Text | Yang Ziqiang
Briefly
In the twenty-fifth year of Qin Shi Huang (222 BC), Qin Shi Huang, who pacified the six countries and unified the world, placed Huiji County in the south of the Yangtze River, and there were 26 counties under Huiji County, and the land of Jiaxing belonged to Haiyan County and Changshui County. Jiaxing ended the history of sometimes belonging to Yue, sometimes to Wu, and then to Chu, and was included in the territory of the Great Unification Empire.
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Qin Shi Huang set up the Chi Road from the south of the Yangtze River to Xianyang, and in the last year of his life, he toured Haiyan and Changshui in the east, and changed Changshui as the reason for the fist, which not only had the meaning of proclaiming virtue and prestige to the old country of Wu and Chu and making its spirit surrender, but also his attention to the southeast as the ruler of the empire, which laid the foundation for the development of Jiaxing after the Han Dynasty.
But on the whole, Jiaxing in the Qin and Han dynasties was far away from the political and economic center, and its status in the country was not high, and its economy was relatively backward and marginalized. During the Western Han Dynasty, there were only 27 of the 103 counties in the country, and more than 80% of the country's population was concentrated in the north. Huiji County, where Jiaxing is located, covers an area of 232,700 square kilometers, but has a population of only 223,000 households, with an average of less than 1 household per square kilometer, while Jiyin County, which has the largest population density in the north, is as high as 59.2 households.
In the fourth year of Yongjian in the Eastern Han Dynasty (129), the west part of the Qiantang River, the richest part of Huiji County (Jiaxing was also among them), and the population density only reached 4.1 households per square kilometer (Huiji County was reduced to 0.6 households because of this), which is still much inferior to the north.
(1) Therefore, the "Historical Records and Biography of the Goods and Colonies" says: "The land of Chu Yue is vast and sparsely populated, rice and soup and fish, or fire cultivation and water rake, fruit Sui wins clams, does not wait for Jia but is satisfied, the land is spared for food, there is no famine, so the land is stolen, there is no accumulation and many poverty." It is south of the old river and Huai, there are no people who are cold and hungry, and there is no home of dry gold. ”
At the same time, in order to exercise effective political control over the vast and sparsely populated "land of the four yi" and the fierce people, from Qin Shi Huang to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, they continued to emigrate to Wu Yue's hometown on a large scale, forcibly relocated the Yue people to the north, and encouraged the Central Plains people to move to the Yue land, so as to completely eliminate the factors of instability.
In the Han Dynasty, most of the people living in the Hangjiahu Plain were the Central Plains people who moved in from the Jianghuai River and the areas north of it, while the original indigenous Yue people fled to the mountains under the deterrence of force, called "Shanyue". This demographic change has brought about a tremendous change in the nature of culture and civilization. The widespread spread of the Central Plains ritual music civilization in the south of the Yangtze River greatly promoted the development of culture and civilization in Wuyue.
The existing classics before the two Han Dynasty, there are very few poems about the south of the Yangtze River, more than 300 articles of the Book of Songs, none of which came from Wu Yue, which is of course the reason why the compiler did not collect well, but the backwardness of the culture of Wu Yue is also self-evident. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in the absence of any foreshadowing, the resignation of the famous Yan Ji, Yan Zhu, and Zhu Maichen sprung up, which can be said to have no plateau and a peak, which may be explained as a long period of accumulation, but the more open-minded reason is that the transplantation of the Central Plains culture played a great role in promoting it at that time.
It was also from this period that Jiaxing gradually found its sense of existence and began to emerge economically and culturally.
(1) Yang Yuan, "The Southward Development of China's Economy and Culture from the Western Han Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty", Taiwan Commercial Press, 1991, pp. 227, 236, 237.
The "legacy" of the First Emperor -- Sea Salt、Set by the fist
In the twenty-fourth year of the reign of King Qin (223 years ago), the Qin general Wang Jian broke through the Chu capital Shouchun (now southwest of Shou County, Anhui), captured the king of Chu, and Chu died.
"In the twenty-fifth year of the first emperor, he set the south of the Jingjiang River, descended to the Yue Jun, and placed the Huiji County. Jiaxing has since been under the unified Great Qin Empire. There are 26 counties under Huiji County, there is naturally no name of Jiaxing in that year, and the current land of Jiaxing belongs to Haiyan County and Changshui County.
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Haiyan was one of the earliest counties established in the Qin Empire, and was named after "the seashore is wide and the salt fields are facing each other". Salt was an extremely important biological resource and economic lifeline at that time, and using this as the name of the county also shows the importance that the Qin Dynasty attached to Haiyan County.
Haiyan County in the Qin Dynasty was much larger than it is now, and the "Atlas of Haiyan County" compiled by Hu Zhenheng of the Ming Dynasty said: "The county border is also the whole county of Haining, Pinghu and Songjiang. It includes a small part of the southwest of present-day Shanghai, the southwest of Fengxian County, the southeast of Songjiang County, the entire territory of Jinshan County, and the whole territory of Pinghu County and part of Haining County. The county was located in the area of the current Jinshan. Thinking back then, Haiyan people could say "I Haiyan" how it was.
In the thirty-seventh year of Qin Shi Huang (210 BC), Changshui County, which was placed in the tenth year of King Jing of Zhou (510 BC), was changed to Quan County, and the reason for the name change is quite mysterious.
According to Yuan's "Zhiyuan Jiahe Zhi" quoted "Wulu Geographical Chronicles", it is said that Qin Shi Huang toured the east and came to Changshui. There is a "qi seeker", that is, a monk who observes the clouds to predict good luck and evil, and says: "Five hundred years later, Jiangdong will have the qi of the son of heaven. Qin Shi Huang envisioned the Qin Dynasty as the "first emperor", passed down to the second, third and even tens of millions of generations, and it must not tolerate another son of heaven, even after 500 years.
So he "ordered 100,000 prisoners to dig up the ground", sent 100,000 prisoners to dig up the hill so that it could no longer gather the king's energy, and changed Changshui County to Yuquan County. By the name of the fist, according to the "Zhiyuan Jiahe Zhi", it is "the first emperor saw that the king was angry on his mountain, so that the prisoners chiseled this mountain, and the prisoners were tired and walked.
The prisoners dug up the king's qi with 100,000 people, and also brought out several "by-products". The two mountains were originally connected, and the prisoners chiseled the mountains and cut out a canyon by force, and the Kip stone was called the gorge river in ancient times, from which it came. One side of the canyon is the East Mountain, and the other side is the West Mountain, and Jiaxing also has two more scenic spots: the East Mountain and the West Mountain.
There is a "Tibetan Arsenal" in the nearby Yanshan Mountain, which is where Qin Shi Huang secretly hid weapons in order to prevent prisoner riots. Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty said in "Meili Zhi Landscape" in a matter-of-fact manner: "The Tibetan military dock is in the Yan Mountain. The shape of the mountain is like a snake, there is a broken place, and sometimes you see clouds and strange lights. According to legend, it is the ancient overlay of the army. ”
It is also said that Qin Shi Huang traveled to the long reservoir, heard a local folk song "the water market out of the Son of Heaven", which touched the pain point of the Qin Emperor again, so "curb the water as a weir, to hate the rumor of the water city", this is not at ease, and cut the horse to sacrifice to the river god, this place is called "Mawangtang" and "Matang Weir".
Some scholars believe that the "Haiyan Cavity", one of the four major vocal cavities of Southern Opera in the Ming Dynasty, was actually brought by the 100,000 prisoners from Guanzhong and the Central Plains.
Changing Changshui to fist on the grounds of Changshui was what happened during Qin Shi Huang's eastern tour. This parade was also a long-distance tour of the emperor in the last year of his life, and it had a profound impact on Jiaxing.
During the 11 years from the 27th to the 37th year of his death, Qin Shi Huang had five (or six) large-scale parades. In order to ensure the smooth parade of the emperor, of course, but also to make the transmission of government decrees fast and convenient, and to facilitate the deployment of troops and transportation of materials in wartime, Qin Shi Huang began to build a straight road in the 27th year, and soon began to build a gallop road throughout the country.
Chidao takes Xianyang as the center and goes straight to all parts of the country. Chi road "wide fifty steps, three zhang and tree, thick outside the outside, hidden with the golden vertebrae, tree with green pine" ("Hanshu Jiashan Biography"), roughly equivalent to the road width of nearly 70 meters, every 7 meters to plant a tree, on both sides of the road with a metal cone rammed thick, the middle of the road for the emperor to go out of the patrol car part, the project is huge, can be called the highway of the Qin Dynasty.
There are a total of eight Qinchi roads, among which the land from Xianyang to Wuyue is called Binhai Road. This gallop road, also through the territory of Jiaxing, Ming "Haiyan County Atlas" contains: "Qin Huang gallop road, from Qin Zhushan to Jinshan. This section of the road through Jinshan to Haiyan Rongpu Qin stationed mountain, later generations submerged in the sea, archaeologists during the Republic of China to taste its relics. That is to say, Haiyan has built a "highway" that can directly reach the capital Xianyang in the Qin period, which shows the importance of Haiyan's status.
The "Qinzhu Mountain" mentioned here is now called "Qinshan", and the famous Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant was built here. The name of Qin Mountain is also due to the fact that Qin Shi Huang looked at the East China Sea from the mountain when he was paraded. This parade was carried out in the 37th year of the reign of Qin Shi Huang (210 BC).
It is recorded in the "Historical Records": "In October of the 37th year, the first emperor travel······ed. In November, go to Yunmeng and worship Yu Shun in Jiuzhi Mountain. Under the floating river, the view of Ke, crossing the sea Zhu. Over Danyang, to Qian Tang. Linzhejiang, the water waves are evil, and it is one hundred and twenty miles west from the narrow crossing. Shanghuiji, sacrifice Dayu, look at the South China Sea, and stand on the stone to carve the praise of Qinde. ······ Also over Wu, from the river to the ferry. and on the sea, north to Langxie. ”
The area of the parade is in Chu and Yuedi, and it is obvious that the rumor that "although Chu has three households, the death of Qin will be Chu", and he wants to pass the parade to "show strength and subdue the sea".
From "through Danyang, to Qian Tang." Linzhejiang" to speculate that Qin Shi Huang was from Suzhou through Songjiang and Jinshan to Haiyan to Luopu, preparing to cross the Qiantang River from here to Yuedi on the opposite bank. But when I arrived here, I climbed the mountain and looked far away, only to find that the river was open and the water was turbulent, and it was impossible to cross the river.
The First Emperor, who conquered the Six Kingdoms, was blocked by a Qianjiang River, and the invincible Qin Shi Huang could not accept this. He came up with a crazy idea to build a bridge across the Qiantang River, so he ordered a stone pillar to be built in the middle of the river to build a bridge. It was an impossible task, of course, and the raging tide made Qin Shi Huang understand that nature was an enemy that he could never defeat, just as immortality he aspired to be unattainable. After beating more than a dozen stone pillars, Qin Shi Huang had no choice but to give up.
In the Tang Dynasty, Dugu and the poem "Watching the Sea" "only see the foot of the stone bridge, the thousand-year-old tide traces", and probably the stone pillars laid down in the Tang Dynasty can still be seen. Song Shaoding's "Chronicles of the Water" contains: "The stone bridge pillar of the King of Qin, in the back of the Qin stationed mountain, there are 36 sand banks along the coast of the old legend, nine muds and eighteen beaches, go ashore on Huangpan Mountain, go to Shaoxing 36 miles, the wind is clear and the moon is white, and the voice of selling is heard. The first emperor wanted to cross the sea as a bridge. After the sea changes, washing the sandy shore, only one remains. Huangpan Mountain is in the sea, and the bridge pillars still exist. ”
In the 30s of the 20th century, a stone pillar was unearthed on the waterfront of Pengpu, which was vaguely engraved with words, perhaps this is the stone pillar left by Qin Shi Huang. Qin Shi Huang naturally would not have imagined that more than 2,000 years later, a bridge spanning 36 kilometers from north to south was really erected in this place. Qin Shi Huang's idea is not wrong, but he was born more than 2,000 years early.
Qin Shi Huang stood on the top of the mountain, looking at the other side, at this moment, he realized the truth that "manpower is ultimately poor, and the way of heaven is finally determined", so he had no choice but to go around a large circle of 120 miles in the west, cross from the narrow place of the river, and go to Huiji to worship Dayu.
Qing Li Nianci has a poem "Qin Resident Mountains and Seas", gloating and ridiculing the first emperor: "The Qin Emperor and the four seas, flying swords and heroes." Poor in the world, I still hope for fairy medicine. The Great Wall is built in the west, and Lishan is also built in the east. Gong Tusi is eternal, and the people's livelihood is salty and sluggish. The giant bridge can be completed, and the heart is beside it. The car is rotten, and the road is empty and lonely. In vain, the crane master laughed into a few silhouettes. ”
You Qin Shi Huang is tyrannical, and you are engaged in political projects everywhere that work hard and hurt money, and you can see that there are bridges that you can't build, so it's lost, if you have the ability, just learn from the crane and fly over.
Qin Shi Huang stayed here for several days and left behind many monuments. The mountain he climbed is therefore called Qin Zhu Mountain, also known as Qin Wang Mountain, Qin Jing Mountain, commonly known as Qin Mountain. Yuan's "Zhiyuan Jiahe Zhi" quoted the "Chronicles of the Land": "Qin Shi Huang traveled to this mountain, because of the name. ”
Dong Gu, a Haiyan man of the Ming Dynasty, said in his article "Bili Miscellaneous Storage: Qin Zhushan Tablet" that he saw a broken stele in the Song Dynasty in Qinshan, and there were still a few lines of words on it: "The former sages are scorching, and the later saints are maozai." The first emperor inherited the sky, and the more he was ordered by the emperor. The industry is super ancient, and Zhou annihilates Zheng. Seven heroes are surplus, and six countries are merged. Gong Shen Taikoo, the former king of Daomai, Yan Jun Wu, and the beautiful crown is yellow. Seven generations of psychic, respecting Sitang. Zongsheng Ningxian, Hertz body welfare. The afterglow of Ande is famous. "A total of 72 words.
Dong Gu believes that "the words are very ancient, and they are really pre-Qin texts, which are not contained in the "Historical Records". There is the old Qin Shi Huang Temple on Qin Mountain, and there is a stone tablet erected by the official government during the period of Liang Tianjian. There is also a "beautiful temple" on the mountain, it is said that a virgin who traveled with Qin Shi Huang died of illness here and was buried in Qinshan. The long wall mountain of Pengpu is also named after Qin Shi Huang's "climbing the mountain and looking at the sea, with its lonely tower, looking at the situation like a gambling wall". Bolu Mountain is also derived from Qin Shi Huang's "waiting for the tide to cross the sea, and Bolu is under this mountain." ”
Qin Shi Huang's eastern tour, for Jiaxing, is far more than just leaving a few monuments. In the land south of the Yangtze River in the pre-Qin period, no matter how strong Wu Yue's military strength was, in the eyes of the Central Plains powers, it was still an uncivilized barbarian land. The establishment of Haiyan and Youquan County means that Jiaxing has been included in the territory of the Great Unification Empire. Qin Shi Huang's eastward tour of Haiyan and Changshui showed his importance to the south of the Yangtze River, and also marked the establishment of Jiaxing's important position in the Qin Empire, which laid the foundation for the development of Jiaxing after the Han Dynasty.
[From: Jiaxing Literary and Historical Memory.Jiaxing Volume]
--to be continued