Forestry terms and definitions

Forestry terms and definitions

1. Forests

Including arbor forests, bamboo forests and shrub forests specially designated by the state.

2. Forestry

Including trees and bamboo.

3. Forest stands

Forest communities with similar internal structural characteristics such as forest facies, origin, tree species composition, age, and sparse density, and the same forest classification management factors, which are significantly different from adjacent forests.

4. Forest Category

With the goal of cultivating a stable, healthy, high-quality and efficient forest ecosystem, forests are divided into public welfare forests and commercial forests according to the different leading functions, and classified management is implemented to play a variety of functions.

5. Origin

Origins are divided into natural and artificial.

6. Small classes

It refers to the forest according to different ownership, land types, origins, forest categories, forest species, dominant tree species (groups), age groups, canopy density grades, site types, economic forest production periods and forestry engineering categories in the planning and design of forest surveys and designs, and each block is called a small class. In the harvesting management, the small classes in the annual update results of the "one map" of forest resources in Zhejiang Province are used as the regional units.

7. Felling area

In the same year, for forests of the same forest category, the plots (the scope of harvesting) or small classes that are geographically connected with the same harvesting method are called felling areas. Among them, the basic unit of the commercial forest felling area is the plot, and the basic unit of the public welfare forest felling area is the small class. The felling area of engineering construction and the use of forest land, as well as the felling of disaster wood, may not be connected within the same administrative village. When the use of forest land and the construction of isolation zones are involved in felling in public welfare forests, the felling area shall be determined according to the plots.

8. Holding Tree

Trees that are not subject to felling in the felling area.

9. Main felling

Harvesting of commercial forests that have reached the age of main felling.

10. Renew logging

In order to restore, improve or enhance the ecological function of the public welfare forest, and then create good conditions for the regeneration of the forest stand, the public welfare forest that has reached the regeneration age is harvested.

11. Tending felling

From the canopy closure of young forests to the time of main cutting or regeneration felling, some trees are harvested to promote the growth of retained trees.

12.低产（效）林改造采伐

For the stands with poor growth and low economic or ecological benefits, the economic and ecological benefits of the stands are improved by felling trees and introducing excellent tree species, so as to make them a type of felling of high-efficiency stands.

13. Other logging

It refers to the types of felling except for the four types of felling: main felling, regeneration felling, tending felling, and low-yield (efficient) forest transformation felling.

14. Clear-cutting felling

This is a method of harvesting where scars are formed after harvesting. It includes five methods: clear-cutting in the main felling of commercial forests, clear-cutting and renewing in the regeneration of public welfare forests, clear-cutting and regeneration in small blocks, clear-cutting transformation in low-yield (efficient) forests and other clear-cutting methods.

15. Selective felling

Except for clear-cut felling, there is no scarring after harvesting.

16. Small-block clear-cutting updates

In particular, it refers to the small-area clear-cutting carried out within the specified harvesting intensity in the regeneration harvesting.

17. Scattered woods

Compared with patches of trees (area of more than 1 acre), it generally refers to sporadic distribution of trees.

18. Harvesting intensity

Harvesting intensity refers to the percentage of harvesting stock in the total volume of felling area. For stands without accumulation, the percentage of the number of harvested plants that can be used in the total number of trees in the felling area.

19. Dominant tree species

When the volume (number of plants) of a certain tree species (group) accounts for 65% or more of the total volume (number of trees), the tree species (group) is the dominant tree species in the small class. The dominant tree species of the stand that did not reach the initial DBH were determined according to the proportion of the number of trees.

20. Coniferous forest

Arbor forests in which the volume of coniferous species (number of trees) accounts for 65% or more of the total volume (number of trees) of the stand.

21. Broad-leaved forest

Arbor forests with broad-leaved tree species volume (number of trees) accounting for 65% or more of the total stand volume (number of trees).

22. Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests

Arbor forests with coniferous or broad-leaved tree species accounting for 35~65% of the total stand volume.

23. DBH

Refers to the diameter of the main trunk of the tree at 1.3 meters above the ground surface.

24. Average chest diameter

The weighted mean DBH of all trees with DBH greater than 5 cm in a stand.

25. Forest belt

Forest belts include arbor forest belts and shrub forest belts. The number of rows in the arbor zone is more than 2 rows and the row spacing is ≤4 m, or the horizontal projection width of the canopy width is more than 10 m, and the number of rows in the shrub zone is more than 2 rows and the row spacing is ≤2 m.

26. Tree belt

Single-row trees with a crown width of < 10 m that do not meet the arbor woodland standard (continuous length of more than 50 m).

27. Scattered trees

It refers to the trees that grow on forest land such as bamboo forests, shrub woodlands, uncultivated afforestation lands, and spawn lands, as well as tall trees of different generations in the upper layer of young and middle forests (overlord trees, etc.).

28. Trees on all sides

All kinds of bamboo bushes and trees planted in the village (house), roadside, water, field (land) and other places with an area of less than 1 acre.

29. Accumulation

The volume of standing timber is the volume of standing timber, and the standing timber volume of all trees in the stand is called the stand volume.

30. Canopy density

The ratio of canopy projection area to forest land area in a stand is usually between 0.1~1.

31. Stand the amount of bamboo

The total number of standing bamboo plants of a certain bamboo species in a bamboo forest within a certain range.

32. Age class

Classification of the average age of a tree or stand. That is, according to the requirements of forest management and the biological characteristics of tree species, it is divided into several levels at intervals of a certain number of years. The number of years included in each age class is called the age class period, which is commonly used in 20 years, 10 years, 5 years and 2 years, and the median of each age class is the average age of the age group. The size of the age class is expressed in Roman numerals, and the higher the number, the higher the age and the older the age.

33. Age group

The group that combines the different age classes is called an age group.

34. Pita

The angle at which the slope surface of the felling area intersects with the ground plane.

35. Traces

It refers to the forest land with an area of more than 1 mu and a canopy density of less than 0.2 formed after forest management activities such as logging, fire and pest control.

36. Trace update

After the formation of the scar, the forest management behaviors such as artificial regeneration, natural regeneration, and artificial promotion of natural regeneration are implemented.

37. Manual Updates

Artificial seedlings or sowing are used for afforestation, and forest renewal tasks are completed to form artificial forests. or post-plantation harvesting, forest regeneration through root germination. Including artificial seedling renewal, artificial sowing renewal, artificial cuttings renewal, artificial germination renewal, etc.

38. Natural renewal

It refers to the use of natural planting of forest trees, cutting down roots and sprouts, and root tillers to restore natural forests. Including natural fly seed renewal, natural sprout renewal, etc.

39. Artificially promote natural renewal

It is a tending method to promote the growth and development of seedlings and young trees of target tree species through measures such as loosening soil and weeding, leveling stubble or root breaking, replanting or replanting, and removing tillering and seedlings.

40. Fengshan Forestry

It is a silvicultural method that takes advantage of the ability of forests to renew forests and restores forest vegetation by regularly closing mountains in mountainous areas with suitable natural conditions, and prohibiting man-made sabotage activities such as land reclamation, grazing, and firewood cutting. The area where the mountain is closed for afforestation is called the mountain closure area, and the period of mountain closure for afforestation is called the mountain closure and afforestation period.

41. Commercial logging

Harvesting for the main purpose of timber production mainly includes the main felling of timber forests and the regeneration of public welfare forests. Logging of public welfare forests that is truly necessary to carry out renewal due to physiological decline, forest death, dying and other phenomena leading to reduced stability, serious degradation or even loss of ecological protection functions is not commercial logging.

42. Harvesting permits

The unit or individual that harvests the forest shall obtain a certificate of permission to cut the forest in accordance with the provisions of the law.