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蒙古帝國三次西征,最遠打到哪兒?

蒙古帝國三次西征,最遠打到哪兒?

以下文章來源于地圖帝,作者地圖弟

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1206年(金章宗泰和六年,南宋甯宗開禧二年,西夏桓宗天慶十三年)春,蒙古各部在斡難河(今鄂嫩河)源頭召開大會,一代天驕鐵木真統一蒙古各部,稱成吉思汗,大緻意思是“像大海或天一樣的偉大首領”,定國号為“大蒙古國”。

蒙古帝國三次西征,最遠打到哪兒?

從成吉思汗開始,最初幾代蒙古大汗,連續發動三次大規模西征,建立起世界上面積最大的帝國。蒙古騎兵憑借機動優勢,又從宋金遼學習制造火器、火藥、攻城器械、戰甲、強弓勁弩等裝備,對中亞、西亞、歐洲軍隊形成了壓倒性的優勢。蒙古騎兵從漠北出發一路向西,鋼刀摩擦骨頭的聲音響徹歐亞,殺得基輔羅斯、德意志、匈牙利和波蘭等歐洲大國丢盔棄甲。

蒙古第一次西征,1219年-1223年(成吉思汗十五至十九年)

1218年,哲别西征,滅西遼,當時北方還有金國和西夏。

蒙古帝國三次西征,最遠打到哪兒?

成吉思汗派出使者和一支商隊,前往花剌子模。但花剌子模不講武德,殺了使者,奪取商隊物資。當時成吉思汗為集中力量對付金國,打算與西邊的花刺子模結盟,結果事與願違。成吉思汗再派使者,花刺子模自恃為中亞霸主,殺正使,将副使的頭發胡須剃光,驅逐出境,以作羞辱。

蒙古帝國三次西征,最遠打到哪兒?

1219年,成吉思汗将金國這條戰線交給木華黎,他親自率軍西征,兩年内攻滅花刺子模。

1223年,蒙古大軍在迦勒迦河上(注入亞速海),大敗突厥和東歐聯軍。

蒙古帝國三次西征,最遠打到哪兒?

蒙古第一次西征,滅西遼、花剌子模,攻擊高加索諸國、欽察人和基輔羅斯諸國,建立察合台汗國。這次西征橫掃中亞大部,向西最遠到達高加索和黑海。

蒙古第二次西征,1236年-1241年(窩闊台汗九年至十四年)

1234年(金天興三年,南宋端平元年,蒙古太宗六年),蒙古與南宋合圍蔡州,宋軍首先攻破蔡州城,金哀宗自殺,金國滅亡。

蒙古帝國三次西征,最遠打到哪兒?

1236年,窩闊台命各支宗室均以長子出兵,萬戶以下各級那顔(千戶)也派長子率軍從征,又稱長子西征。這次西征的主帥包括術赤長子斡兒答及次子拔都、窩闊台長子貴由、拖雷長子蒙哥、察合台長孫不裡等,兵力達到十五萬,各軍由拔都統一節制。

蒙古帝國三次西征,最遠打到哪兒?

蒙古第二次西征,征服伏爾加河以西、歐洲諸國,包括今俄羅斯西部、烏克蘭、保加利亞、波蘭、匈牙利、斯洛伐克(中歐)、斯洛文尼亞、克羅地亞等,建立欽察汗國(金帳汗國)。這次西征橫掃東歐,向西最遠到達多瑙河中遊和地中海亞得裡亞海。

蒙古帝國三次西征,最遠打到哪兒?

1241年,窩闊台汗去世,除拔都不願班師回朝之外,其餘蒙古諸王均傳回本部奔喪,同時争奪汗位。

蒙古第三次西征,1252年-1260年(蒙哥汗六年至十年)

1252年,蒙哥為擴大家族勢力,令三弟旭烈兀率領十萬大軍西征,又稱旭烈兀西征。旭烈兀是拖雷系子嗣,與忽必烈、蒙哥等均是兄弟。

旭烈兀由東北-西南斜穿中亞,登上伊朗高原,攻滅木剌夷國和阿拔斯王朝(黑衣大食)。接着旭烈兀從伊朗高原進入兩河流域,橫掃阿拉伯半島,攻滅叙利亞阿尤布王朝。

1259年,當旭烈兀準備跨過蘇伊士地峽進軍埃及時,蒙哥大汗親冒矢石,重傷死在釣魚城下。次年得到消息的旭烈兀隻能撤兵,留下的一支偏師被埃及馬木留克人打敗。

蒙古帝國三次西征,最遠打到哪兒?

蒙古第三次西征,征服中東諸國,包括今伊朗、伊拉克、叙利亞、黎巴嫩、沙特阿拉伯等,建立伊兒汗國。這次西征橫掃中東,向西最遠到達地中海東岸。

三次西征之後,蒙古東、南、北三個方向分别抵達太平洋、印度洋和北冰洋,西部也毗鄰大西洋延伸的地中海。

蒙古帝國三次西征,最遠打到哪兒?

蒙古帝國面積最少有2400萬平方千米,如果把西伯利亞算上,面積高達3450萬平方千米,是曆史上陸地版圖最遼闊的帝國。

蒙古帝國三次西征,最遠打到哪兒?

蒙古建立元朝後,還有四大汗國:欽察汗國、察合台汗國、窩闊台汗國、伊兒汗國。四大汗國與元朝互不統屬,尊元朝皇帝為名義上的“蒙古大汗”。

(本文僅代表作者觀點,不代表本号立場)

蒙古帝國三次西征,最遠打到哪兒?

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#74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc)body:not(.pages_skin_pc){background:#191919;background:var(--weui-BG-2)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, 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