Township has always been an important administrative division unit in China, from the Zhou Dynasty to modern times.
Although the term "urban and rural" is used in modern times to count "township" as a rural area, in the "township system" of the Zhou Dynasty, the urban area and suburbs belong to the "six townships" (Bi, Lu, clan, party, state, and township), and the wild belongs to the "six townships" (neighborhood, li, zan, disdain, county, and sui). Anyway, at that time, the villagers were "city people", and the county people were "country people".
The monarch also called the urban area "country" and the rural area "wild"; the princes called the urban area "capital" and the rural area "contemptible". The superior people who lived in the castle were called "metropolitan gentlemen". "Mencius": "There is no gentleman to govern the savage, and no savage man is not to raise the gentleman." Du Pre's "Zuo Biography" notes: "The gentleman of the capital, the person who is in the capital." Zhu Xi said: "All, sigh and praise." The capital, the residence of the gentleman, the contemptible, the residence of the savage. Therefore, the ancients said that the wild is despised, and they are all beautiful. ”
Zhuge Liang said that "the first emperor was not despicable to his ministers", that is, he was humble to be a man who was despicable to the wilderness, and Chen Shou said that Liang's "ploughing in the wilderness" also followed this "contempt".
"Sima Fa" cloud: "The kingdom is a hundred miles for the suburbs, two hundred miles for the state, and three hundred miles for the wilderness." Of course, in the Han Dynasty, it would certainly not be defined strictly according to this standard.
In the pre-Qin period, large "kingdoms" such as the Five Tyrants and Seven Heroes were equivalent to states in the Han Dynasty, medium-sized principalities such as Song and Zheng were equivalent to counties in the Han Dynasty (in fact, the titles were no longer linked to the territory during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, just an analogy), and small Hou states were equivalent to counties, such as the Deng State became Deng County. There are also viscounts, which became the township level of the Han Dynasty, such as Tangzi Township, Lu Township (formerly Lu Ziguo) and so on. If it is really according to the ancient law, Zhuge Liang will live 300 miles away from Xiangyang, Jingzhou Prefecture, and it will be 100 miles away from Nandu Wan County, which is equivalent to a county.
Zhuge Liang may be self-humble, and the Han Dynasty will not follow the ancient law. But if you read too many books, your subconscious habits will still play a role, so it is probably normal to be more than 30 miles away from the city.
Let's look at the suburban system of "Zhou Li" again, "five families are compared, five ratios are Lu, four Lu are clans, five ethnic groups are parties, five parties are states, and five states are townships". In the Zhou Dynasty, the township was even one level higher than the state, with 12,500 households (households) in the most standard township, 2,500 households in the prefecture, and 500 households in the party. In the rural system, "five families are neighbors, five neighbors are li, four li are drunk, five are contemptible, five are counties, and five counties are Sui", we are familiar with 125 households in the li and 2,500 households in the county.
Now we don't need to memorize the rules of the Zhou Dynasty, we just need to know that "state", "li", "township" and "party" are all administrative units, so the Han Dynasty often combines them at will when they call their hometowns, such as the "state" and "township party" and "township" that we are familiar with, all of which have approximate meanings, not that the word "township" must refer to the same township, and the word "state" must be the same state. The "state" of Kyushu is dozens of times larger than the "state" between the township parties.
Among the "Li Yan Township Party" that Nanyang teacher likes to cite the most, "Chen Zhen's Biography" is called "Township Party", and "Jiangbiao Biography" is called "Township". Is it a tongli (group), a party (village), or a township (township)? In fact, it is just a contract, and people don't want to say it so precisely.
"Book of the Later Han Dynasty" (Xu) Shao and Cong Brother Jing both have high names, and they are good at discussing the township party figures. The Xu brothers' "Yuedan Commentary" is well-known throughout the country, of course, it is impossible to comment only on the thousands of people in the hometown, and it is not even limited to Runan County, because everyone knows that Xu Zijiang commented on Cao Cao of Peiguo.
In fact, on the issue of the "township party" before, Nanyang has always insisted that Li Yan and Zhuge Liang are "township party" relations, so Zhuge Liang and Li Yan are "Nanyang people" or even Wanren. I am against it, because it is obvious that Zhuge Liang is just relaying Chen Zhen's words, and Chen Zhen and Li Yan are just fellow countrymen. The point is that Zhuge Liang is from Yaoya, and "Three Kingdoms" is written very clearly.
"The Biography of the Ancestors" said: "The old saying in the township, Mu Zhuge Kongming (Yaoya people) is Wolong, Pang Shiyuan (Nanjun people) is Feng Xiao, Sima Decao (Yingchuan people) is the water mirror, and the title of Degong is also." It seems that all four of them are considered "villager", but it is not clear. "Zhongwu Zhi" quoted an unknown version of "Xiangyang Ji" and said that "Kong Ming is in Nanyang, and Pang Degong of the same county" and "Zizhi Tongjian" said that "Pang Degong of the same county" made people more and more confused when talking about Sima Hui.
He Zhuo of the Qing Dynasty said: "The people of Nanyang, Zhuge Gongqiao Kezi County, have the distinction of the township party, and they will be able to cooperate with the rules." This is an explanation, living in the township can also be regarded as a township party. He Zhuo is too far away from the end of the Han Dynasty, but after all, he is closer than us modern people, so let's believe him.
Then let's talk about the problem of how many townships there were in a county in the Han Dynasty.
According to Mozi, the head of the township in the Zhou period even reported directly to the monarch, because there are only a few townships in a small country. At the end of the Warring States Period, the level of counties exceeded that of townships, probably because Qin and Chu continued to expand their territory, and even the second-level units of the wilderness "counties" exceeded the first-level units of urban areas "townships" several times, so when the urban and rural areas were graded by the same standard, they directly set up townships under the county.
Of course, there may also be other changes in it, such as in "Qi Yu": "Ten pawns are townships, townships have township marshals, and three townships are counties". Maybe no one has followed the weekly rites for a long time.
"Book of Han" "Fan County, Dao, Guo, Yi thousand five hundred and eighty-seven, township six thousand six hundred and twenty-two, pavilion twenty-nine thousand six hundred and thirty-five." That is, during the time of Emperor Ping of the Western Han Dynasty, there were more than four townships per county on average, and the unearthed "Donghai County Officials' Book" recorded that there were 170 townships in 38 counties, which was about the same. According to the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, when Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were 1180 counties and 3651 townships, with an average of more than three townships per county.
In history books, you can often see names such as "Dongxiang", "Xixiang" and "Zhongxiang", and a "standard" county should be surrounded by several townships. Because there are too many townships represented by directions that are difficult to use as specific names, everyone's attitude towards Zhang Fei's "Xixiang Hou" tends to refer to "Xixiang County", rather than Xixiang in a certain county. Including Nanxiang, from the township to the county and then to the county, at this time, if the Nanxiang of a certain county is called "Nanxiang Hou", you must be careful to cause misunderstanding.
Two more interesting records, one is Wang Liezhi's "Ancheng Ji": "(Ancheng) County has two townships, Lixi Township of Han County and Lidong Township of Wu County. The other is the "Water Jing Note": "Jin Ping Wu, cut the south township of Zhonglu, the north township of Linfu and put it in Huang County, and govern the township." "You can see how common it is to name with directions.
Does that prove that the townships are distributed around the county in an oriental manner, and that does not help the problem of cultivating land?
Yes, it is mainly the problem of Lu Township, "Lu Township" is "Deng Youlu Ju" in the "Later Han Shu County Chronicles", and Ju is generally a special existence between the township and the li, and the big village, which is more prosperous, is somewhat similar to "Ji". In the "Water Jing Note" is "Lu City" and "Lu Zi Country". Du pre-called "Lu" directly. And in Yuelu Qin Jian, it is recorded as "Lu Township" is the most reliable. His most famous deeds are "The Ninth Year of Huan", "Deng Nan despised the coins that were attacked and seized." ”
Comprehensive books, whether it is the country of Lu or the township of Lu, they are all in "Deng Zhinan", we said before that "contempt" is wild. According to the law of three or four townships in a county, it can be speculated that in the southern part of Deng County in the Han Dynasty, there was only one township, that is, Lu.
Du pre-annotated "Zuo Biography": "Lu is in the south of present-day Deng County, the north of the river (also known as the north of the river)". Books such as "Notes on the Water Classic" and "Selected Works" have quoted this material.
The most fierce controversy in Nanxiang before was "whether Deng County crossed the water", and the main material was the "Yuanhe County Chronicles" and other books quoting Xi Chiaoya's "Xiangyang Ji": "Qin and the world, from the north of the Han Dynasty to Nanyang County, from the south of the Han Dynasty to the South County. Han because of it. ”
Since there were many major administrative changes in the two Han Dynasty, the inheritance of the Qin system in the early Han Dynasty certainly cannot prove that it remained unchanged at the end of the Han Dynasty. Moreover, the area of the two counties is so large, with the overflow of the Han River, it is normal for some places to cross the border for a few miles. Therefore, this kind of controversy has been stuck in "Nanyang has direct materials" but is not accurate, Xiangyang has "Shandu County crosses the Han River" and "there are many examples of the border canine teeth" and other supporting evidence, but there is a lack of direct materials, Nanyang also has "the Shandu section of the Han River is a north-south direction" and other reasons, in short, it is not consistent.
Du Pre's "Lu is in the north of the water" is relatively accurate, one is from the county boundary to the township boundary, and the other is the Three Kingdoms period, which is closer to Zhuge Liang. Although I want to say that it can't be done without the territory of Deng County, at least it will be much more confident.
Let's talk about the problem of Zhuge Liang's "Wuxiang Hou".
In the early Shu Han (Ji Han) period, except for Liu Bao, the Marquis of Yangquan brought by the Han Dynasty, everyone else seemed to have only the highest level of "Xianghou", Zhuge Liang's "Wuxiang" and Zhang Fei's "Xixiang", and there has been controversy in the Three Kingdoms Circle, whether it is a county marquis or a township marquis.
Zhuge Liang's hometown of Wuxiang County, Yaoya, was only established in the Western Jin Dynasty. And the "Ten Dao Chronicles" says that Wuxiang is the Wuxiang Valley of Zheng County, so isn't Wei Yan, the Marquis of Southern Zheng, countering Zhuge Liang?
Here is mainly to lead to a record of Du Pre: "Wucheng is in the north of Wanxian County. Or called Wuyan City, commonly known as West City. This may show that there was a "Wu Township" in Nanyang Wan County, and if Zhuge Liang has special feelings for Nanyang, it is reasonable to take the initiative to ask for it to be sealed here. In the Han Dynasty, knights were generally sealed near their hometowns, but many of Sun Quan's side did not follow this, and Wei Yanyiyang's enshrinement in Hanzhong also showed that they had long not followed this law. There is an example in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Ding Qi is a native of Dingling, Yingchuan, "all the generals occupy Fengyi Mei County, but (Ding) Qi is willing to seal his hometown." In the end, he was sealed as "the marquis of Xin'an in Dingling, and there were 5,000 households in the city," and Ding Hong, the son of Ding Qi, was later sealed to Nanyang as the marquis of Luyang. It's that many heroes can make their own requests.
It was not beneficial to lead a township in the territory of the enemy, but many heroes were so selfless at that time. Is it reasonable that the point is that his affection for Nanyang Wuxiang is greater than that of his hometown Yaoya? If according to various folk legends about Zhuge Liang's participation in the battle of Bowang and his residence in Fangcheng, Zhuge Liang not only lived but also fought in the northern part of Wanxian County, then it is possible. Of course, this is just a hypothesis for Nanyang and Pingdingshan, and it does not mean that I think it is true.
Because there were a large number of townships with the same names in the Han Dynasty, in addition to the townships in the southeast, northwest, and northwest mentioned above, there were also capital townships, that is, the townships where the county and county were located. In the Three Kingdoms at the end of the Han Dynasty, there were dozens of "Duxiang Hou" at the same time, and most of them did not explain which county they were in, and how can they be distinguished? Personally, I guess that this kind of person who does not give the name of the county may be sealed in the county where he is from, and returning to his hometown is the highest honor. Then guess whether the "Wuxiang" will also be a kind of glory, that is, the hometown of the armed forces (military district) where the county soldiers are stationed where they are from.
First, it has been mentioned earlier that Zhuge Liang's hometown has "Wu Township", Nanzheng also has Wu Township, and Cao Wei's Yan Gan also sealed Wu Xiang Hou (in Shangdang), and the "Wu City" seen in the history books in the Spring and Autumn Period is also distributed in Jin and Ludi, indicating that "Wu" is very common as a place name, and there must be a reason (Tun Bing). Second, when Liu Chan ascended the throne, Zhuge Liang, the Marquis of Wuxiang, ranked ahead of Li Yan and Liu Yan, the two "Duxiang Marquis", and Duxianghou was already the richest township in a county.
Anyway, the problem of Zhuge Liangwuxiang, I just put forward an assumption, and the lack of materials will not go any further. As a matter of fact, the previous talk about "wildness", "township party", and "township party" are all hypothetical.
Since we have talked about the capital, I will take the opportunity to start talking about today's focus - Nanyang Township.
Qian Daxin: "The people who are in the countryside are close to Guo's hometown, and the class is above the township." As mentioned earlier, the pre-Qin princes' city was called "capital", and the capital township was the "Chengxiang" and "Chengguan Town" of the county seat according to today's terms, and the "central urban area" and "Shizhong District" of the big city.
Sealed in the capital township, there are rich families in the food yip, and a few or even ten households in the countryside are the most cool. can be sealed in the capital, either the clan, or the favored minister, the great hero.
In every period, you can see the coexistence of many "Duxiang Hou", and there are also called "Duxiang Houguo" under Changshan Country. As for the issue of duplicate names, for the time being, according to my speculation, it is sealed in the place of one's hometown, so there is no need to add the name of the county to distinguish it.
In a few cases, the name of the county may indicate that it is not in their place of origin. "Book of Han" "Feng Mang is the new capital marquis, the capital township of Xinye in the south of the country, with 1,500 households." "Deng Fude is the capital of Xiping County, and Liu Garlic is the capital of Qianyang County. Lu Lang is the capital of Xi'e County, with 700 households. In addition, the unearthed Wu Yingming thorn shows that his hometown is the capital of Nanchang County, which is not a feudal situation.
After talking so much about the township, what does it have to do with Zhuge Liang's cultivation of the land?
That's because of the Han monument "Nanyang Duxiang Zhengwei Bullet Persuasion Monument" mentioned several times in my previous article. Don't worry about other words, just need to know that there is a place name of "Nanyang Township" in the late Han Dynasty. In fact, the stele is only a supplementary evidence, because each county has its own "capital township", and where the county order is too observed, that township is the capital township. Common sense, no physical evidence is required.
This "Nanyang Township" should be the location of the Taishou Mansion of Nanyang County, located in Wan County. As for whether there was a "Wanxian capital township" during the same period, and whether the county guard and the county order were crowded into the same township, this is not recorded for the time being. Maybe ordinary counties have their own capital townships, but county Zhiwan County does not have its own capital township, because it was "preemptively registered" by the county.
Before it became a "capital township", it may not have been said that this township had another name, but it is now named after the county. Wanxian County wants to be named "Nanyang County" because of its county status, but in addition to Wang Mang's opportunity, it will have to wait for hundreds of years. And "Nanyang Duxiang" has long achieved this achievement. "Three Rites Atlas Notes" "In the Han Dynasty, the Deng family made cloth in Nanyang Township, and the famous one called Deng Xiang". can be referred to as Nanyang Township, I believe that only Nanyang Township.
Is it possible for Zhuge Liang to cultivate this township named after Nanyang? The main question is whether he will use the name of a township in his official recital to the emperor? Will Liu Chan feel that the prime minister is playing tricks on himself?
This brings us back to the issue on which we voted. "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" notes the "Dongguan Han Dynasty", Zhu You "sealed the marquis, more than 7,000 households in the food town, since Chen Gongbo and rewarded, willing to receive 500 households in Nanyang." "It is normal for there to be more than 7,000 households in the county, and if "Nanyang" refers to the county, it is definitely impossible to give him a complete seal, if it is Nanyang County during the Wang Mang period has not been abolished, it is impossible to be a 100,000-household level in Nandu. Therefore, Zhu You's intention was either to randomly allocate 500 households from the county and county to him, or to directly ask for "Nanyang Township". If it was the latter, Zhu You helped Zhuge Liang set a precedent: he could directly mention the name of the township to the emperor.
The number of households in a township is uncertain, and in the "Later Han Shu County Chronicles", "5,000 township households are placed in rank." This shows that the number of households in large townships is close to or may even exceed that of small counties.
In the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Huangfu Song broke the yellow turban and first sealed the capital township, and then "sealed the marquis of Huaili, and the two counties of Huaili and Meiyang, totaling 8,000 households". and then "cut 6,000 households, and even sealed the capital townsmen, 2,000 households." "In this case alone, this metropolitan township accounts for half of the households in the small county.
But like Jiang Jing and others, they are both townspeople, and there are only 300 households in the city. Cai Yong's "Let Gaoyang Hou Seal the Silk Symbol": "Gaoyang Township Marquis, under the seal ribbon Symbol, the fake food limit is 500 households. ”
The "General Dictionary" records the situation in the Jin Dynasty, "more than 500 households in the county are placed in one township, more than 3,000 households are placed in two townships, more than 5,000 households are placed in three townships, and more than 10,000 households are placed in four townships." Although the material is relatively late, it can also explain the disparity between the townships in the Han Dynasty very well. Han Jian's "Donghai County Clerk's Book" also has eight townships.
Due to the large difference in the number of households, Zhu You's "500 households in Nanyang" cannot be determined to be a complete "township" or "li", and the number is so neat that it is more likely to be cut out in pieces. It also makes sense to interpret it as a county or a county. It's just that when it comes to townships and villages, the demands will be clearer and avoid being assigned to remote areas.
Zhu You's example can only provide a possibility of "Nanyang refers to the township in the "Teacher Table", and it cannot become sufficient evidence. We don't force it.
Even if Zhu You (Wanren) really directly used the name of the township when he asked Liu Xiu (Yuwan), it was because they were both familiar with Wancheng and understood "Nanyang". But it can't be applied to Zhuge Liang and Liu Chan, although Liu Chan was born in Xinye, he was only 1 year old when he left Nanyang County, and he didn't remember anything at all, and he couldn't remember the name of the county, let alone the township. When Zhuge Liang directly mentioned the name of the township, Liu Chan probably couldn't react.
If you want to explain, according to what I said in the previous article on "habits", there were too many Nanyang people in the high-level of the Shu Han Dynasty (Li Yan, Chen Zhen, Huang Zhong, Huang Zhu, Wei Yan, Deng Zhi, Zong Zhu, etc.), and the internal habits were forcibly popularized in the court, just like the people of Hunan and Sichuan spoke dialects in Beijing in the early years, because there were many people in these two places in the high-level.
In fact, there are many examples of the same township name and county name like this, except for the aforementioned "Xixiang" and "Nanxiang", such as the "Book of the Later Han" Yin Zhi "more Yin Township". "Feng (Zhang Ji) Zigen is the Marquis of Caiyang. "It may be the capital township sealed in Yin County and Caiyang County.
In the "Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms", Deng Ai went from "Fangcheng Pavilion Marquis" to "Fangcheng Township Marquis", and then sealed Deng County Marquis, but what was recorded in the "Water Jing Note" was "Fangcheng Hou Deng Ai Temple", which may be the person who built the temple in the Northern Wei Dynasty.
By the way, it can be mentioned that the dispute in Cai Yong's hometown, the two biggest competitors now are Qixian County and Weishi County, both of which belong to Kaifeng. Originally, the official history of "Chen Liuyu people" and Cai Yong's own first-hand material "Family Yuyuan" made Cai Yong settle in the Yuxian ruins of Yu Town, Qixian County. However, Professor Zhu Shaohou, who is very familiar to everyone, threw out the views of Guyu Township and Cai Xiangxiang, saying that Cai Yong means "home in Yu (township)" and finally argued that Wei's Caizhuang Town is "Nanyu City", and single-handedly supported Wei's Cai Yong's hometown.
The main reason for being able to use township-level place names to defeat county-level or even county-level place names is that the gap between townships and counties in the Han Dynasty is not large, and many battles will appear in the county at the same time, such as the familiar Liu Xiu "Zixinye Tu Tangzi Township", Sun Jian "Yang people (gathering) go to Luyang more than 100 miles, and see (Yuan) at night". There are also a large number of examples of counties being directly downgraded to townships and townships being promoted to counties, such as the familiar Chungling, Lu, etc.
Specifically on the issue of cultivated land, the Nanyang County Administration Office must be located in Nanyang Township, so in some cases it can really refer to each other. It is actually a good choice to let the well-documented Nanyang Township replace the "Nanyang County" with no direct records.
Again, I only provide the possibility to enrich the culture of cultivating the land, but I am not responsible for proving the truth, nor can I prove it.