Translated from reference material
Koichi Shibuya, "The Unkovsky Mission and the Mutual Relationship between June = Gal, Russia, and Qing in the Early 1720s," Journal of the Department of Humanities and Communication, Vol. 2, Faculty of Humanities, Ibaraki University
Shigeru Matsuura, "The Beijing Conference of 1727 and the Qing Dynasty's Advance into Central and Southern Sakhalin," Shirin, Vol. 86, No. 2, Kyoto University
...... Dzungaria moved between China and Russia, and Peter the Great wanted to trick Arabutan into submission to the Tsar's rule. This was a bold decision that threatened to upend the "friendly relations" between Russia and the Qing Empire that had continued since the Treaty of Nebuchu......
The Treaty of Kyakhta was a treaty signed between the Qing Empire and the Russian Empire in 1728, and the demarcation of present-day Outer Mongolia, which had not been determined until then, was determined.
It was an important treaty that regulated the relations between the later Qing Empire and the Russian Empire, and it was also a bilateral treaty that marked an important milestone in the history of Eurasia.
Previously, the Qing Empire and Russia had signed the Treaty of Nebuchu in 1689, which confirmed the territory controlled by the two countries bordered by the Starov Mountains (Trans-Khingan Mountains) and the Ergun River.
After the conclusion of the Treaty of Nebuchu, Russia began to organize caravans and send them to Beijing for trade.
The main purpose of the treaty concluded by Russia is to facilitate trade between Russia and China. Trade with the East of the Russian Empire has been active since the 16th century, when Russia has begun to expand into Siberia.
But in the 17th century, Russia also established commercial relations with Central Asia based in Tobolsk, the center of Siberia. Peter I positioned the Beijing trade as an extension of this trade.
The trade seemed to be going well, but in the 1710s there was an oversupply of Russia's main product, fur, and it fell into recession.
In addition, as a result of the Qing Dzungar War, Mongolian soldiers were mobilized in the Khalkha region of Outer Mongolia, and the presence of Russian caravans in the criss-crossing Khalkha territory (Mongolian Plateau) became a problem for the Qing Empire.
The Mongolian Khalkha region, whose descendants of Genghis Khan constituted the ruling class, had just accepted a promise of protection from the Qing Empire, which at this time did not want a large-scale Russian caravan to cross the border, after being attacked by the Dzungars at the end of the 17th century.
Russia's construction of forts on the border also angered the Qing side, and Russian caravans were eventually banned from Beijing.
In response to Russia's desire to somehow restore trade with Beijing, the Qing Emperor Yongzheng Aixinjueluo Yinzhen demanded the demarcation of borders in the Mongolian region.
This was the beginning of negotiations between Russia, which prioritized the resumption of trade with Beijing, and the Qing Empire, which hoped to stabilize Mongol rule by demarcating its borders.
At that time, the Dzungar Khanate traveled between China and Russia, sending envoys to both Russia and the Qing Empire, and Russia and the Qing Empire also sent envoys to Dzungaria.
In response to this situation, Peter I sent a mission to Dzungaria in 1722 headed by artillery captain Ivan Onkovsky in order to establish friendly relations with Dzungaria.
Peter the Great wanted the Dzungar rulers to convince Arabutan to conclude a treaty and submit to the Tsar's rule. This was a bold decision that threatened to upend the "friendly relations" between Russia and the Qing Empire that had been in place since the Treaty of Nebuchu.
During the stay of the Russian envoy Wenkovsky in Dzungaria, the Qing Empire's envoy was also in Dzungaria, conveying the message of peace from the Yongzheng Emperor.
At this time, Arabutan, who received both Russian and Qing envoys, actually rejected Ongkovsky's request and chose to negotiate with the Qing Dynasty.
Negotiations on the demarcation of the border between the Qing Dynasty and Dzungaria began at this time, and the Dzungars refused to give the Qing army full control of Khalkha, so in the end the border between the Qing Dynasty and Dzungaria was not demarcated.
However, the border issue between Russia and the Qing Dynasty still existed, and negotiations on the corresponding demarcation of the border had already begun......
Translated from reference material
Koichi Shibuya, "The Unkovsky Mission and the Mutual Relationship between June = Gal, Russia, and Qing in the Early 1720s," Journal of the Department of Humanities and Communication, Vol. 2, Faculty of Humanities, Ibaraki University
Shigeru Matsuura, "The Beijing Conference of 1727 and the Qing Dynasty's Advance into Central and Southern Sakhalin," Shirin, Vol. 86, No. 2, Kyoto University
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