I said, this is the "Dragon and Tiger Meeting".
On June 13, 2023, I suddenly found it in Keketuohai, Altay, Xinjiang.
There were many tourists, but no one cared, they all went to see the snow and water, and they all went to take pictures with Zhong Shan......
It seems that the local guide also did not introduce ......
The Zhongshan Mountain of Keketuohai is indeed very imposing, and the river in the valley is rushing from the snow-capped mountains, which is indeed worth seeing.
There is also a song "The Shepherd of Keketuohai", which is also very touching. That place, it's really worth visiting.
However, it is a pity to miss such a beautiful scenery!
Keketuohai, in the Altay Prefecture of Xinjiang, where there are thousands of miles of Altai Mountains.
More than 4,000 years ago, after the battle of the deer, Chiyou was defeated, and some of the Jiuli people did not accept the Xuanyuan Yellow Emperor and migrated there. Later, the Xia Dynasty fell, and Chunwei, a descendant of Xia Wei (姒履癸), escaped. He took Xia Wei's young concubines and some princes and nobles all the way north and settled on the Ordos Plateau east of the Altai Mountains. As a descendant of Emperor Yu, Chunwei and his people used the dragon as a totem. Because they are losers, they paint the dragon black.
The two centaurs merged together to form a new ethnic group, the "Xiongnu".
(Xiongnu samurai)
That group of people is called the Dragon Fang in the Yin Shang oracle bone inscriptions, and their descendants are the Xiongnu. According to historical records, the Xiongnu have always regarded themselves as descendants of Xia, who are brave and good at fighting and are not afraid of sacrifice. In the early years of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang was even surrounded in Baishan Mountain, which posed a huge threat to the Han regime many times.
The pre-Qin classic "Guanzi" records that the overlord of the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi Huangong, once sent an expedition to attack the "Great Xia" tribe in the northwest of Shanxi. Nowadays, in Shaanxi and Shanxi, which are close to the grassland, there are many places named after "Great Xia" and "Summer Ruins". In the Zhukaigou site in the southeastern part of today's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (the same period of Yin Shang), not only the cushion wall foundation that is very similar to the Erlitou site has been unearthed, but also the short sword, copper knife, copper earrings and other cultural relics with obvious "Xia culture" characteristics have been unearthed. These just confirm the integration of the steppe culture and the northward migration of the Xia culture in the Mongolian steppe.
In today's Mongolia, Russia, Central Asia and other places, there have also been unearthed more than a dozen Xiongnu cities. Most of their castles are similar to those of the Western Han Dynasty, and there are even tiles with Chinese characters and stone tablets engraved with Chinese characters. It was these cities that allowed the Huns to support for a long time.
It can be said that the scope of activities of the Xiongnu basically belongs to the Chinese cultural circle. The rise, strength, and retreat of the Xiongnu are all run through a strong "Chinese brand". As a strict historian, Sima Qian also said in the "Historical Records": "The Xiongnu, the descendants of their ancestor Xia Hou, are also called Chunwei."
The two groups of Central Plains people who fled to the desert merged into one, and in the process of moving westward, they integrated into more than 20 nomadic peoples such as Yueshi, Loulan, Wusun, and Hujie, and finally became the Xiongnu. In the Yaoshun era, the people of the Central Plains called them Ghost Fang, Di, Rong, Chaoyi, etc., as many as 30 kinds. In the pre-Qin period, there were many names for them, such as: meat porridge, meat yun, fumigation, ramp, xunyu, xunyu, fumigation, smoked man, etc. Although the characters are different, the pronunciation is strikingly similar. During the Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu unified the nomadic peoples of the vast northern lands and called themselves the Hu people, or "the proud sons of heaven". Xiongnu Shan Yu sent envoys to the Han Dynasty many times, and the envoy said: "There is a great Han in the south, and there is a strong Hu in the north." Hu, the pride of the sky, does not bother himself with small gifts. "They think they have an extraordinary background, they wear their hair and they are very proud.
Xiongnu is the name given to them by the Central Plains during the Han Dynasty. The word "Xiongnu" first appeared in Sima Qian's "Historical Records".
Sima Qian did not describe the Xiongnu in detail, but the ancient Romans described the Xiongnu they saw:
Hun (Huns) wore long robes, cuffs tied tightly at the wrists, wide trousers, fur hats, belts tied around the waist, the ends of the belt hung down in front of the abdomen, they wore leather boots, the quiver was tied to the belt across the chest, and the tail of the arrow was facing the right hand.
"Hun" shaved part of his hair, and the rest of his hair was braided and hung down.
"Hun " has big earrings on his ears.
These depictions are basically the same as the image of Genghis Khan's Mongols. According to historical records, Genghis Khan's adopted son, the Mongolian magistrate "Lost Luck and Baldness", and Nurhachi's younger brother "Shulhachi" all wore big earrings.
The Romans say that in ancient times, in the vast area from the steppes of Central Asia to present-day Flanders, from the Danube Valley to the Baltic Sea, lived an ancient people, the Huns, who migrated westward to Eastern Europe in the fourth century, defeated the Alans along the Don River, and invaded the Eastern and Western Roman Empires, directly contributing to the end of Eastern Rome. Their forces then turned their heads towards the Byzantine Empire. In 448~450, the Hun Empire entered its heyday, with a territory from the Aral Sea in the east, the Atlantic coast in the west, the Danube River in the south, and the Baltic Sea in the north. This small country in this vast region had to pay tribute to the Hunnic Empire and send troops to fight in wartime. Known as the "Whip of God", Attila even sent diplomatic missions to other countries to build alliances and strengthen trade activities.
There are also some accounts of the Huns in other ancient European texts. They say that the Huns originally lived near the Ural Mountains in Central Asia, that they were nomadic (mainly Magyars) and spoke Ugric. We know that from the east of the Don River to the western foot of the Great Khing'an Mountains, there is an endless steppe. For this reason, the Huns galloped on horseback, conquered countless nomadic peoples, and had a strong army.
The descendants of Chiyou and the remnants of the Xia Dynasty ran to the desert to live in the steppe, and in order to survive, they also had to submit to the Huns, forming an alliance with them, and there was a certain integration. Xiongnu has the meaning of tribal alliance. The Huns had a high nose and many beards, which was the result of the fusion of multiple races.
The Central Plains people of the Han Dynasty gave them a bad name: Xiongnu. The Central Plains people of the Han Dynasty said that they were allied with the Huns and that they were slaves of the Huns. The Huns claimed to be the allied brothers of the Huns, but the Central Plains did not think so. If you lose, you will be defeated, what will you run? You see, aren't there a lot of people who don't run away? Eight hundred masters of the thousand-year-old field, 30 years in Hedong and 30 years in Hexi, feng shui takes turns, don't those who want to stay live well? Emperor Dashun and Emperor Dayu are mostly descendants of the Miao people of the Jiuli nationality, and they still don't make a difference? Why do you want to run away? Running out is not to be a slave to the Huns? What a bargain.
When they reached the vast desert and steppe, they allied themselves with the Huns, and called themselves "allies of the Huns". Did the people of the Central Plains during the Warring States period have some similarity to the pronunciation of "slave"? I think it should be so.
The name "Xiongnu" began in the late Warring States period.
The Xiongnu have a history of 700 years, 209 BC ~ 128 BC is their heyday (Maotun period), they established the Xiongnu Empire, which belongs to the slave society. Their leader is called Shan Yu, which means "a leader as vast as the Son of Heaven." They exterminated the Donghu and Yueshi clans, pacified Loulan, Wusun and the surrounding tribes, and controlled a vast area stretching from the Yin Mountains in the south, Lake Baikal in the north, to Liaodong in the east, and to the Lengling Mountains (present-day Pamir Plateau) in the west. Despite this, they always want to enter the Central Plains, and they will not let go of any opportunity. Their existence has always been a lingering nightmare for the Central Plains Dynasty. In the Western Weekend Year, King Zhou You's beacon played the princes, causing dissatisfaction among the princes. The dog Rong invaded and killed the king of Zhou You. Later, the army of the princes came to reinforce and defeated the dogs.
"Don't teach Humadu Yin Mountain", the Great Wall in the north was built to prevent them from plundering in the south.
In 215 BC (the 32nd year of Qin Shi Huang), they were defeated by Meng Tian and left the Yellow River Hetao area. They were defeated by Dou Gu Banchao of the Eastern Han Dynasty and split into two divisions, the north and the south. Later, part of the Southern Xiongnu entered the Central Plains, and the Northern Xiongnu moved west from Mobei to the Hexi Corridor, and then went to Central Asia, during which they experienced about 300 years. During this period, a small number of Huns also went to Japan with horses. The ancient tomb of the Xiongnu about 2,000 years ago was discovered in the Ejin River in northern Mongolia, and according to the DNA test of more than 200 corpses in the ancient tomb, it was found that the genetic composition of the Xiongnu was highly matched with the genes of modern Japanese.
In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu were very powerful, and Liu Bang had to adopt a policy of peace and proximity. So there is the story of "Zhaojun out of the plug".
In 129 BC, (the sixth year of Yuanguang), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty appointed Wei Qinghuo to attack the Xiongnu in the north, and in 123 BC, the main force of the Xiongnu had to withdraw to the Mobei region. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Huns returned to Monan, in 33 BC (the first year of Jingning), the Xiongnu King Hu Han Xie asked the Han to marry, the Han Yuan Emperor married Wang Zhaojun to the Xiongnu Shan Yu, and the two sides agreed that the Great Wall was the boundary. In 46 A.D. (the twenty-second year of Jianwu), that is, during the reign of Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu had been living in Monan for 80 years before they were attacked by the Wuhuan people.
At this time, the Xiongnu were divided into two major divisions, the north and the south. The Southern Xiongnu were annexed to the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the Northern Xiongnu moved west to the Wusun Kingdom in the Yili River Valley, haunting the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains and continuing to invade the Eastern Han Dynasty. In December of the fifteenth year of Yongping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (72 AD), Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty worshiped Dou Gu as the commander of Fengche, Jiuquan County, Tunliang Prefecture, and actively deployed an attack on the Northern Xiongnu. In 89 A.D., Dou Xian and Geng Bing each led 4,000 cavalry, and the Southern Xiongnu Zuogu Liwang led 10,000 cavalry from Shuofang Jilusai (now the mouth of the Hasag Gorge in the northwest of Dengkou County, Inner Mongolia); the Southern Xiongnu Shan Yutuntu River led more than 10,000 cavalry from Manyi Valley (now Guyang County, Inner Mongolia); the Duliao general Deng Hong and the border area attached to the imperial court Qianghu 8,000 cavalry, Zuoxian King Anguo Wancai, sent troops from Pianyang Sai (Guyang County). The Three Route armies met at Zhuoye Mountain (present-day western Mongolia, eastern Altai Mountain). Dou Xian ordered the deputy lieutenants Yan Pan and Sima Gengkui to lead more than 10,000 elite soldiers to fight against Beidan Yu in Jiluo Mountain (now Hangai Mountain in Mongolia) and defeat the enemy army.
The Xiongnu army was scattered, and Shan Yu fled. Dou Xian's whole army pursued until the private canal of Bibahai (present-day Ubu Sunoer Lake). In this battle, more than 13,000 soldiers below the famous king were killed, more than 100,000 horses, cattle, sheep, and camels were captured, and more than 200,000 people were surrendered. After the victory, Dou Xian and Geng Bing climbed Yanran Mountain and carved stones to commemorate the great exploits of this expedition. The text on the stele was written by Ban Gu, a famous historian and author of the Book of Han. This great victory is brilliant for thousands of years, and "Le Shi Yanran" has become the pinnacle of the achievements that later generations of heroes and famous generals yearn for. Fan Zhongyan once sighed in "Fisherman's Proud Autumn Thought": A glass of turbid wine is thousands of miles away, and Yan Ran has no plan to return.
In 91 A.D. (the fourth year of Emperor Yongyuan of the Han Dynasty), the Eastern Han Dynasty general Dou Gu led his army to defeat the Northern Xiongnu at Jinwei Mountain (now Altai Mountain). As a result, the main force of the Northern Xiongnu followed the Huns to Central Asia. In 119 AD, the Northern Xiongnu captured Yiwu and killed the Han general Suoban. The Eastern Han Dynasty appointed Ban Yong as the chief of the Western Regions, stationed troops in Liuzhong, and defeated the Northern Xiongnu twice in 124 AD and 126 AD. After Ban Yong's resignation, the Northern Xiongnu forces re-emerged, the Han general Pei Cen led the army to kill the Northern Xiongnu Huyan King Yu Balikun in 137 AD, and in 151 AD, the Han general Sima Da led the Han army to attack Pu Shihai and defeated the new Huyan King of the Northern Xiongnu, who led the Northern Xiongnu to retreat westward to the Syr Darya River.
The Syr Darya was an inland river in Central Asia that flowed through present-day Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and other countries and emptied into the Aral Sea. In the Han Dynasty, it was the Kangju country. The Northern Xiongnu were unable to gain a foothold in the Western Regions after being counterattacked by the Han Dynasty, and around 160 AD, a part of them joined the Hun tribe and began to move westward to the state of Kangju in the Syr Darya Valley.
At that time, due to the cold climate, the Huns were forced to leave the Ural Mountains, where they had lived for a long time, and migrated to the steppes between the Ural and Don rivers in present-day southern Russia.
According to the History of Persia, at the end of the third century AD, the Huns appeared in the kingdom of Alan (also known as the state of Amcai) at the junction of Asia and Europe, and launched a ferocious attack. In 370 A.D., when the Alans were destroyed and Europe was shaken, they were discussing how to prevent it, and the Huns rushed to kill them. The Huns, especially the Huns, fought with the Han Dynasty army for three hundred years, and mastered a wealth of military strategies that were almost unrivaled by European armies. In 374 AD, the Huns, led by Attila, entered the Ostrogothic kingdom in a crushing manner, and the Ostrogothic army was defeated and King Hermannlik committed suicide. Vesimir succeeded to the throne, but was soon defeated and killed. When the Visigoths learned of the destruction of the Ostrogothic state, they immediately mobilized heavy troops to deploy on the Dniester River in an attempt to prevent the Huns from crossing the river. Unbeknownst to him, the Huns' iron cavalry smuggled from the upper reaches and attacked the Visigothic military camp at night. The Visigoths were defeated and fled, and some of them more than 200,000 men crossed the Danube and entered the Roman Empire.
The Goths, who were vulnerable to the Huns' iron cavalry, were majestic in the face of the Roman army. On August 9, 378 AD, the Roman Emperor Pharens led a large army to meet the Goths at Adrianople. The infantry phalanx of the Roman Empire once crisscrossed the Eurasian continent, but the Gothic hoplites were like no one, and it only took half a day to annihilate all the 40,000 Praetorian Guards of the Roman Emperor, and the Emperor Farrens was also killed on the spot.
That battle marked the end of the era of the European phalanx infantry. That war directly led to the split of the Roman Empire into the Eastern Roman Empire and the Western Roman Empire, sounding the death knell of the Roman Empire. In 452 AD, Attila led the iron cavalry into Ravenna, the capital of the Western Roman Empire, and drove out Emperor Valentinian III, and the Western Roman Empire existed in name only. In 453 AD, Attila gathered troops into the Balkans and attacked Constantinople on the grounds that the new emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire (also known as the Byzantine Empire), Marcian, refused to pay tribute, and the Eastern Romans were forced to pay 2,100 pounds of gold as a tribute every year. At this point, the Hunnic Empire entered its heyday, and Attila was also known as the "Whip of God". There are two theories of the so-called "whip of God", one is that Attila is like a powerful whip, driving the peoples of Europe to flee like sheep. The second is that Attila is a whip in God's hands, specially sent by God to punish them.
After Attila, Yelu Dashi, the emperor of the Western Liao Kingdom, and Temujin, the Great Khan of the Mongols, were also successively called the "whip of God".
The weakness of the Roman Empire in the face of Attila's Hun cavalry made many barbarians in Europe see the weak nature of the empire, so they rose up one after another, and continued to eat away at the weakened body of the Roman Empire. In 476 AD, the Western Roman Empire fell, and Europe entered the Middle Ages.
Under the whip wielded by Attila, there was a wave of runaways in the Western world that lasted for decades and spread throughout Europe. Among them, the Anglo-Saxons marched westward to the sound of the Huns' iron horses, crossed the Channel, fled to the British Isles, and established a state on the islands. More than a thousand years later, the country has become an empire on which the sun never sets.
Regarding this period of history, the contemporary poet Gu Cheng has a poem: "As soon as Hu Chen entered the Gothic West, Rome worshiped Shan Yu." Who knew that the emperor of all Europe was too old, but he was riding away at night in Hanguan. ”
Here are five questions. First, were the Huns and the Huns the same ethnic group? In the eighteenth century, the French historian Deggin put forward the idea that "the Huns are the Huns", and this view was widely disseminated with Edward Gibbon's "History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire". German scholar Xia De and Chinese scholar Zhang Taiyan also hold this view. They believe that the Northern Xiongnu traveled far away to Europe, partly in the Caucasus, partly in the Middle Volga region (present-day Russian Tatar Autonomous Republic), partly on the Lower Danube (present-day Bulgaria), and partly on the Middle Danube (present-day Hungary). The Latin word "Hvnnvs" is transliterated in Chinese as Mixed Nus, where "vs" is the usual suffix of Latin words. The pronunciation of the Huns is close to that of the Xiongnu, and for this reason, the French sinologist Joseph de Guignes also speculated in his book The General History of the Xiongnu in 1756 that the Huns originated from the Xiongnu. On this issue, I think that the Huns are Huns, the Huns preceded the Huns, and the Huns were allies of the Huns, but only a part of the Huns.
The second question is, which is more powerful, the Huns or the Huns? I think that in ancient times, the Huns were strong, and the Xiongnu, who were bent on returning to the Central Plains, rose hard, and in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, they became a powerful tribal alliance that dominated the Mongolian Plateau and the Northwest Desert, so that the concept of "Huns" was marginalized in China.
Western Europeans got to know the Huns much later. It was only in the second century that the Huns operated along the northern shore of the Caspian Sea, and it can be said that it was not until the third or even the fourth century that Attila wielded the "Whip of God" in Europe, that the Europeans really knew the Huns or the Huns. At that time, the Xiongnu had been divided into two parts, the north and the south, and began to decline. Whether the ancestors of the Huns were ruled by the Persian Empire, the Macedonian Alexander Empire, or migrated to the Caspian Sea after that, whether the Caspian Sea coast once belonged to Persia and was the first empire in the world to span Asia, Europe and Africa.
But at present, the closest blood to the Huns are the Inuit living in the Arctic Circle and the Mongols of the Mongolian plateau. In the classic records of Europeans, the Huns have a low nose, small eyes, and no beard, while the Huns in Chinese literature are tall, large, dignified, and bearded, and the two are completely different. Attila, the leader of the Hun Empire, had typical characteristics, while Liu Yuan, a Xiongnu who had fallen to the Western Jin Empire, had typical Europa-mixed characteristics (which in turn coincided with the image of the Northern Huns described in the Han Dynasty). This proves that the Huns had a certain integration with the Northern Xiongnu.
The third question is, is Attila a Hun or a Huns? Attila has typical characteristics, is he a Northern Hun or not? The Eurasian continent stretches from the Don River in the west to the west of the Great Khing'an Mountains in the east, because there is no barrier of dangerous terrain, it is convenient for nomads to find rich pastures to migrate back and forth, and the mobility of the population is far stronger than that of the agricultural world, so the peoples and tribes that appear in this vast nomadic area all show the characteristics of Europa blood. The ancestors of today's Mongols were a branch of the Xianbei people, who founded the vast Rouran Empire. The Khitan and Jurchen (Manchu) are also from the Xianbei people.
The Xianbei people were of origin, but the Xianbei people did not enter the Mongolian steppe from northeast China until the decline of the Xiongnu, and later partly integrated into the Central Plains, and partly were defeated by Turkic tribes of Europa origin, and retreated to the Western Liao River and the Erguna River basin respectively. It was not until after the establishment of the Khitan Liao Empire that the Europa bloodline was expelled from the Mongolian steppe. The Mongol ancestors who retreated to the Ergun River valley grew into the Mongolian steppe under the rule of the Jin Dynasty, eventually establishing the largest continental empire in human history. Judging from the fact that he was good at fighting and had characteristics, it is very likely that Attila was a Huns. Fourth, it is said that the Huns originated from the Eskimos of the Arctic Circle, and the main basis for this claim is that the Huns have the same body proportions as the Eskimos. The common ancestors of the Huns and Eskimos, I dare not deny this.
But in ancient times, it was almost impossible for humans to cross the Siberian wilderness and migrate from the Arctic Circle to the northern shores of the Caspian Sea. I believe that for some time after the end of the Ice Age, the climate in Siberia was warm and humid, and it is likely that a detachment of the Mongols moved north, stranded, and thus became the Eskimos of today. As for the question of the origin of the Huns, it can only remain a mystery for the time being, due to the lack of sufficient evidence. Perhaps, they were originally a nomadic people living in the Altai Mountains.
Today, there are still many people in Hungary who insist that they are "descendants of the Huns" and demand official recognition of their legal status as "Huns". They believe that after Attila's death, the mighty Huns were quickly defeated, but they did not disappear completely in the Carpathian Basin, and some of them remained. Later, Arpad led his tribe into present-day Hungary and settled there. They believe that "Hungary" means "land of the Huns". For this reason, some Hungarians are convinced that their country has 100,000 Hun descendants.
(Pictured are Hungarians)
In order to get the official recognition of their status and existence as "Huns", they held a "Krutagi" every year in order to increase their popularity. During the festival, they put on ancient Xiongnu costumes, hang huge images of Adira, and then engage in horseback riding, archery, and slashing competitions......
During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu were divided into the Southern and Northern Xiongnu. In 48 A.D., the Southern Xiongnu surrendered to the Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu, for which they settled in Shaanxi, Gansu and Inner Mongolia in Hetao, where they changed their surnames and gradually integrated into Han culture. During the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms, a man named Liu Yuan destroyed the Western Jin Dynasty and established the Han Kingdom. Liu Yuan's great-grandfather was the Southern Xiongnu Shan Yu Qiangqu, and he realized his dream of becoming the master of the Central Plains.
But the Northern Xiongnu are still active in Mobei. From 73 A.D., Dou Gubanchao's northern expedition, which lasted 31 years, pacified more than 50 countries in the Western Regions, so part of the Northern Xiongnu began to move west with the Huns (Magyars), some went to Japan, and some stayed in place, or integrated into Xianbei, or became the ancestors of today's Khitan and Mongols.
How many Huns moved west to Europe and how many people crossed east to Japan are not recorded in the history books. But it can be roughly deduced. In its heyday, the population of the Xiongnu was only 3 million. After many expeditions organized by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there were more than one million left. The "General History of the Xiongnu" said that they were divided into two, of which about 300,000 people were returned to the Eastern Han Dynasty, and more than 500,000 people were integrated into Xianbei, and then into the Han people, which is already seven or eight out of ten, and at least 70 percent of the descendants of the Xiongnu have merged with the Han and Mongols. Even if the Huns moved westward with the Huns, it was only a small part of the Huns, and how many of them fought all the way to Central Asia and Europe?
Someone in Hungary claims to be a descendant of the Huns, and if this is the case, then among the group of people who went west, the Huns produced a bull man, and perhaps he became the "big boss" or "second master", "third master" and so on of that group of people. Otherwise, among the five or six million people who went west, a small number of Huns would have been assimilated long ago, and "there would be no news of mud cattle entering the sea".
Through the identification of blood, the Hungarians have little to do with the Huns, but they like to fight nomadically, which is similar to the Huns, and the names are peculiar, and they insist that the Hungarians are descendants of the Huns, but the official has not been finally recognized.
It is true that Hungary has always had good relations with China. They are members of NATO and the European Union, but in any case, they have always maintained friendly relations with China.
In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the Xianbei tribe produced another Maodun-style figure - Tanshi Huai. He unified the Xianbei tribes, established the royal court, and then invaded south. Perhaps it was because of the lessons learned from the Huns that Tanshi Huai refused to make peace, which gave the Eastern Han Dynasty a headache in the stage of national decline.
Later, the Xianbei people became strong and gradually occupied the homeland of the Xiongnu, and five or six hundred thousand Xiongnu people "all called themselves Xianbei". During the period of the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms, the Xiongnu who moved to the Central Plains established the countries of Qianzhao, Beiliang and Xia. Finally, the Northern Wei Dynasty unified northern China and promoted ethnic integration, and the Xiongnu gradually became sinicized.
In 534 AD, after Emperor Xiaozhuang of the Northern Wei Dynasty killed the powerful minister Zhu Rong, the Northern Wei Dynasty was in turmoil and split into the Eastern Wei and Western Wei.
Yuwentai and Gao Huan, two heroes from a military town, one in the west and one in the east, confronted each other. Not long after, the Western Wei and Eastern Wei dynasties evolved into the Northern Zhou and Northern Qi. In the Northern Zhou Dynasty, two influential families were born - the Yang family and the Li family. Both families were Guanlong nobles. In the first month of 577 AD, the Northern Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Northern Qi Dynasty and unified the north again. In 581 A.D., Emperor Jing of the Northern Zhou Dynasty let Chan, Yang Jian ascended the throne, changed the Yuan Emperor, and the country name was "Sui". Sui annihilated Chen and unified China again.
The Xiongnu, as an ethnic group, disappeared in northern China, but their surnames and cultural practices are still partially preserved. Helian Bobo, who established the Great Xia Kingdom, changed his surname to Liu. There are many surnames Liu in northern Shaanxi on the mainland, and there may be descendants of the Xiongnu.
After the Xiongnu entered the Central Plains, most of them took tribes or clans as their surnames, such as the surname Huyan, the surname Dugu, He, Cong, Huyan, Wan Qi, etc. The Xiongnu who remained in the desert also gradually became sinicized, and today's Mongolians, Turks, and Khitans are all their descendants. Therefore, Yue Fei's poems in the Song Dynasty also have many "Hulu" and "Huns".
"MONGOL" IS TRANSLITERATED FROM THE MONGOLIAN WORD "MENGH GAL" (MEANING ETERNAL FLAME), AND THERE HAVE BEEN MANY TRANSLATIONS BEFORE THE WORD "MONGOL", SUCH AS "MENGWA", "MENGGU", "MENGWU", "MENGGU", "MENGGU", "MONGOLIA" AND SO ON. It was not until the beginning of the 13th century, when the Mongol leader Genghis Khan conquered everywhere and unified the steppes, that the name "Mongol" was fixed with the clan name of the ruling tribe.
"Zhuqi" is a female straight, "Gu Li" is "Guolun" (Manchurian gurun), and "Dadanghu" is "Da Shan Yu". Zhuqi, Gu Li, and Dadanghu have the same meaning. This is the tradition of the nomadic people, divided into two wings, the left and right wings, each with a large single leader, and a large single under the single Yu. Xiongnu Shan Yu is Shan Yu in Shan Yu, the full name is "Tang Qi Gu Tu Shan Yu", that is, "Son of Heaven" ("Tang Qi Gu Tu" is the meaning of "Tengger", "Tengri" Mongolian "Changshengtian" pronunciation), that is, "Tian Shan Yu" or "Tian Khan".
Shan Yu's wife and concubine are called "Yan Zhi". "阏" is a variant of "Yu", which should be read as "and", that is, "and branch". This is the pronunciation of the Manchurian word "Fujin". The language of the Xiongnu is ancient Manchurian.
The Mongolian language is derived from the Xiongnu language, and in the final analysis, it is still derived from Chinese. For example, the word "纛", which in ancient Chinese refers to the battle flag, has long been rarely used in modern Chinese, but it is still commonly used in Mongolian to this day, but it is just pronounced as "bald black". The Mongol army led by Genghis Khan had the habit of holding aloft the "Great Emperor", and this habit has continued in Mongolia for more than 800 years. "Gui" (pronounced gui in Chinese), pictograph, meaning beautiful jade, is rarely used in Chinese, but it continues in Mongolian today. The Mongolian word "gui" is close to the sound of "wa", and it is almost the same as if it is read faster. The original pronunciation of "wa" is "gui", which refers to a person who is as pure and lovely as Meiyu. Is "Siqin Gaowa" a transliteration of "Siqin Gaogui" misheard?
There is also the problem that historically, no one in the northern nomads has ever called themselves "Huns". In the records of the ancient Greeks and ancient Romans, they only called them "Hun" hun, and could not find the title "Xiongnu", why did Sima Qian of the Han Dynasty call them "Xiongnu" in the "Historical Records"?
To clarify this issue, we must first clarify two things: First, the Xiongnu Shan Yu sent envoys to the Han Dynasty many times, and the envoys said that they were allies of the Huns, they were the pride of the sky, and they were very arrogant, and often asked for money and beauties. For this reason, the people of the Central Plains scolded them as slaves of the Huns; second, the tribe of the Yellow Emperor wandered on the Loess Plateau for more than 500 years, and did not return to the Central Plains until the time of the Xuanyuan Yellow Emperor. On the Loess Plateau, the Yellow Emperor tribe inevitably merged with northern nomads such as Rong Di. Confucianism is a secret for the Venerable and deliberately avoids it. Sima Qian had to accommodate Confucianism, and no longer said that it was cultivated, porridge, and smoked. Some people speculate that the word "slave" had the pronunciation of the word "again" in the Han Dynasty, and "slave" is a phonetic character, and "female" is a phonetic character, and "again" should be pronounced "again". This is also because of Confucianism. If it is pronounced as "Hun again", then it is similar to the ancient pronunciation of "Xuanyuan".
The wanderer, who had run away from home for a thousand years, finally returned.