Miscellaneous architecture generally refers to the building with a non-long rectangular plane and a non-long roof of a palace, a rest mountain, a hanging mountain, and a hard mountain. Its range of use is very extensive, in addition to the sharp building, other such as: hanging flower door, verandah, archway, bell and drum square building, stage and so on can be called miscellaneous buildings. This section mainly focuses on the hanging flower gate, verandah and archway.
1. Types of single doors in ancient buildings
There are four main types of single doors in ancient buildings: wall door, house door, archway door and platform door.
1. Wall doors
A wall gate is a door attached to a courtyard wall or a fence wall. Strictly speaking, it is not a single building, but an intermediary form between the decoration door and the single door. Wall doors can be divided into three categories: high wall doors, low wall doors and wall doors.
(1) The height of the wall exceeds the height of the roof of the door, and it is often used in the side door, tucker door and corner door in the gate of the building such as the house and the ancestral hall and the palace, altar and temple, temple and other buildings. The high-walled door focuses on the door, and the simple high-walled door only picks out the eaves or stacked eaves (equivalent to the canopy in modern buildings), while the complex high-walled door includes three parts: the door buttress, the door head (plaque) and the roof.
(2) Low-wall doors are characterized by a wall height lower than the gatehouse, and are mainly used for the gates of small houses, courtyard gates, or side doors of large houses and temples. Since the gatehouse is higher than the wall, the gatehouse can be made into a freestanding form. Generally, the walls are built on both sides of the wall door to form a certain depth space, and the roof can be used as a hard mountain, a rest mountain, etc., which is a transition form from the wall door to the house door.
(3) With the wall door is set up on the wall relatively simple door, can be set up door lintel, door frame, connecting wing, door sleeper stone, install the door leaf, and can only open the opening, do not install the door leaf. It is especially common in residential and garden architecture.
2. House doors
A house door is a door in the shape of a house. The main door of a group of buildings and the inner door (including the second door) located on the central axis of the building generally use the house door.
(1) Divided from the plane composition House doors can be divided into the following three types.
(1) Juku gate type (middle + two sides gate house). The plane is divided into 3 sections along the width, the middle is set as a passage, and the rooms on both sides are arranged, which can be used as a room for guards and miscellaneous servants.
(2) Halberd gate type (middle parting type). The front and rear eaves of the plane are completely open, the middle column is on the ground, and the large sill frame is installed in the middle column facing the ridge purlin. It is often used in large building groups as halberd doors and instrument gates, and it is also often used in large mansions.
(3) Mountain gate type (mixed door and hall). The mountain gate type plane, the door can be passed in the bright room, the eaves of the front and rear of the second room are closed by the wall, the space in the door is not as open as the halberd door type, its essence is the mixture of the door and the hall, both can pass as a door, and the left and right spaces can be placed with the statue of God. It is commonly found in Buddhist temples in the mountain gate, two mountain gate (Tianwang Palace).
(2) The division of the door of the house in the dwellings In the northern dwellings (such as the Beijing courtyard and the Jin-Shaanxi courtyard), it is often divided into four categories according to the position of the gate leaf in the plane:
(1) Guangliang gate, the door leaf of the gate is installed in the position of the middle column, and the grade of this type of door is the highest;
(2) The golden pillar gate, the door leaf of the gate is installed on the position of the golden pillar, and the grade is inferior to the Guangliang gate;
(3) The barbarian door, the door leaf is installed on the position of the outer eaves column;
(4) Ruyi door, in the position of the eaves column, use brick masonry to leave the door opening, and install the door leaf in the door opening.
3. Torii door
The archway door in a broad sense can be divided into three types: Heng Gate, Lingxing Gate and Archway Gate (narrow sense).
(1) Hengmen It is the simplest and most primitive door composed of two pillars and one beam.
(2) Lingxing Gate Lingxing was originally a Lingxing, that is, Tiantian Star, in order to pray for a good year, Han Gaozu stipulated that the heavens should be sacrificed to the Lingxing. In the Song Dynasty, Confucius was honored with the ritual of sacrificing to the heavens, and later changed the Lingxing to Lingxing. Lingxing Gate is the first gate on the central axis of altar and temple buildings, and often appears in the Temple of Heaven, local Confucian temples and other building complexes.
(3) The archway door (narrow sense) is a kind of archway, and some palaces and temples use the archway as a mountain gate or a door-opening structure used to mark the name of the place.
4. Desk door
Door with pedestal, pier. The pier volume is tall, heavy, solid, has a strong defensive function, the platform body opens up the door hole, the doorway, the less one has a hole, the more one has three door holes, and the highest form is five door holes. This kind of door is mainly used for city walls and palace walls, and it is the highest level of single doors.
The types of single doors of ancient buildings are shown in Figure 4-92.
Figure 4-92 Types of single doors in ancient buildings
Second, the hanging flower door
The pendulum gate is commonly used in ancient Chinese houses or gardens, because its eaves do not fall to the ground, hanging under the eaves, called the pendulum pillar, the end of the pendulum is often carved into lotus buds, pendulum beads and other flower ornaments, so it is called the pendulum door.
There are many kinds of hanging flower doors, which can be divided into single row of columns and beams according to the structure form, one hall and one roll type hanging flower door, four purlin corridor cover type hanging flower doors, five (six) purlin single roll hanging flower doors, etc.
1. Single-row column beam type hanging flower door
Commonly known as "Erlang Danshan type", the plane is set up with a single row of two or four columns, forming the form of a single room or three doors, if it is three, the central bright room is greater than the left and right rooms in width and height. According to Mr. Liang Sicheng's "Illustration of the Qing Industry Department", the three-room hanging flower door is 10 feet wide in the bright room, 14 feet high in the middle column, 1 foot in diameter of the column, 6 feet wide in the <工程做法则例>secondary room, 11.2 feet high in the side column, and the diameter of the column is the same as that of the middle column. Since there is only one row of column grids, in order to stabilize the frame, the upper and lower parts of the columns are symmetrically arranged in front and back. Take the middle column as the axis of symmetry, set up the rolling pier stone and the pot bottle tooth in the lower part of the column; set up the front and back of the head beam cross arm along the direction of the deep body in the upper part of the column, the beam length is one step frame, the beam head bears the purlin, the purlin upper frame rafters, supports the roof; under the head beam, the interspersed fang head is provided with the large entrance and small tenon, supports the weeping lotus column; along the depth direction is provided with the decorative flower board and the horse-riding finch substitution, along the face wide direction is also provided with the decorative folding column flower board, but the finch substitution becomes the ordinary finch substitution. The folding pillar flower board is located between the head beam and the interspersed fang, and is mostly openwork ornamentation. The finch is located under the interspersed fang and the curtain cage, and it is mostly carved from the ground. The weeping lotus pillar hangs in the lower part of the hemp leaf hugging head beam, and the form has the styles of "wind swinging willow", "lotus petal", "plain square head", "four seasons flowers and plants" and so on.
The structure of a single-row column beam type pendulum door is shown in Figure 4-93.
Figure 4-93 Structure of a single-row column beam type pendulum door
2. One hall and one roll type hanging flower door
The one-hall and one-roll hanging flower gate is commonly found in the second gate of the Beijing courtyard, and it is also more common in gardens and temples. This kind of hanging flower door is made of a ridge hanging mountain and a roll shed hanging gable roof hooked and overlapped. The frame can be seen as a combination of the front and rear of the beam-type hanging flower door and the four-purlin roll shed, and the inner columns are eliminated. A schematic diagram of the composition of a hall and a scroll of hanging flowers is shown in Figure 4-94.
Figure 4-94 Schematic diagram of the composition of a hall and a scroll of hanging flowers
Its basic structural features are as follows.
(1) The plane is set up with two rows of four columns, the cross-section of the column is square, the stability of the frame itself is good, and there is no need to set up the rolling pier stone and the pot and bottle teeth in the lower part of the column, but directly fall on the column capstone.
(2) The upper frame is a combination of four purlins and a beam-type frame, sharing a middle purlin.
(3) along the direction of the depth of a hemp leaf hugging head beam and hemp leaves interspersed with fangs, hugging the head beam bearing purlins, interspersed with fang hanging columns.
(4) Roof step frame and lifting frame, 5 lifts are used for the roll shed part, and 7 (6, 6.5) lifts are used for the ridge part. Each step frame is 2~3 times the purlin diameter of the top frame of the roll shed, and the remaining steps are 4 times the purlin diameter.
(5) Face width and column height. The width of the face is generally 9 feet ~ 1 zhang 5 inches, the column height (from Taiming to the bottom of the hemp leaf head beam) is 0.9 times the width of the face, and the rear eaves column is taken according to the value of the eaves column, that is, the column height is used: column diameter = (13~14): 1. The front eaves column is taken according to the value of the middle column, that is, the eaves column diameter is added to 2 inches.
(6) A hall and a roll of hanging flowers are equipped with two doors, and the front eaves pillar is installed with a checkerboard door, which passes during the day and is closed at night, and has a security and defense function. The screen door is installed on the rear eaves column, which is usually closed, and opened when there is a major ceremony, and people generally walk on both sides when passing through the door.
The structure of one hall and one roll type hanging flower door is shown in Figure 4-95 for details.
Figure 4-95 The structure of a one-hall and one-roll pendulum gate
3. Four purlin corridor cover type hanging flower door
The four-purlin covered hanging flower door often appears in the middle of the verandah, as a passage through the verandah. Its face width is determined according to the actual needs, and the distance between the front and rear columns is required to be coordinated with the verandah column network. The specific structure is: the plane is set up with two rows of four columns, the width of the face is 3~3.3m, the depth of the column distance is the same width as the verandah, the upper beam frame is four purlin roll shed, the beam frame is cantilevered before and after, the length of the pick is generally 450~700mm, in the junction position with the verandah frame, the pendulum door should be higher than the verandah, and the roof of the verandah is lower than the two mountains of the verandah;
The structure of the four-purlin corridor covered vertical door is shown in Figure 4-96 and Figure 4-97.
Figure 4-96 Structure of a four-purlin corridor covered hanging door
Figure 4-97 Schematic diagram of the wooden frame of the four-purlin corridor covered hanging door
4. Five (six) purlin shed type hanging flower door
It is often used for the gate and second gate of the northern compound. There are single-ridge purlin roll shed and double-ridge purlin roll shed, its structural characteristics are: there are 4 pillars on the plane to the ground, adopt the front corridor of five purlins (single-ridge purlin roll shed) or six purlins front porch (double ridge purlin roll shed) framework, so that the front eaves column does not fall to the ground to form; Install a checkerboard door or a side door on the front eaves column, and install a screen door on the rear eaves column, which is similar to the hanging flower door.
5. (6) The structure of the purlin roll shed type hanging flower door is shown in Figure 4-98 and Figure 4-99 for details.
Figure 4-98 Schematic diagram of the wooden frame of the five (six) purlin roll shed type hanging flower doors
Figure 4-99 Structure of five (six) purlin roll shed type hanging flower doors
3. Verandah
"Corridor" generally refers to the passage under the eaves, the passage within the house, or the independent covered passage. A verandah is a free-standing covered passageway. The common verandahs include the hand-copying verandah, the compound corridor, the building corridor (flying corridor), the bridge corridor, the climbing corridor, the stacking corridor, etc. In terms of style, there are also differences between the Tang and Song dynasties, the Ming and Qing dynasties and the south of the Yangtze River.
The hand-copying verandah often appears in the main courtyard of the northern residential buildings, and is set along both sides of the main building, which is like a hand-shaped independent corridor compared to the courtyard. The corridor, from the plane point of view, the corridor is divided into two passages on the left and right by the central wall, and there are leaky windows on the wall to ensure the communication of the line of sight. The corridor is widely used in Jiangnan gardens to separate the landscape on both sides of the corridor. The corridor, also known as the flying corridor, is erected between two buildings and is used to connect the functional rooms on the second floor and above. Bridge corridor, also known as covered bridge, is formed by the erection of roofs by columns on the bridge. The climbing corridor and the stacked corridor are both verandahs used in undulating areas, and the roof of the climbing corridor is constantly open and rises with the terrain, and the roof of the stacked corridor is disconnected and stepped shaped.
1. Ordinary verandah timber frame
Verandah buildings generally do not have ridges, and the common ordinary verandah wooden frames include single-ridge purlin roll shed frame and double-ridge purlin roll shed frame.
The single-ridge purlin roll shed structure consists of eaves columns, three beams, ridge melon columns and diagonal braces to form a triangular truss. The double-ridged purlin canopy structure is composed of eaves columns, four beams, ridged melon columns and moon beams. The architecture is relatively simple. The general width of the ordinary verandah is controlled at about nine feet to one zhang, and the depth is determined according to the step distance, the ridge step distance is 2~3 times the purlin diameter, and the eaves step distance is 4~5 times the purlin diameter. The eaves column can be square columns, cylindrical columns, hexagonal columns, the column diameter is 20~30cm, and the column height control is about 11 times the column diameter, but it is appropriate to not be less than 3m. The wooden structure of the ordinary verandah is shown in Figure 4-100.
Figure 4-100 Wooden frame of an ordinary verandah
2. Stacked corridor timber frame
The differences between the Stacked Corridor and the ordinary verandah are as follows.
(1) The wooden frame of the stacked corridor is changed from horizontal continuous type to stepped section type. The stacked corridors are staggered according to the elevation change level, so that the purlin components of the adjacent two rooms produce a certain horizontal height difference. The eaves purlins, backing plates, and fangs near the end of the high span between the low spans are made and tenoned and inserted on the pillars at the end of the high span. In the direction of depth, the insert beam is installed between the high spans to replace the top beam, and the ridge purlin of the low span is erected on the insert beam. The purlin wood close to one end of the low span between the high spans is erected on the beam frame and jumps out to form a hanging mountain structure, the outer end is hung with a boe seam board, and the purlin picks out the part below the dovetail fang, and the outer end of the eaves fang is made a hoop head fang.
(2) Changes in the floor and table in the corridor. In order to facilitate the arrival of visitors, the ground in the corridor is treated into continuous steps, and the horizontal retaining walls are built on both sides of the steps in a unit, so that the low wall of each inner platform is guaranteed to be in a parallel relationship with the purlin on the upper frame, so as to make the building façade harmonious. See Figure 4-101 for the timber frame of the stacked corridor.
Figure 4-101 Wooden frame of the stacked corridor
3. Timber frame of Jiangnan Corridor
The corridor is a more elaborate corridor in the Jiangnan garden. From the cross-sectional point of view, each seam beam frame needs to use three columns, the spine is set along the depth of the house 1/2, and the upper bearing ridge truss. Walls with leaky windows were built between the columns, dividing the gallery into two equal spaces on the left and right. The upper part of the corridor is generally made of Xuan, simple corridors such as teapot stalls, complex can be made of canopy Xuan, etc.
The timber frame of the Jiangnan corridor is shown in Figure 4-102.
Figure 4-102 Timber frame of Jiangnan corridor
Fourth, the wooden archway
The archway, also known as the archway, is the memorial building built in ancient times in the mainland for propagating the rites and religions, flaunting the merits, honoring the ancestors and showing the martyrs.
1. The type of archway
(1) According to the construction intention, there is a meritorious memorial arch, for someone to remember the merits and praise virtues; chastity and morality memorial arch, more commendation of women and martyrs; family memorial arch, marking the achievements of a member of the family in the imperial examination, the use of glorifying the ancestors; the sign arch, mostly standing at the beginning and middle of the village and town entrance and the street, as the separation of the space paragraph.
(2) According to the structural materials, there are wooden archways, glazed archways, stone archways, cement archways, copper archways.
(3) According to the structural form, there are two categories: column out of the head type and column out of the head type.
The wooden pillar of the archway is higher than the eaves in the middle of the archway, and the candle that stands on both sides like a candle is called the pillar out of the head archway, also known as the cupola type wooden archway. The wooden column of the archway is under the eaves tower, and it is called the wooden archway of the column not out of the head. The wooden archway is named according to the number of its bays and the number of eaves on the roof, and the common ones are "one room with two columns", "three rooms with four columns", "five rooms with six columns" and other forms. The number of floors on the top is in the form of the first floor, the third floor, the fifth floor, the seventh floor, and the ninth floor. The largest is "five rooms, six pillars and eleven floors". The archways in the palace are mostly non-starting, and most of the archways on the street are cupola.
(4) According to the spatial (plane) form, there are single-row column-type archways, double-row column-type archways, and triangular column-type archways.
2. Pillar out of the head type wooden archway
(1) The common form of the number of rooms and the number of roof eaves of the column type wooden archway has a one-to-one correspondence relationship, that is, a two-pillar first floor, three four-pillar third floor, five six-pillar five-floor model. See Figure 4-103 for details of the wooden archway form of pillar heads.
Figure 4-103 Wooden archway with pillar out
(2) Basic structure
(1) Landing column and pole. The landing column is the load-bearing column of the archway, called the side column on the outermost side, the other is called the middle column, the column diameter is generally taken 10 bucket mouths, and the column section can be round. The height of the column is calculated and determined according to the passage height under the fang and the height and size of each component on the column. The foot of the column of the landing column should be buried deep in the ground with the clamping rod stone and the box rod stone, and the embedding depth is generally not less than the height of the exposed part of the clamping stone, and the top tenon is made to fall on the bottom stepping stone through the top stone of the column. The column head of the landing column rises above the roof, and a glazed sleeve should be sleeved at the end of the column to protect the column top. This glazed component is also known as crown cloud, the length of crown cloud is 2~3 times the diameter of the column, and the lower skin is level with the top of the positive spine.
In order to strengthen the stability of the wooden column, the front and rear positions of each column are often obliquely placed two wooden poles or stone poles to support the middle and upper part of the column, and form a triangular stress frame with the wooden columns, which is called a pole. The junction between the pole and the ground should be built with a pier and a stone or a beast (equivalent to the capstone).
(2) Clamp rod stone and box pole stone. The clamping stone and the box rod stone are the stone components of the lower part of the archway, and its function is twofold: one is to ensure the stability of the archway column; In order to save stones and facilitate production, two more stones are often placed between the two clamping stones, which are called box rod stones. The clamp stone is divided into two parts: exposed and buried, and the buried deep part should not be less than the exposed part. The structure of the clamping stone and the box pole stone is shown in Figure 4-104.
Figure 4-104 Structure of clamp stone and box pole stone
(3) Large and small foreheads and folded pillar boards. The frontal fang is a connecting fang between the two columns, which is divided into large and small forehead according to the size of the cross-section. The upper forehead fang is under the bucket, to bear the weight of the eaves of the bucket, the cross-sectional size used is larger and is called the large forehead, and the lower forehead is called the small forehead fang because of the smaller weight to bear, and its cross-sectional size is also smaller, called the small forehead. The large forehead section is generally 11 bucket mouths × 9 bucket mouths, and the small forehead fang cross-section is 9 bucket mouths × 7 bucket mouths. In the space between the large and small foreheads, the separating column that is set up is called the folding column, and the decorative flower board is installed between the folding columns, and the flower board is carved more.
(4) Flat fangs and buckets. The flat fang is the fang wood that supports the bucket on the forehead, and there is a socket on the top to connect with the bucket with a hidden pin. In the pillar out of the head of the wooden archway, there is only the flat body of the department and there is no column head department and the angle of the department of the bucket. The front and back of the bucket are symmetrical, all are aang, and the number of buckets is even, and it is required to sit in the middle. The size of the archway bucket is smaller, often choose the ten grade of the bucket mouth of the clean system, the size of the bucket mouth is 1.5 inches (4.8cm), the number of steps of the bucket is more, generally 7 ~ 11 steps. For more information about the knowledge of fighting, please refer to Chapter 6 of this book.
(5) Roof eaves. The roof eaves consists of a timber roof and roof tiles. The roof timber structure mainly has front and rear eaves truss, ridge truss, ridge wood and other components, and the rafters can be laid on the eaves truss and ridge trusses.
(6) Large straight hook. Also known as the overlord bar, it is the stable member of the upper part of the archway. Its upper end is hung on the eaves truss with an iron hook, and the lower end is hung on the small forehead, which is symmetrically arranged before and after.
The detailed structure of the column-out wooden archway is shown in Figure 4-105.
Figure 4-105 Detail structure of the wooden archway with a column outlet
3. The wooden archway does not come out of the column
The differences between the pillar and the pillar archway are as follows.
(1) The column is under the eaves and does not need to come out, so there is no need for column head protection components such as "crown cloud". The elevation of the top of all landing columns is the same, and its height is calculated according to the sum of the secondary traffic height requirements and the total height of the upper transverse members.
(2) The number of archways and the number of roof eaves can correspond or not. In addition to a two-pillar first-floor, three-room, four-pillar third-floor, five-room, six-pillar fifth-floor, there is a two-pillar three-floor, three-room four-pillar seventh-floor, five-room, six-pillar, eleventh floor, etc., and there is no in the cupola pillar archway.
(3) In the three archways with four pillars and seven floors or above, the large forehead fang in the heart room was changed to a gantry fang, and it was extended to about 1/4 of the second room at both ends.
(4) the roof of the Ming building and the second building, supported by the increased high column, the high column is provided with a single forehead, by controlling the elevation of the skin under the single forehead fang to determine the height of the high column (the elevation of the skin under the single forehead fang should be the same as the upper skin elevation of the mezzanine and the side building), the lower end of the high column is made through the tenon, through the gantry fang or the large forehead fang directly to the small forehead. The upper part is made of tenons, through the bucket until the lower skin of the ridge.
(5) In addition to the flat body, there is still an angle family, and the corner department of the archway is more complex, which is equivalent to 2 times the volume of the ordinary building corner family.
(6) The roof of the archway can be used to hang the mountain, the palace and the rest mountain. And the roof of the cupola archway can only be a hanging mountain.
(7) the column does not come out of the archway in the finch can be used ordinary finch replacement, can also be used cloud dun finch replacement.
The structure of the wooden archway with no head is shown in Figure 4-106.
Figure 4-106
Figure 4-106 Wooden archway structure with no pillars (Beijing Summer Palace)