The Book of Rites, also known as the Book of Rites and the Book of Little Dai, was written in the Han Dynasty and compiled by the Western Han Dynasty scholar Dai Sanshou. The Book of Rites is an important anthology of the canonical system in ancient China, consisting of 20 volumes and 49 chapters.
The content of the book mainly writes about the etiquette system of the pre-Qin, embodies the philosophical, educational, political, and aesthetic ideas of the pre-Qin Confucianism, is an important material for the study of pre-Qin society, and is a compilation of Confucian thought materials.
Jade algae
【Original】
Tianzi Jade Algae, ten with two axes, front and back, tornado (1) to sacrifice. Xuan Duan and Asahi are outside the East Gate, Tingshuo is outside the South Gate, and Leap Moon is closed to the left of the door and stands in it. Biàn (2) looks at the sun, then eats (3), eats in the middle of the day, and eats in the middle of the day. Five drinks: water, pulp, wine, liquor, and liquor. Eat, live in the middle of nowhere. Moving is left in the history book, words are right in the history book, and the sound of the imperial gaze is above and below.4 If the year is not smooth, then Tianzi will be vegetarian, take a vegetarian car, and have no pleasure in eating.
【Notes】
(1) Tornado: Commonly known as the dragon robe, the dress of the Son of Heaven.
(2) Biàn (pi) (piàn): A kind of martial crown, made of white deer skin, shaped like today's melon skin hat. This refers to the leather suit, that is, the full set of clothing worn with the leather ben.
(3) Eclipse, refers to the eclipse. The ancients had two meals a day, sunrise and sunrise, and sunset.
(4) Several: investigation, discernment.
【Translation】
The crown worn by the Son of Heaven hangs twelve jade strings in front of the crown, and there is a protruding rock slab on the top of the crown. When offering sacrifices to heaven and earth and the temple, the Son of Heaven is required to wear this kind of crown on his head and wear the robe of the dragon. On the day of the spring equinox, the Son of Heaven wears a crown on his head and a robe, and holds a festival to welcome the sun outside the east gate of the capital. On the first day of each month, the Son of Heaven also wears the same costume and makes a special sacrifice to the Ming Hall, and the decree of January is issued outside the South Gate. If it is the first day of the leap month, it is necessary to close the left door of the Ming Hall and open only the right one, the heavenly animals; on the first day of the month, there are cattle, sheep and three animals. Tianzi has five kinds of drinks, of which water is the highest, followed by pulp, wine, liquor, and pot. After eating, change the imperial clothes to Xuanduan, and go to the inner bed to rest. The words and deeds of the Son of Heaven are recorded by the Right History and the Left History respectively; the musicians who serve the Heavenly Son are responsible for checking whether the music is abnormal. The purpose of this is to enable the Son of Heaven to be careful in his words and deeds, and to understand the gains and losses of government decrees in a timely manner. If the year is not good, Tianzi should also take the lead in wearing vegetarian clothes, riding in vegetarian cars, and not playing music when eating.
Whoever fasts, does not eat; he who eats is not full. But the slurry is not sacrificed, if the sacrifice is humbled. If the king is given a knighthood, he will cross the table and then pay homage to the head of the court, ascend to the throne, drink the knighthood and the king, and then confer the title of false knight. The gentleman's drinking is also subject to one lord and the color is sprinkled as (1), the second lord is said (2) Si (3), the ceremony has been three lords and the oil is withdrawn, and the retreat is sat and taken, and the retreat is hidden and then the ass, sitting on the left and right, sitting on the right and the left. All dignitaries will be honored with Xuan wine, only the king will be honored, only the wild people will be drunk, the doctor will be honored with a stick, and the soldier will be honored with forbidden.
(1) Sprinkle: solemn appearance.
(2) Speech: and respect.
(3) Si: Verbal auxiliaries.
Eat with your elders, you can't just eat for yourself. Whoever eats as a guest should not eat too much. In the homes of people of equal status, all food should be sacrificed first, only water and pulp should not be sacrificed, because water and pulp are not full of food, and if they are also sacrificed, they will lose their identity. The courtier shall drink from the king, and if the king gives him a drink, the courtier shall leave his seat, perform another salute to the king, respectfully take the wine glass, and then return to his place, first offering the wine, and then toasting. After toasting, wait for the king to toast, and then hand the empty cup to the praiser. When a gentleman drinks, he looks solemn when he drinks the first cup, and looks kind and respectful when he drinks the second cup; the courtier drinks until the ceremony is three cups, and after drinking the third cup, he will respectfully retreat. When you withdraw your shoes to get your shoes, kneel on your knees and go to a hidden place under the hall to put on your shoes. Kneel on your left leg and put on your right foot, kneel down on your right leg and put on your left foot. As long as it is a sake bottle, the sake bottle containing the sake should be placed on the top, which means that it is heavy. The king feasts on his courtiers, and only the king is facing the wine bottle, which means that the wine is given by the king. Only when entertaining countrymen, general liquor is used, and the number of liquor is not used. When the doctor invites guests to a banquet, the wine bottle should not be directly facing the host, but should be placed on the side and placed in a special wooden plate to indicate that the host and guest share the wine. When the soldier invited visitors to the banquet, the setting of the wine was the same as that of the doctor, but the difference was that it was temporarily banned.
The Father commands that he will not promise, that he will throw himself into the practice of the hand, that he will spit out what he eats in his mouth, and that he will not go. Pro-aging, out of the difficult way, not out of date. The pro-color is not prosperous, and the filial piety of the unruly is also. The Father is not able to read the Father's book, and the hand is stored in the hand; the mother is not and the cup circle cannot be drunk, and the breath of the mouth is stored in the mouth.
When the father calls out to his son, the son must promise "only" and not "promise", because "only" respects "promise", should put down the things in his hands, eat in his mouth to spit out immediately, and trot away without slacking off. The parents are old, and the son's going out cannot be changed at will, saying that when he comes back, he must return on time, so as not to let his parents worry. If the parents are sick or have a bad appearance, this is the negligence of the son. After his father died, the books his father had read could not bear to read, because there were traces of sweat on his hands. After the death of her father, the cup and plate used by the mother and the son could not bear to use it, because there were traces of her mouth fluid.
Fan Xing Rong Ti Ti (1), Qi Qi in the temple (2), Chao Ting Ji Xiang Xiang. Gentleman's Rong Shu Chi, see His Holiness Qi Kui (3). Foot rong weight, hand rong gong, eye rong duan, mouth rong stop, voice rong quiet, head straight, qi rong su, Li Rong de, se Rong Zhuang, sitting like a corpse, Yan Ju sue Wen Wen. Where the sacrifice is made, the color of the face, as seen in the sacrificed. Mournful appearance, color appearance upside down (4), see Rong Qu Meimei (5), yan rong cocoon, rong rong ji ji, yan rong chen (è è) (6), color rong li su, see rong qingming. Stand up and discern, humble, and the head and neck will be in the middle. Mountains stand, time travels, grandeur and rest, jade color.
(1) Ti Ti: Describe the walking body and fast steps.
(2) Qi Qi: Gong Hui Mao.
(3) Qi Kui: Gong Su Appearance. 遬通 "苏".
(4) Turbulence: worrying.
(5) Mei Mei: Ignorant and dazed.
(6) è è: Outspoken and contentious.
Walk on the road, the body should be straight, the footsteps should be light; walking in the temple, the expression should be respectful, and the appearance should be serious and solemn. In daily life, a gentleman should look calm and calm, and when he sees someone he respects, he must appear respectful and restrained. The footsteps should be steady, the hands should not be indiscriminately finger-pointing, the eyes should not squint, the mouth should not move, the cough should not be chaotic, the attention should not be chaotic, the breath should be held on solemn occasions, and the weather should be moral when standing, and the face should be solemn. Sit upright like a corpse. Teach others when you are idle, and treat your courtiers gently and amiably. All those who participate in the sacrifice must not pretend to be like they really see the gods. During the mourning period, Xiaozi had to show a state of exhaustion, with a sad face, a look of shock and confusion in his eyes, and he did not even have the strength to speak. When dressed in military uniforms, you must look resolute, give orders, have a stern expression, be aggressive, and have a clear look in your eyes. In front of the elders, although there should be a self-deprecating posture when standing, it should not be too flattering. In the daily standing, we must keep upright, standing like a mountain, when the line is done, it seems to be full of energy, beautiful in the outside, and the face is warm as jade.
The Great Biography
Etiquette, no king, no zen. The king comes from the place of his ancestors, and matches them with his ancestors. Princes and their great ancestors. Doctors and scholars have great things, and they are saved by their kings, cadres, and their high ancestors. Makino no Noo, the Great Affair of the King of The Martial Arts. When things are retreated, firewood is given to God, prayers are placed in the community, and the foundation is set up in the pastoral room. He then led the princes of the world to carry out the bean basket and run away; chased after the king's father, Wang Jili, and Wang Changwen; and did not humble himself. Shangzhi Zu you, honored and honored; lower rule of the descendants, relatives also; Pangzhi Kundi, he clan to eat, order to Zhao Miao (mù) (1), do not use etiquette, humanity exhausted.
(1) Miao (mù): Tong "Mu".
According to the rules of the rites, not the Son of Heaven is not eligible to hold the sacrifice. The Son of Heaven held a sacrifice to give birth to his ancestor, the Heavenly Emperor, and was worthy of his ancestors. When the princes worship their ancestors, they can go up to their ancestors. The ancestors of the doctors and scholars are much more provincial than the princes, and at most they can be high ancestors. The key battle of king Wu was the Battle of Makino, and after the victory of the battle, King Wu of Zhou sacrificed the joy of victory to the heavens, the earth gods, and the ancestral gods who accompanied the army by burning firewood. Then he led the princes of the world back to the Zhou capital, and in the ancestral temple of the Zhou people, they held sacrifices in their hands, busily and chaotically, and honored Yi Father, Ji Li, and Xi Bochang as kings, and in order to make the titles of the descendants not higher than those of the above-mentioned ancestors, they arranged the order of the ancestors of the previous generations and honored them; in order to be their own relatives; they arranged the order of the descendants of the next generation, arranged the relationship between brothers and other collateral relatives, gathered the people of the same clan to have a meal in the ancestral temple, and arranged the seats in the order of the father and the son; and distinguished between men and women by etiquette. There are almost so many reasons to be human.
The saints go south and listen to the world, and the first five, the people are not with each other. One is to heal relatives, the second is to repay merit, the third is to lift up the sages, the fourth is to enable, and the fifth is to have love. One of the five (1) is under the heavens, and the people are not deficient, and there is no one who supports them. Five and one thing are mused, and the people will not be able to die. The saints who rule the world from the south will begin with humanity. Li Quan Metrics, Examination Article (2), Correction Shuo (3), YiFu Color (4), Special Emblem (5), Different Instruments (6), Other Clothes (7), Which Earns and The People's Reformers Also. Those who cannot be changed are those who cannot be changed: they are relatives, they are respected, they are elders, and there is a difference between men and women, and they cannot be obtained with the people who are also reformed.
(1) One gets: all get.
(2) The article is called the liturgical music system.
(3) Zheng Shuo: The calendar. Positive, the first of the year. Shuo, the beginning of the month.
(4) Clothing color: the color advocated by various dynasties. Such as Xia Shangqing, Yin Shangbai, Zhou Shangchi.
(5) Emblem: Refer to the clan flag.
(6) Apparatus: Ritual instruments and armor.
(7) Clothes: such as the clothes of the elderly, the swallow clothes of summer, the woven clothes of Yin, and the Xuan clothes of Zhou.
Once the saints have ascended to the throne of the Son of Heaven and ruled the world, there are five things that are very urgent, and the affairs of the people are not included. The first thing is to arrange all the relatives in order, the second thing is to repay the meritorious people, the third thing is to elect people of high moral character, the fourth thing is to appoint the virtuous, and the fifth thing is to show compassion for people with a benevolent heart. Do these five things, so that the people will not be dissatisfied, and there will be no unpounded. If one of the five things is not done well, the people will suffer. Therefore, once a saint sits on the throne of the Son of Heaven and rules the world, he must start from the rule of his relatives. Unifying weights and measures, making ceremonies and music, changing calendars, changing the color of clothing, changing emblems, changing instruments, changing clothing, these things mentioned above can also make the people change with the change of dynasties. However, there are also things that cannot be changed arbitrarily with the change of dynasties, that is, the same clan is close, the ancestors are respected, the young and the elders are respected, and there is a difference between men and women, and these four will not change the people because the dynasty has changed.
The same surname is congzong, the genus of the he clan; the main name of the different surname, the zhijianhui. Famous books, and there is a difference between men and women. His husband belongs to the Father's Tao (1), and his wife is also the Mother's Tao; his husband belongs to the Son's Tao, and his wife is also a woman. Whoever calls the brother's wife "wife" is also a sister-in-law or a "mother"? The famous people rule the great, can they not be careful?
(1) Tao: Lineage.
Men with the same surname all share an ancestor and together form a clearly defined clan. Foreign women marry and use their husband's Zhaomu as Zhaomu to determine the title so that they can participate in intra-clan communication and gatherings. Its name and title are clear, and the difference between men and women can be achieved. For a woman of a different name who marries her own family, if her husband belongs to the father's generation, then his wife belongs to the mother's generation; if her husband belongs to the son's generation, then his wife belongs to the daughter-in-law's generation. If the brother's wife is called the daughter-in-law, and the sister-in-law is called the mother, it will not be chaotic! Therefore, it is said that the name of the name is a major event in human morality, shouldn't it be treated with caution?
The fourth generation and the poor are also served; the fifth is spared, and the same surname is killed. Vi, relatives exhausted. Its surname is different from the upper, and the qidan (1) is at the bottom, and the marriage can be passed? It is said that the family name is parted and the food is the same, although the hundred generations and the marriage is not clear, Zhou Daoran is also.
(1) Qidan: Qi, family affection. Single, all also.
The descendants of the same high ancestor only wear hemp mourning clothes with each other, which is already the last of the five clothes. The descendants of the father of the same high ancestor have already taken five services, and between each other, they only need to show their left arm and wear a face to show mourning, although they have the same surname but the blood is far away, so their friendship is reduced. The descendants of the same ancestor of the same ancestor have the same surname as each other, and they are no longer related. These people with the same surname, from gaozu above the surname has a different surname, from the xuansun below the five clothes, can they still intermarry between them? The answer is: These people are all tied to the proper surname of an old ancestor, and there is no difference in this regard; at the time of the family dinner, everyone is seated according to generation. Therefore, the method formulated by the Zhou Dynasty was that all people with the same surname, even if they were hundreds of generations away from their ancestors, could still not intermarry between them.
As for the ancestors, as for the ancestors, as for the ancestors, as for the ancestors, as for you. For this reason, humanity is also dear. Kiss the ancestors of the ancestors, honor the ancestors of the ancestors, honor the ancestors of the ancestors, honor the ancestors of the ancestors of the ancestors (1), collect the ancestral temples of the ancestors, the temples of the ancestors, the temples, the ancestor Shi Yun: "No (4) manifest does not admit it, and no one (yì) is in the human being." This is also true.
(1) Collecting ethnic groups: He ethnic groups, unity ethnic groups.
(2) The people: they are called hundreds of officials.
(3) Punishment: pass the "type", exemplary.
(4) No: Pass "Pi", Daiya.
In terms of grace, from the father to the distant ancestors, from the father to the distant ancestors, morally speaking, from the distant ancestors to the father temple. From this point of view, it is human nature to love one's parents. Loving their parents will inevitably respect their ancestors, respecting their ancestors will inevitably respect their ancestors, respecting their ancestors will inevitably unite the clansmen, and uniting the clans will inevitably lead to the dignity of the temple, and the dignity of the temple will inevitably attach importance to the community, and if you attach importance to the community, you will inevitably love the hundred officials, if you love the hundred officials, you will inevitably punish justice, if you punish the people, you will inevitably have the peace of the people, the peace of the people will inevitably be sufficient, the use of money will inevitably be good, everything will inevitably be good, and the good customs will lead to the happiness of the whole world. The Book of Verses says: "The merits of King Wen are great and breathtaking, and people will always miss him." That's what it means.
Rituals
Rituals: There are Yu Clan Yellow Emperor and SuburbAn, Zu Yu and Zong Yao. The Xia Hou clan was also the Yellow Emperor and the suburban, and the ancestors were emperors and Zong Yu. Yin ren yu and suburban meditation, Zu Qi and Zong Tang. The Zhou people were humble and suburban, King Zuwen and King Zongwu. Burn firewood on the altar of Tai, sacrifice to the heavens; bury it in tai fold, sacrifice the ground also; use calves. Buried in Taizhao, the time of sacrifice is also; similar to the kan altar, the sacrifice of cold and summer is also. The Royal Palace (1), the Festival Day Also, the Night Ming (2), the Moon Festival, the Youzong (3), the Celestial Offering, the Yan (yú) Sect (4), the Sacrifice of Water and Drought, the Four Kan Altars, the Sacrifice of the Four Fangs also. Mountains, valleys, hills, clouds for wind and rain, see monsters, all know gods. Whoever has the world, worship the hundred gods. The princes sacrifice in their land, but do not sacrifice in their land. Whoever is born between heaven and earth knows his destiny. All things die and are broken; when people die, they are ghosts. This five generations remain unchanged also. The seven generations of the founders: Zen, Suburb, Zong, Ancestor, the rest unchanged.
(1) Royal Palace: The name of the altar of the altar of the festival, that is, the altar of the sun.
(2) Night Light: The name of the altar of the moon sacrifice, that is, the temple of the moon.
(3) Youzong: The Altar of Stars.
(4) Yan (yú) Sect: The altar of water and drought.
The provisions of the sacrifice: when there is a rare sacrifice of the Yu clan, the Yellow Emperor is matched, the suburban sacrifice is matched with the Emperor, and the sacrifice of the Zongmiao Temple is based on the Emperor and the Emperor Yao is the ancestor. The Xia Hou clan also enjoyed the Yellow Emperor during the festival, and the suburban sacrifice was accompanied by the carp, and Zongtai folded and dug a pit to bury the sacrifice, which was the ceremony of the sacrifice. Both the heavens and the earth are sacrificed with red calves. Burying the young prisoner on the altar of Tai Zhao is a ritual of the four hours of sacrifice. Praying in a pit or on an altar is a sacrifice to the god of cold and heat. The altar of the sun is the place of sacrifice, the altar of the moon is the place of the moon, the altar of the stars is the place of the star sacrifice, and the altar of water and drought is the place where the god of water and drought is sacrificed. The kanhe altars in the four directions of the east, west, south, and north are the places where the gods of the four directions are worshipped. All mountains, forests, valleys, and hills, as long as it can swallow clouds and spit fog, stir up wind and rain, and have abnormal phenomena, it is called a god. The Son of Heaven should cover the famous mountains and rivers under the heavens; the princes should only sacrifice the famous mountains and rivers in their own territory, and if they lose their land, they will not have to sacrifice. In general, everything that lives between heaven and earth is called living. Among them, the death of all things is called "folding", and the death of people is called "ghost". This has not changed in five generations. What has changed over the seven generations is that the objects of the Yu Festival, the Suburb Festival, the Sect Sacrifice, and the Ancestral Sacrifice have changed, and nothing has changed in other aspects.
There are kings under the heavens, and the establishment of the country in separate lands, the establishment of capitals, and the setting up of temples and altars and sacrifices are the number of relatives. It is the seven temples of the old king, one altar and one temple, Yue Kao Temple, Yue Wang Kao Temple, Yue Huang Kao Temple, Yue Xian Kao Temple, Yue Zu Kao (1) Temple, all moon sacrifices. The far temple is a shrine, there are two prayers (2), and the enjoyment of taste (3) is the end. Go to the altar, go to the altar. The altar, there is a prayer offering, and there is no prayer. Go to the ghost. The princes erected five temples, one altar and one temple. Yue Kao Temple, Yue Wang Kao Temple, Yue Huang Kao Temple, all moon sacrifices; Xiankao Temple, Zu Kao Temple, enjoy the taste is the end. Go to the ancestors as an altar, go to the altar as a temple. There is prayer and sacrifice at the altar, and there is no prayer. Go to the temple as a ghost. Dafu li three temples, two altars, Yue Kao Temple, Yue Wang Kao Temple, Yue Huang Kao Temple, enjoy the taste is the end. There is no temple in the Ancestral Examination, there is prayer, and it is sacrificed for the altar. Go to the altar for ghosts. The second temple of the concubines and the altar, the temple of the kao, the temple of the king, the taste is the end. There is no temple in xiankao, there is prayer, and it is sacrificed for the altar. Go to the altar for ghosts. Guanshi (4) a temple, known as the Kao Temple. Wang Kao did not have a temple and sacrificed it, and went to Wang Kao as a ghost. There is no temple for the shushi and the shu people, and the ghosts are dead.
(1) Examination: Father. Wang Kao: Grandfather. Huang Kao: Great-grandfather. Xiankao: Gaozu. Zukao: Ancestor.
(2) Erzhu (二祧): The father of Gao Zu and the ancestor of Gao Zu.
(3) Tasting: The sacrifice of the four hours. Specifications are lower than the Moon Festival.
(4) Official: refers to the sergeant and corporal of the princes.
There was only one Son of Heaven under the whole world, so it divided the land of Kyushu, built a kingdom of princes, set up a capital for the secretary of state, set up an eunuch for the doctor, and also generally set up temples, shrines, altars, and shrines to worship the ancestors, and decided the number and specifications of sacrifices according to the distance of the relationship. Therefore, the Son of Heaven set up seven temples and one altar and one altar: that is, the father's temple, the grandfather's temple, the great-grandfather's temple, the High Ancestor's temple, and the first five temples are all sacrificed once a month; the temple of the distant ancestors above the high ancestors is called Qi, and the Tianzi has two shrines, which are only sacrificed once a quarter; the distant ancestors who move out of the temple are sacrificed on the altar; the distant ancestors who move out of the altar are sacrificed on the altar; for the distant ancestors who move to the altar, they are only sacrificed when there is a prayer, and they do not sacrifice without praying; the distant ancestors who move out of the altar are called ghosts, and unless they encounter a plutonium sacrifice, they usually do not sacrifice. The princes set up five temples and one altar and one temple: that is, the father's temple, the grandfather's temple, and the great-grandfather's temple, and the above three temples are sacrificed once a month; their high ancestral temple and the first ancestral temple are sacrificed once a quarter; the gods and lords who move out of the ancestral temple are sacrificed on the altar, and the distant ancestor gods who move out of the altar are sacrificed on the altar; for the distant ancestor gods who move to the altar, they are sacrificed if they have prayers, otherwise they will not be sacrificed; the distant ancestors who move out of the temple are called ghosts, and unless they encounter rare sacrifices, they are usually not sacrificed. The Doctor set up three temples and two altars: the Father Temple, the Grandfather Temple, and the Great-Grandfather Temple, which are sacrificed once a quarter; the Great-Grandfather and the First Ancestor of the Doctor have no temple, and if there is something to pray to them, they will be sacrificed on the altar; and the distant ancestors who moved out of the altar are called ghosts. Concubines set up two temples and one altar: the father's temple and the grandfather's temple, which are sacrificed once a quarter; their great-grandfathers have no temple, and if there is something to pray to their great-grandfathers, they will be sacrificed on the altar; and the distant ancestors above the great-grandfather who moved from the altar are called ghosts. The official master only erected one temple, that is, the father temple; his grandfather had no temple, and if he wanted to sacrifice, he would sacrifice it in the father temple; the ancestors above the grandfather died and were called ghosts. Ordinary scholars and commoners are not qualified to build temples, and their fathers and ancestors are called ghosts when they die.
The system of sacrifice of the holy king is also: the law is applied to the people, the death is worshiped, the country is worshiped, the great dragon is worshipped, and the great trouble is enshrined. It is because of the Lishan clan that there is a world under heaven, and its son, Yue Nong, can cultivate a hundred grains; the decline of Xia is also followed by Zhou Ren, so it is considered to be a millet. Kyushu, the hegemon of the Gonggong clan, was also known as Hou Tu (後土), and could level Kyushu, so he thought it was a society. Emperor Zhao was able to order the stars to the multitude; Yao could reward all the criminals with righteousness; Shunqin died wildly. After being killed by the water, Yu was able to repair the work of the carp. The Yellow Emperor is known as a hundred things to the Ming people to share the wealth, and the Emperor can repair it. Deeds are made for the sake of Situ; obedience to his officials and water death. Tang ruled the people with leniency and removed his abuse; King Wen ruled with Wen, and King Wu used martial arts to remove the people's sword. All of this is meritorious to the people. And the sun, the moon and the stars, the people also look up to; the mountains, forests, rivers and valleys and hills, the people take money and use it. Not this clan, not in the ceremony.
The Holy King laid down the principle of sacrifice: those who were set an example by the people should be sacrificed, those who died in the line of duty should be sacrificed, those who had contributed to the establishment of the kingdom should be sacrificed, those who could prevent disasters for the masses should be sacrificed, and those who could save the people from water and fire would be sacrificed. Therefore, when the Lishan clan ruled the world, he had a son named Nong, who could guide the people to cultivate hundreds of grains; at the time of the decline of the Xia Dynasty, the ancestors of the Zhou people abandoned the unfinished business of inheriting the farmers, so they were worshipped by posterity as the god of Ji. When the Gonggong clan dominated Kyushu, he had a son named Hou Tu, who was able to divide the terroir of Kyushu and make the people get what they wanted, so he was sacrificed as a shrine god. Emperor Zhao was able to demarcate four hours according to the operation of the stars, so that the people's labor and rest had a timely time; Di Yao could try to make the criminal law fair and set an example for the people; Di Shun died in other places to handle state affairs; He was killed for his great achievements in controlling the flood; Xia Yu could complete his father's unfinished business; the Yellow Emperor could give all kinds of things a suitable name, so that the people could be different from the nobles, and they could all use the property of The Mountains; Emperor Huan could further improve the cause of the Yellow Emperor; Qi as Situ had outstanding achievements in educating the people; he scrupulously fulfilled his duties and died at his post Shang Tang was able to treat the people with generosity and eliminate violence and peace; King Wen ruled with his culture, and King Wu used his martial arts to remove the scourge of Lu for the people. All of the above-mentioned people are people who have made meritorious contributions to the people, so they are sacrificed as gods. In addition, there are the gods of the sun, the moon, and the stars, on which the people distinguish between the four hours and arrange agricultural affairs; and the gods of mountains, forests, valleys, and hills, on which the people rely for obtaining all kinds of means of production and living. Those who do not belong to such a situation will not be sacrificed as gods.
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