The Mongol Empire's three expeditions to the west, where did it go farthest?

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In the spring of 1206 (the sixth year of Jinzhang Zongtaihe, the second year of the opening of Ningzong of the Southern Song Dynasty, and the thirteenth year of Tianqing of Huanzong of the Western Xia), the Mongolian tribes held a general meeting at the source of the Nan River (now the Onen River), and a generation of Tianjiao Temujin unified the Mongolian tribes, called Genghis Khan, which roughly means "a great leader like the sea or the sky", and named the country "Great Mongolia".

Beginning with Genghis Khan, the first generations of Mongol Great Khans launched three large-scale westward expeditions in succession to establish the world's largest empire. Relying on their superiority in mobility, the Mongol cavalry learned from Song Jinliao to manufacture firearms, gunpowder, siege equipment, battle armor, strong bows and crossbows, and other equipment, forming an overwhelming advantage over the armies of Central Asia, West Asia, and Europe. The Mongol cavalry set out from Mobei and headed west, and the sound of steel knives rubbing bones resounded in Europe and Asia, killing European powers such as Kievan Rus, Germany, Hungary, and Poland to lose their armor.

First Mongol Expedition, 1219–1223 (Genghis Khan 15-19)

In 1218, Jebe went west to conquer Western Liao, and at that time there were still Jin and Western Xia in the north.

Genghis Khan sent an envoy and a caravan to Khorezm. But Khorezm did not speak of martial virtues, killed the messengers, and seized the caravan supplies. At that time, Genghis Khan, in order to concentrate his forces against the Jin state, planned to form an alliance with the western thorn Zim, but it backfired. Genghis Khan sent another envoy, and Hua Thorn Zimo claimed to be the overlord of Central Asia, killed the main envoy, shaved the hair and beard of the deputy envoy, and expelled him from the country as a humiliation.

In 1219, Genghis Khan handed over the Jin front to Mu Huali, and he personally led his army to the west, defeating Hua Thornzim within two years.

In 1223, the Mongol army defeated the Turkic and Eastern European alliances on the Calga River (which emptied into the Sea of Azov).

The first Mongol expedition to the west, destroying Western Liao and Khorezm, attacking the Caucasus, Kipchaks and Kievan Rus' states, and establishing the Chagatai Khanate. The expedition swept across much of Central Asia and went as far west as the Caucasus and the Black Sea.

Second Mongol Expedition to the West, 1236-1241 (9th-14th year of Ögedei Khan)

In 1234 (the third year of Jin Tianxing, the first year of Duanping of the Southern Song Dynasty, and the sixth year of Taizong of Mongolia), Mongolia and the Southern Song Dynasty jointly besieged Caizhou, and the Song army first broke through Caizhou City, Jin Aizong committed suicide, and the Jin State perished.

In 1236, Wokotai ordered all branches of the clan to send troops with the eldest son, and Nayan (thousand households) at all levels below 10,000 households also sent the eldest son to lead the army to conquest, also known as the eldest son's western expedition. The commanders of this western expedition included Jochi's eldest son, Erda, his second son, Batu, Ogedai's eldest son, Guiyou, Tuolei's eldest son, Meng Ge, and Chagatai's eldest son, Sun Buli, with a strength of 150,000, and all armies were controlled by Batu.

The Mongols conquered the countries west of the Volga River and Europe, including present-day western Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia (Central Europe), Slovenia, Croatia, etc., and established the Kipchak Khanate (Golden Horde). This westward expedition swept across Eastern Europe and as far west as the middle Danube and the Adriatic Sea in the Mediterranean.

In 1241, Ögedei Khan died, and except for Batu who did not want to return to the court, the rest of the Mongol kings returned to their headquarters to mourn and compete for the throne at the same time.

Third Mongol Expedition to the West, 1252-1260 (6th to 10th year of Möngke Khan)

In 1252, in order to expand the power of the family, Meng Ge ordered his third brother Hulegu to lead an army of 100,000 to the west, also known as Hulegu to the west. Hülegü is the heir of the Tuolei line, and is a brother with Kublai Khan, Meng Ge and others.

Hulegu crossed Central Asia diagonally from northeast to southwest, ascended the Iranian plateau, and defeated the Murayi and the Abbasids. Hulegu then entered the valley of the two rivers from the Iranian plateau, swept across the Arabian Peninsula, and defeated the Ayyubid dynasty in Syria.

In 1259, when Hulegu was preparing to cross the Isthmus of Suez and march into Egypt, Möngke Khan personally braved the arrow and died of his wounds under the Diaoyu City. The following year, Hulegu had no choice but to withdraw his troops, and the remaining division was defeated by the Egyptian Mamluks.

The Mongols conquered the Middle East for the third time, including present-day Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Saudi Arabia, and established the Ilkhanate. This expedition swept across the Middle East and went as far west as the eastern shores of the Mediterranean.

After the three westward expeditions, Mongolia reached the Pacific, Indian and Arctic Oceans in the east, south and north directions, and the Mediterranean Ocean extended from the Atlantic Ocean to the west.

The Mongol Empire had an area of at least 24 million square kilometers, and if you count Siberia, it has an area of 34.5 million square kilometers, making it the most extensive land empire in history.

After the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty by Mongolia, there were four major khanates: the Kipchak Khanate, the Chagatai Khanate, the Ögedai Khanate, and the Ilkhanate. The four khanates and the Yuan Dynasty were not subordinate to each other, and the Yuan Dynasty emperor was respected as the titular "Great Khan of Mongolia".

(This article only represents the author's point of view and does not represent the position of this number)

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