The Nobel Prize in Physics is an annual award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to those who contribute to human society in the field of physics. It was established in 1895 by the will of Alfred Nobel and was one of five Nobel Prizes awarded in 1901; the other four are the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, the Nobel Prize in Literature, the Nobel Peace Prize and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Physicist Wilhelm Röntgen was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics in recognition of his extraordinary contribution to the discovery of X-rays. The prize, administered by the Nobel Foundation, is widely regarded as the most prestigious award a scientist in the field of physics can receive. It will be announced annually at the annual award ceremony in Stockholm on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death. From its inception to 2020, a total of 215 people have won the award.
background
In his will, Alfred Nobel said his wealth should be used to establish a series of awards that reward those who "made the greatest contribution" to humanity in fields such as physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature. Although Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last one was written a year before his death and signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895. Nobel used 94% of its total assets, I.e. SEK 31 million (about $198 million and €176 million in 2016) to establish and donate five Nobel Prizes. Skeptical of the will was not approved by the Norwegian Parliament until 26 April 1897, when Nobel's will was granted. His executors were Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist, who founded the Nobel Foundation to manage Nobel's estate and prize money.
Shortly after the adoption of the will, the Norwegian Nobel Committee became the awarding body of the Nobel Peace Prize. Subsequently, other Nobel-winning institutions were announced: karolinska Institutet on June 7, the Swedish Academy of Letters on June 9, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on June 11. The Nobel Foundation immediately established guidelines for the awarding of Nobel Prizes. In 1900, King Oscar II of Sweden promulgated a new charter for the Nobel Foundation. According to Nobel's last wishes, the Nobel Prize in Physics will be awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Nominations and selections
Three Nobel laureates in physics. Front row from left to right: Albert Abraham Michelson (1907 Nobel Laureate), Albert Einstein (1921 Nobel Laureate) and Robert Andrew Milligan (1923 Nobel Laureate) are three Nobel laureates in physics. Front row from left to right: Albert Abraham Michelson (1907 Nobel Laureate), Albert Einstein (1921 Nobel Laureate) and Robert Andrew Millikan (1923 Nobel Laureate)
Each year, the Nobel Prize in Physics is awarded to up to three people and two different scientific studies. Compared to other Nobel Prizes, the process of nominating and selecting a physics prize is long and rigorous. That's why it has become more and more important over the years and has won the throne of the most important awards in physics.
The Nobel laureates are elected by the Nobel Committee on Physics, which is composed of five members elected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In the first round of selection, which begins in September, about 3,000 pre-selected university professors, Nobel laureates in physics and chemistry, and others receive a confidential nomination form, which must be sent to the Nobel Committee by January 31 of the following year. After careful consideration by experts, the nominees were eventually narrowed down to about 15. The Commission then submits a report to the Royal Academy of Sciences, which includes a recommendation of the final candidate, to assist the Committee in its further deliberations. In the end, the Royal Academy of Sciences voted by a majority vote to select the winner of the Physics Prize.
The nominee's name is never made public, the nominee is never informed that he has been nominated, and the nomination record is sealed for 50 years. Although nominees are allowed, the winner can still be awarded if he or she dies within a few months between the committee's selection (usually in October) and the December award ceremony. Prior to 1974, if a candidate died after being nominated, the award was allowed to be awarded posthumously.
The rules for the Nobel Prize in Physics require that the laureate's scientific achievements must have been "tested in time." In practice, this means that the time lag between when a winner makes a scientific discovery and when he wins the prize is usually around 20 years, and possibly even longer. For example, half of the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Subramaniyan Chandrasekhar in recognition of his work on the structure and evolution of stars in the 1930s. The downside of this "time test" rule is that not all scientists live to the age when their scientific contributions are recognized, and when their scientific discoveries are recognized, they have passed away but can no longer be favored by the prize.
prize
Nobel laureates in physics receive a gold medal, a certificate with a certificate and a prize.
medal
Since 1902, nobel medals have been minted by the Royal Swedish Mint (Swedish: Myntverket) and the Norwegian Mint, a registered trademark of the Nobel Foundation. The obverse of each medal is printed with the left head of Alfred Nobel and the year of birth and death (1833-1896), which is also the exact same side of the medals of the Nobel Prize in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and literature, but the front design of the Nobel Peace Prize and the Economics Prize is slightly different. The reverse side of the medal is different due to the different institutions that award the medal, and the pattern is different. The design of the reverse of the Medals of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the Nobel Prize in Physics is the same, both of which are designs in which the goddess of knowledge unveils the veil of the goddess of nature. These medals, along with the Physiology/Medicine and Literature Medals, were designed by Eric Lindberg in 1902.
certificate
In 1903, marie Curie and Pierre Curie were awarded certificates
The King of Sweden personally awards Nobel Laureate Certificates, and each certificate is specially designed for the winner by the awarding body. The certificate contains a drawing and the winner's name, usually accompanied by a description of his or her achievements.
bonus
At the award ceremony, the winner will receive a document indicating the amount of the prize. Depending on the funding provided by the Nobel Foundation, the amount of the prize money may vary from year to year. For example, in 2009, the total prize money was SEK 10 million (about $1.4 million), but after the Great Recession in 2012, the total prize money fell to SEK 8 million (about $1.1 million). If there are two winners in a particular category, the prize money will be distributed equally among the winners, and if three winners receive the prize at the same time, the awards committee may choose to distribute the prize money equally or choose to give half of the prize money to one winner and the remaining half to the other two winners.
Awards Ceremony
As committees and bodies on the Nobel Prize Selection Committee, they usually announce the names of the winners in the first week of October. Every year on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death, the Nobel Prize ceremony takes place at the Stockholm Concert Hall. The winner will be awarded a certificate, a medal and a document confirming the amount of the prize.
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