictly controlled, the strength of the mortar comes from the correct mix ratio and reasonable maintenance, if the strength of the ash joint is not enough, it should be found from these two aspects. At present, the construction unit is very lax in the management of the mix ratio, and the responsible thing is only to weigh the construction mix ratio of each plate before the start of construction, and then make a mark on the bucket truck. There is no mark at all, and the construction masters solve it with their own experience. No matter what M10 or M5 will be a mix ratio, the workers will not care about these, just care about the workability of the mortar, the construction is convenient, and the result is often the cement exceedance. 3. Starting from the loss of bricks, it is recommended to sign a contract for loss, or add corresponding clauses to the subcontract, specify the maximum loss rate, and the brick slag on site is not allowed to be transferred casually, and be kept as evidence for assessing the loss.
(3) Starting from the aspect of self-mixed concrete:1. The purchase of qualified materials is sometimes more cost-effective than inferior materials, you can weigh it, cheap sand and gravel is usually more mud content, so that the cement content will be greatly increased when doing the mix ratio, and it is likely to be worth the loss, so do not save in the test, and make more tests and comparisons. 2. The cleaning of concrete is responsible for the concrete pouring team, and it is the whole process, including the ground cleaning after the removal of the formwork, the advantage of this is that the team will not waste concrete, and the cement slurry leaking from the formwork joint will also be used in time to minimize the loss.
(4) Start from commercial concrete:1. Sign a reasonable contract, strongly require the settlement according to the drawings, if the commercial concrete party thinks that the construction party will waste materials, it can be required to check with the supervision party after pouring. 2. The cleaning of the pump pipe is not only a manifestation of the spirit of saving concrete, but also a manifestation of the civilization of the construction unit. It is said that a plastic ball with the same diameter can be driven into the pipe by a pump truck, and then the ball can be ejected with water pressure, so that the concrete in the pump pipe can be directly and completely transported to the site, but unfortunately, this thing has not been seen in the field for many years. 3. Other aspects can refer to the above self-mixed concrete.
(5) Start from the template:1. The joints of the formwork must be tight, which can not only save concrete, ensure the quality of the project, but also protect the formwork to a certain extent. It is recommended that the seam width greater than 3mm should be nailed with wooden strips, and the seam width less than 3mm should be pasted with transparent tape. The concrete poured by the watertight formwork has the best appearance. 2. The formwork is as tooled as possible, and the forming reinforcement tool is made of steel bars or flat steel, which can make the process of formwork support twice the result with half the effort, and can be used repeatedly. To make a set of such tools, the labor saved by one project is more than enough. 3. The formwork should be able to reach the quality of the clear water formwork, so that the future plastering process can be omitted. It is recommended to sign a quality contract with the carpentry class, and if you can meet the requirements of no plastering, you will be rewarded by area, and if you fail to meet the requirements, you will be severely punished by area.
(6) Start from the steel bar:
1. Rebar entry needs to be inspected. Many people mistakenly think that the thicker the steel bar, the better you buy, the steel bar is purchased according to the weight, and our budget is based on the length × the ideal weight obtained by the linear density, and the actual weight is different, so that when the actual diameter is greater than our calculation of the diameter, the length of the steel bar of the same weight will be less than the length of the budget. Therefore, the steel bar should be as fine as possible under the condition of meeting the allowable deviation of the code, and the finer the more profitable.
2. On-site management. The steel bar needs to be moisture-proof and rust-proof, and if the purchased steel bar can be used in time, this process can be omitted, which is also one of the cost-saving measures. The steel bars should not be stacked in the open air on the site, and the welded and processed steel bars should be used as soon as possible.
3. If the design is not specifically specified, flash butt welding or mechanical connections can be used to save reinforcement joints.
4. The column reinforcement joint adopts electroslag pressure welding, which is cheap and reliable.
5. Check for waste on site. Many reinforcing steel workers feel that it doesn't matter if the rebar is long, anyway, it is thrown away, so the head of the rebar that is dozens of centimeters long is too lazy to cut off, which is not advisable. The long steel bar is not necessarily a good thing, our requirements for steel workers are stricter than other types of work, because the steel bar is extremely important in the structure, and it is a hidden project, which does not allow the slightest mistake, allowing them to make the steel bar long, and over time they will also shorten the steel bar in some places, thus losing the strength and rigor of management. The main thing is that this is a waste, at least ten tons of steel are wasted in a big project, on the contrary, you can save more than ten tons of steel. Therefore, even if the short steel bar head cannot be used, it should not be wasted like this, it can be used as embedded parts, and it is good to sell iron. Also, the team is settled according to the actual tonnage of the team, so you have to pay more than a dozen tons of steel bar labor costs.
(7) Start from the plastering project:1. Now there are all kinds of mortar kings, mortar essence and the like on the market, which can replace lime and save costs. 2. Hit the ash cake first, if the ash cake is too thick, don't rush to construction, to analyze the reason, if it is a masonry problem, it is recommended to remove and re-masonry, one is the punishment for the unqualified quality of the masonry team, and the other is for the plastering thickness is too thick, which is easy to cause hollow considerations. 3. The process that should be taken must be taken, and do not save in this regard. Suggested process: wall base cleaning --- wet wall --- 107 colloidal cement slurry--- 0.5 thick cement mortar, ---24 hours later--- plastering scraped flat--- after the iron trowel pressed the wall without obvious indentation, with lime mortar (can be mixed with a small amount of cement. The amount of cement mixed is about 20% of the gypsum, i.e. cement:gypsum = 0.5:1) overlay.
(8) Start with the surface decoration:1. If it is a block surface, there should be a detailed budget (do not use the budget of the bid, it must be recalculated), because most of the blocks are expensive, and the savings in this area will bring considerable benefits. 2. Pay attention to the protection of finished products, spend one dollar on the protection of finished products, and you can spend 50 yuan less on finishing treatment in the future, which is basically this ratio. 3. Decorative surface layer to do a few more times, when I was in a certain project, the indoor scraping double fly powder putty engineering design is 2, and the result is that one household was repeatedly scraped 5 times, which was found when the wall was demolished later.
(9) Start from the waterproof project:1. The common ones are tile roofing and membrane roofing, coated roofing and so on. If it is a tile roof, it is recommended to calculate according to the drawings, of course, this chance is very small, but also try to fight for it. The loss of the tile is very large, difficult to control, once it arrives at the scene, it is difficult to distinguish the responsibility for the loss, so the tile must be inspected when getting off the car, and all the slightly damaged ones are fired, and do not show mercy. 2. It is best to complete the drainage pipe rainwater inlet before the waterproofing construction, so that the joint treatment is better, saving money and trouble.
(10) Start from the scaffolding:1. Nowadays, residential buildings with a height of 3 meters are very common, and when erecting scaffolding, pay attention to the fact that scaffolding is not necessarily a layer of two crossbars, but can be erected according to a 1.8-meter crossbar, so that workers do not have to bend down and walk in the scaffolding. 2. Scaffolding foundations. The cushion foundation can be poured first, and then the cushion foundation is directly used as the scaffolding foundation, most of the construction period is relatively tight, and the scaffold is erected when the cushion strength is not fully reached, and the pressure must be diffused with a skid.
(11) Starting from vertical transportation:1. Vertical transportation determines the progress of the project, of course, if the project does not require progress, it is possible to use less vertical transportation machinery, but this choice is not inevitable, and the amortization of other materials and equipment should also be considered, and the material and equipment have no turnover and no money, so the selection of vertical transportation should be in line with the word "reasonable". 2. Vertical transportation determines the progress of the project, so one fast vertical transportation equipment can replace two slow vertical transportation equipment. Therefore, the fast winch is more likely to be favored. 3. Safety is a factor that must be considered, once there is a safety incident, all cost control is in vain.
(12) Starting from the ground of the building:1. The cleaned residue can be rammed into a layer of ground as backfill, provided that a few rooms (estimated based on the amount of floor residue in the past) are not backfilled until the floor is cleared. In this way, there is no need to worry about the export of residues. 2. The consistency of the floor mortar must be well controlled, and it is advisable to hold the slurry slightly, basically the drier the better, too thin will only lead to hollow cracking. 3. Even if there is no requirement in the design, the room larger than 15 square meters should be inlaid with glass strips to prevent cracking, and the maintenance after the event is not as good as the control in advance.
(13) Starting from the ceiling:1. If it is the effect of the clean water template, it can be completely handed over to the painter without plastering. This not only saves costs, but also avoids accidents such as smashing people due to hollow drums in the canopy in the future, so why not?2. The quality of the ceiling is not easy to check, and it is not easy to be found, so the focus is on the yin corner treatment, and if it is handled, everything looks good.
(14) Start with doors and windows:1. The focus of doors and windows is the protection of finished products, and the doors and windows are covered with protective film in time after installation, until the exterior wall construction is completed, the scaffolding is removed, and the interior wall decoration and ground are removed after completion. Premature demolition does not do any good other than give the window and door installer a job as a window cleaner. 2. If it is not necessary, do not install the glass and sash too early, it can be done within a week before acceptance. It's much easier to protect in a warehouse than in the field.
(15) Implement and control the implementation and control in strict accordance with the cost plan in the construction process of the project, in accordance with the selected technical scheme, implement and control in strict accordance with the cost plan, including the control of production materials, the control of labor consumption and on-site management costs.