Li Bai's happy partner, Wang Wei's confidant, Du Fu's "Jun" who met again in the season of falling flowers, who is Li Guinian in Tang poetry?

The following article is from Dao Zhonghua and is written by Zeng Sujun

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He was the guest of the emperor's generals, princes and nobles, and the partner and bosom friend of the literati and scholars.

Wang Wei sent him a message with "Acacia", and Du Fu met him again in the falling flowers.

This is the Year of the Turtle.

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"Thirty Thousand Miles of Chang'an" poster of Li Guinian.

长安城名噪一时的"Rapper"

Li Guinian was born and died in an unknown year, lived in the period from the beginning of the Tang Dynasty Xuanzong to the Great Calendar of the Emperor of the Dynasty, was born in the Li family of Zhao County, and was known as the "Tang Dynasty Music Saint" by later generations. This appearance seems to be a bit contradictory: there are not many historical records, and even the date of birth has not been left, but it is a guest of the fortunate people around the emperor and the princely generals, which is the true portrayal of the musicians at that time.

During the Sui and Tang dynasties, musicians referred to those who engaged in music, dance, and opera, including musicians, musicians, musicians, musicians, musicians, and advocates of excellence. In the Tang Dynasty, there were a large number of musicians who took music and dance as their profession, and the "New Tang Dynasty Book of Rites and Music" recorded: "In the heyday of the Tang Dynasty, all musicians, vocal people, and the children of Taichang miscellaneous households were subordinate to Taichang and the Advocacy Department, all of which were on the list, and the total number of vocal people reached tens of thousands. ”

Compared with the previous generation, the social status of the musicians in the Tang Dynasty has improved, and hundreds of musicians have entered the Shiliu and even obtained high positions. But compared to tens of thousands of musicians, this is only a very small exception. The Year of the Turtle is one of the exceptions.

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Tang Dynasty kneeling and playing music pottery figurines. (Photo source: National Museum of China)

Born into a musical family, Li Guinian received rigorous musical training from an early age. His musical talent was on full display at a young age, performing for royalty and aristocrats.

Li Guinian is good at playing various musical instruments, especially the pipa and the basket, is good at playing the drums, is good at composing, and is especially good at singing. The "Weichuan Song" composed by him and his brothers Li Pengnian and Li Henian was particularly appreciated by Tang Xuanzong.

It is recorded in the "Taiping Guangji" that Li Guinian is very good at beating the drum. Once, Tang Xuanzong asked him how many wooden sticks he had broken for beating drums, and he replied that 50 had been broken so far. Xuanzong said that you are not as good as me, I have already broken the wooden staff of 3 "vertical cabinets". A few years later, Xuanzong heard that Li Guinian had broken the wooden staff of a "vertical cabinet", "because he gave a whisk of the drum scroll". It shows Li Guinian's hard work, as well as Tang Xuanzong's attention and love for him.

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A painted pottery drum from the Tang Dynasty unearthed in Huiling, Weinan City, Shaanxi Province. Collection of Shaanxi Archaeological Museum.

Li Guinian is also quite familiar with local music. Once, he heard someone playing the piano in the palace of King Qi (Li Fan, the younger brother of Tang Xuanzong), and said, "This is the music of Qindi." After a while, he added, "This is the music of Chudi." King Qi was very surprised when he heard this, and asked behind the curtain, and sure enough, it was Shen Yan from Longxi who played the piano before, and Xue Man from Yangzhou who played the piano later.

Li Guinian has been in and out of the mansions of dignitaries all the year round, and his income is very high. In the Tang Dynasty, Zheng Chuzhu wrote in the "Miscellaneous Records of the Ming Emperor", "The first house was set up in the eastern capital, the system of arrogance was more than that of the prince, the house was in Tongyuanli in the eastern capital, and the middle hall system was under the capital." At that time, Li Guinian's mansion in Tongyuanli, the eastern capital, was even more regulated than that of the prince, which was the envy of the people.

A singer walking the theater

In the history of literature and art in the mainland, Yuefu has lasted for hundreds of years and has never been broken, Chen Ziang, Wang Changling, Li Bai, Wang Wei, Du Fu, Liu Zongyuan, Meng Jiao, Bai Juyi, Li He, Wang Jian, Zhang Ji and other poets from generation to generation have written a large number of Yuefu poems based on Yuefu folk songs. This kind of Yuefu style is very tacit with the music rap style of the Tang Dynasty in which Li Guinian lived.

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Chang'an City in the play "Thirty Thousand Miles of Chang'an".

At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, with political clarity, economic development, and social stability, the city's function gradually changed from a political and military fortress to a commercial center, and a night market also appeared, which provided a foundation for the development and prosperity of rap art. Musicians from all over the world, especially the musicians of the capital, not only brought various forms of folk music and dance into the court banquet, but also spread the banquet that originally belonged to the court to the civil society, becoming a bridge of communication between the court entertainment culture and the folk entertainment culture, and jointly promoting the prosperity and prosperity of music and dance in the Tang Dynasty.

Li Guinian combined music with poetry and innovated the form of musical expression. Due to his extraordinary skills and special status, Li Guinian's circle of friends is very wide, from the emperor, princes and nobles, down to the famous literati and the common people, and some famous poets are Li Guinian's music career partners and bosom friends.

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Statue of Li Bai.

In the first year of Tianbao (742), the poet Li Bai worshiped Hanlin in Chang'an, and Yangzhou Gonglai wood peony (that is, peony). One day, Tang Xuanzong enjoyed the flowers by the Agarwood Pavilion, and issued an edict to select excellent singers in the pear orchard to sing, and Li Guinian was just about to sing. Tang Xuanzong said: "Watching famous flowers, accompanied by concubines, how can you use some old words?" Immediately, an edict was issued to announce Li Bai's entry into the palace. After Li Bai received the edict, he took advantage of the strength of the wine, and the new words of the three chapters were waved in one stroke. Li Guinian sang according to the tune, and all the disciples of Liyuan went hand in hand, and he himself played the jade flute to harmonize with it. On the side of the Agarwood Pavilion, the singing voice of Li Guinian slowly came:

The clouds want to dress and the flowers want to look, and the spring breeze blows Revlon. If it weren't for the jade mountain, it would meet Yaotai under the moon.

A strong dew incense, clouds and rain Wushan in vain. By asking who in the Han Palace is like, poor Feiyan leans on new makeup.

Famous flowers love each other, and the king looks at it with a smile. Explain the infinite hatred of the spring breeze, and the agarwood pavilion leans on the railing in the north.

Li Bai improvised the creation, and Li Guinian sang on the spot according to the new words, which shows his extraordinary talent and astute adaptability.

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Statue of Wang Wei.

Wang Wei is a rare all-round talent in poetry, calligraphy, painting and music, at the age of fifteen he traveled to Beijing, and because of the recommendation of King Qi, he won the favor of Princess Yuzhen with a song "Yulun Robe".

King Qi likes to make friends with literati and scholars, and the people who come and go to the house are celebrities, Wang Wei first arrived in the capital, and often went to the Qi Palace, and Li Guinian was often invited to sing there. The two became sympathetic confidants, and often met to drink and write poems, and meet friends with music.

Wang Wei has written many good sentences, the most well-known of which is "Acacia", another name of this poem is "Jiangshang Presents Li Gui Year".

Red beans are born in the south, and a few branches are sent in spring.

May you pick more, this thing is the most lovely.

After the Anshi Rebellion, Li Guinian lived in the south of the Yangtze River, making a living by singing, and often sang this song "Acacia" for others, in addition to missing his old friend Wang Wei, who had not seen him for many years, how could it not be a nostalgia for the prosperous era of the Tang Dynasty in the past? The listeners were all moved.

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Statue of Du Fu.

One day, Li Guinian played and sang this song "Acacia" again in Tanzhou (now Changsha), and suddenly saw a familiar face in the crowd. This person is Du Fu in his twilight years.

Acquaintance in the prosperous era of the Kaiyuan Dynasty, and reunion in the troubled times, Du Fu was full of emotion, and wrote "Jiangnan in the Year of the Turtle":

It is common to see it in King Qi's house, and Cui Jiutang has heard it a few times before.

It is a good scenery in the south of the Yangtze River, and it is a good time to fall in the flowers.

After a brief meeting, the two continued their wandering.

The inheritor of the traditional art of rapping

During the Anshi Rebellion and various turmoil in the late Tang Dynasty, many musical scores and music materials used in the court were burned. The outstanding musicians who used to concentrate in the capital were scattered to various places, and some of them did not return to Kyoto, and their skills were also spread to the local area. The word of mouth of musicians such as Li Guinian and Xu Hezi has become an important way of cultural inheritance.

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The Tang tomb mural "Music and Dance Map" unearthed from the tomb of Han Xiu in Chang'an District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province. (Photo source: Shaanxi History Museum)

During Li Guinian's journey to the south of the Yangtze River, whenever he encountered good days and auspicious days and Jiahui feasts, he often attended and sang for others, and many programs that were originally only sung in the court went to the people. The combination of his music and poetry made many people who were not familiar with poetry fall in love with poetry because of Li Guinian's music, which further promoted the development and inheritance of Tang poetry. Li Guinian also arranged a lot of music, which not only promoted the development of music in the Central Plains, but also contributed to the integration and development of music of various ethnic groups.

Li Guinian and other musicians are not only the inheritors and disseminators of traditional music culture, but also artists with originality, who always reproduce musical traditions, create literary and artistic traditions, and promote the inheritance and development of Chinese music culture.

[This article is the interim result of the 2024 Central University Project of Southwest University for Nationalities "Research on the Carrier of Publicity and Education for Colleges and Universities to Strengthen the Consciousness of the Community of the Chinese Nation" (Project No.: 2024SYB02)]

（

Author: Zeng Sujun 

Author's Affiliation:School of Marxism, Southwest University for Nationalities

）

Executive Producer | Wang Xiangyu

Editor-in-charge

| Liu Yuxi

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| Lan Xi Feng

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| wildly

Butterfly

(This article only represents the author's point of view and does not represent the position of this number)

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