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1. Control variable method
When a certain physical quantity is affected by several different physical quantities, in order to determine the influence of each different physical quantity, it is necessary to control some quantities, make them fixed and unchanged, change a certain quantity, and look at the relationship between the physical quantity studied and the physical quantity. For example, the relationship between the pressure of a liquid and the density and depth of the liquid is studied.
2. Ideal model method
When studying problems with physical laws, it is often necessary to simplify them as necessary and ignore secondary factors in order to highlight the main contradictions. By simplifying things in reality in this idealized way, a series of physical models can be obtained. For example, a circuit diagram is a model of a physical circuit, and a schematic diagram or diagram of a force is a model of the actual object and the force.
3. Conversion Method
In physics, some invisible and intangible phenomena or physical quantities that are not easy to measure directly are usually recognized by some very intuitive phenomena
or indirect measurement with easy-to-measure physical quantities, this method of studying the problem is called the conversion method. For example, the Oersted experiment can prove that there is a magnetic field around the electric current, and the diffusion phenomenon can prove that the molecule moves randomly.
4. Equivalent substitution
The equivalent method refers to the face of a more complex problem, put forward a simple solution or idea, and make them exactly the same effect, to make the problem difficult and easy to solve. For example, in Cao Chong's elephant scale, the elephant is replaced with a stone, and the effect is the same.
5. Analogy
A logical way of thinking based on the similarity or similarity between two objects (or classes) in some respect, which may also be the same or similar in other respects. For example, use a pump to compare a power supply.
6. Comparative Law
Through observation and analysis, it is a basic way to find out the similarities and differences of the research object. For example, compare the similarities and differences between the working principles of generators and electric motors.
7. Experimental reasoning
On the basis of observation and experimentation, ignoring secondary factors, making reasonable inferences, drawing conclusions, and achieving the purpose of understanding the essence of things. For example, experiments to study the relationship between the motion state of objects and forces, and experiments to study the propagation of sound.
8. Ratio Definition Method
It is the method of defining a new physical quantity by using the "ratio" of two basic physical quantities. It is characterized by the fact that the physical quantities that are defined are often the most essential properties of the material, and it does not change with the size of the physical quantities used in the definition. For example, the conceptual formulas of velocity, density, pressure, power, specific heat capacity, calorific value, etc., are all adopted in this way.
9. Induction
The method of reasoning that starts from the premise of the general and deduces the conclusion of the general is called the inductive method. As; The equilibrium conditions of the lever were verified, and three experiments were repeated to verify that F1 L1 = F2 L2
10. Estimation method
According to the conditions or quantitative relations given by the problem, it can be calculated exactly, but the answer can be found through analysis, reasoning or simple mental arithmetic. Its biggest advantage is that it does not require precise calculations, as long as the data is roughly estimated or fuzzy, the problem can be solved. (1) When answering, we should understand some commonly used physical data: home lighting voltage value of 220V, each floor height of about 3m, the quality of an egg is about 50g, the adult height is about 1.60~1.80m, the density of the human body is about 1.0×103kg/m3, the human heartbeat is about 70~80 times in 1 second, the human body resistance is about several thousand ~ hundreds of thousand ohms, the speed of normal walking is 1.4m/s, the general speed of a bicycle is about 5m/s, and the mass of a physics textbook is about 230g. The pressure generated by a newspaper tiled on a tabletop is about 0.5Pa, etc. (2) Remember some important physical constants: the speed of light propagation in a vacuum, the propagation speed of sound in air, the density of water, the specific heat capacity of water, etc.
11. Image Method
In physics, functional images in mathematics are often used to represent the relationship between physical quantities. Therefore, the image actually reflects the relationship between physical processes (e.g., melt plots, lines, etc.) and physical quantities (e.g., volt-ampere characteristic curves of electrical resistance, etc.). The method of using image knowledge to solve physics test questions is called the "image method". When using this method, it should be done: (1) identify or identify the physical quantities represented by the abscissa and ordinate of the image, and clarify the physical process described by the scene and its related factors and control conditions; (2) analyze the change trend or law of the image, and clarify the physical meaning expressed by the image; (3) determine the relationship between the two physical quantities according to the change of the image, and give a correct description or make a correct judgment.
12. Amplification method
The method of magnifying the measured quantity according to a certain rule and then measuring it is called the amplification method. In some experiments, we can see the experimental phenomena, but they are not easy to observe. We will magnify the effect and then study it. For example, the vibration of a tuning fork is not easy to observe, so we use small foam balls to amplify it. When observing the effect of pressure on the glass bottle, we will seal the glass bottle, fill it with water, and insert a small glass tube to amplify the liquid level change caused by the deformation of the glass bottle into the change of the liquid level of the small glass tube. When measuring a small amount, we often accumulate a small amount into a relatively large amount, for example, when measuring the thickness of a piece of paper, we first measure the thickness of 100 sheets of paper and divide the result by 100, so that the measurement result is closer to the real value is the cumulative amplification method. To measure the mass of a stamp, to measure the time it takes for a heartbeat, to measure the diameter of a wire, all can be done by the accumulation method.
13. Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the method of dividing a large number of things into different categories according to certain "criteria". The general steps are: (l) determining the basis for classification; (2) select a classification method; (3) Correct classification. For example, solids are divided into crystalline and amorphous categories, conductors and insulators. Mechanical motion is divided into linear motion and curvilinear motion, etc.
14. Observational Method
Physics is a discipline based on observation and experimentation. A lot of people's knowledge of physics has been carefully summarized and pondered through observation and experiment. The famous Magdeburg hemispheric experiment proved the existence of atmospheric pressure. In teaching, students can be required to observe carefully and meticulously, carry out standardized experimental operations, obtain accurate experimental results, develop good experimental habits, and cultivate experimental skills according to the experiments in the textbooks, such as the measurement of physical quantities such as length, time, temperature, mass, density, force, current, voltage, etc. Most of them are observational.
15. Multi-factor product method
Defining a new physical quantity by the product of two or more physical quantities is called the product method. Example: Conceptual formulas such as electric work, electric heat, and heat quantity all take this approach.
16. Reverse thinking
Reverse thinking refers to the way of thinking that is opposite to the direction of general thinking, also known as reverse thinking, reverse thinking is also called different thinking, it is a way of thinking in the opposite direction of things or opinions that seem to be a foregone conclusion. We should dare to "think in the opposite direction," let our thinking develop in the direction of the opposite, explore deeply from the opposite side of the problem, establish new ideas, and create a new image. When everyone thinks about a problem in a fixed direction and you think in the opposite direction alone, this way of thinking is called reverse thinking. Example: From electricity to magnetism. The solidification process is imagined through the melting process, from vaporization endothermy to liquefaction and exothermy, from accelerating evaporation to slowing down evaporation, and from sublimation endothermic to condensation and exothermy.
17. Mind mapping method
It is a learning method created by Tony Bozan, a famous British education expert. In the process of learning science, the independent construction of scientific knowledge in the form of mind maps can be connected into a network, which can intuitively show the knowledge context and deeply understand the internal relationship between knowledge.
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