What is the chapter and structure of Stone? Qu Lindong gave the following macroscopic summary in the book "Outline of the History of Chinese Historiography": "Shi Stone begins with "Six Houses" and "Two Bodies", expounding the origin of historiography from the content and form of the history book; "The Establishment of Historical Officials" and "Ancient and Modern History" outlines the general trend of the development of historiography, and summarizes the multi-way development of historiography with "Miscellaneous". These 5 articles are a clean-up of the history of the development of historiography. Its "Zaiyan", "Benji", "Shijia", "Column", "Table Calendar", "Shuzhi", "On Praise", "Preamble", "Title", "Limit Break", "Compilation", "Title", "Preface" and other articles are theories about the expression of historical books, and are mainly on the structure and style of historical books. Its "Collection", "Zaiwen", "Supplementary Notes", "Yinxi", "Yili", "Speech", "Floating Words", "Narrative", "Nuclear Talent", "Annoyance Province" and other articles are theories about the methods of compiling history books and the requirements for written expression. Its articles such as "Pinzao", "Straight Book", "Qu Pen", "Identification", "Tan Zhao", "Simulation", "Book Affair", "Characters" and so on are theories about the principles of historical understanding and writing. The three articles of "Discernment", "Self-Narration" and "Time of Sorrow" expound the author's experience, the purpose of writing, and the understanding of the social function of historiography. "Annoyance" is a complement to "Narrative". The remaining parts of the outer chapter, miscellaneous commentaries on the gains and losses of prehistory, are more examples to illustrate the theories of the above aspects. ”
As for the narrative content of the book "Stone", the "History of Chinese Historiography" edited by Bai Shouyi said: "The historical review and theoretical analysis of the historical writing made by "Stone" run through a main line of historical criticism. Judging from the order of the various articles of "Stone" and the problems involved, its theory of historical criticism has its own logical system. This system can be summarized as: genre, style, compilation method, expression requirements, writing principles, historical content, and historical functions. ”
It can be seen from this that "Stone" is a general exposition of the history books before the Tang Dynasty, and these expositions talk about the origin and development of history books, as well as the theory and compilation method of writing history books. Such a book had not appeared before Liu Zhiji, and this was the creation of Stone. And why did Liu Zhiji give this monograph such a name? He explained in the "Preface" of the book: "The Confucians of the former Han Dynasty, who set the scriptures and passed them on, were set in the White Tiger Pavilion, because of the name "White Tiger Pass". Since yu wrote this book in the history museum, he used "Stone" as the purpose. And after Sima Qian of Hanqiu, he was given the title of Shi Tongzi (史通子), which is the title of Zhishi (知史之通), which comes from Jiu. Absorb the consensus, and set the name. ”
Liu Zhiji said that he used a "Tong" character in the title of the book to imitate the Han Dynasty's "White Tiger Tong", and another reason was that Sima Qian was named Shi Tongzi, and those who knew history were called Tong, so he gave his monograph such a name. However, Xu Lingyun believed that Liu Zhiji's self-interpretation was not in place, so he further explained in the commentary of Liu Zhiji: "Liu Zhiji used "Stone" to draft "White Tiger Pass", and by no means just adopted the word 'Tong'. Our analysis has at least two meanings: First, the White Tiger View of the Confucian Treatise on the Five Classics is the same as the "White Tiger Tong", and this 'tong' word is the meaning of 'dredging', that is, dredging the scriptures, which is set as the standard. The meaning of "Stone" should be to dredge up historiography, and it has become a non-published classic, the law of future generations. This is by no means a blunt comparison. ”
As Qu Lindong said, "Stone" begins with "Six Houses" and "Two Bodies", which is to tell the origin of historiography from both content and form. Regarding what are the six families, Liu Zhiji clearly said in the book: "From ancient times to the present, the quality of the text has changed, and the works of history are not constant. There are six streams: one is the "Shang Shu" family, the second is the "Spring and Autumn" family, the third is the "Zuo Chuan" family, the fourth is the "Chinese" family, the fifth is the "Shi Ji" family, and the sixth is the "Han Shu" family. ”
Here Liu Zhiji listed the six classics of "Shang Shu", "Spring and Autumn", "Zuo Zhuan", "Chinese", "Shi Ji", and "Book of Han", and he believed that these six books represented six schools of historiography, to which he further said: "The six families of Kauz, the discussion of thousands of years, the flow of Gai Shi, are also poor in this. And The four families such as The Book of Shang, such as The Park Scattered Chun Pin, the Time Has Changed, and the Book of Shang, whose body is old and abandoned, can only be described by the ancestors, only the Zuo clan and the "Book of Han" are only two families. ”
With the change of the times, four of these six schools were gradually used less and less, and only the way the Zuo Zhuan and the Book of Han were written was inherited by later generations. As for the "two-body", it is actually what later generations call the chronicle and the chronicle. Xu Lingyun believes that liu Zhiji's two-body "is actually a chronology of the broken dynasty and a chronological body of the broken dynasty." Liu Zhiji's summary of this is: "The two bodies of Ban and Xun strive to be the first, and if they want to abolish one, it is difficult to be solid. Later, the author, did not go out of the way. Therefore, the history of the Jin Dynasty had Wang and Yu, and the vice-Gan "Ji"; the "Book of Song" had Xu and Shen, and was divided into Pei "Luo". Each has its own beauty, and it is parallel to the world. Liu Zhiji believed that Ban Gu's Book of Han was a chronicle of dynastic history created by inheriting Sima Qian's "Records of History", and Xun Yue's "Han Dynasty" was the precedent for the first chronicle of the chronicle of the Dynasty.
So which body does Liu Zhiji prefer? He compared the Zuo Zhuan and the Shi Ji in the "Stone": "Even if Qiu Ming's "Spring and Autumn" is written, the son wrote the "Shi Ji", and the body of the pen is Yu Si Beiyi. Later, the sequel, phase and follow, if there is a change, change its name, the area is limited, who can surpass this! Gai Gou Yue, Zhang Fan, Qiu Ming's Party also; Bangu, Hua Zhao, Zi Chang and the like also. Only these two families, each with its own dignity. ”
From this passage, we cannot see Liu Zhiji's tendency, and he has spoken of the strengths and weaknesses of the Ji Chuan style in the monograph, and what is Liu Zhiji's attitude toward the "Records of History" and the "Book of Han"? He said in "Stone Jian zhi": "Capture the "History" and "Han" sequels, and follow the martial arts. Wang Chong wrote books, both A class and B horse; Zhang Fu held the theory, and he was inferior and excellent. However, although these two books have been repaired to each other, they have heard gains and losses, and they are mostly the same wind, which can be connected. ”
From this passage, liu zhiji's fair attitude is still read, and on the whole, he has a high evaluation of both history books, and he said in "Stone Narrative": "The narrative of the former saints, from the Yao Dian, and finally obtained lin, is for the sake of the word than the matter, the purpose of estranging the distant. ...... Forgive the world for hundreds of millions of years, the scale of eternity, for the crown of the narrator, the actual turtle mirror. Ma Qian's "History Book", Ban Gu's "Book of Han", followed by the Saint, or secondly. The scholars of the late world all first known as the 'Five Classics', the Second Cloud 'Three Histories', and the Purpose of The History of the Scriptures are divided here. ”
Liu Zhiji believes that the "Shi Ji" and "Book of Han" are second only to the Five Classics, which can be described as a high evaluation, but he has many criticisms of the general history of the Ji Chuan body: "The search for the "Shi Ji" has a vast territory and a long period of time, and it is divided into ji chuan and scattered with book tables. Each country is a government, and Hu and Yue are hanging in the balance; the monarch and the subject are temporary, while the participation and the business are separated. This is also the loser of the body. At the same time, it contains many old memories, and sometimes collects miscellaneous words, so that those who read it rarely hear about it, but the words are revived. The annoyance of this transcript also. In fact, the "General History" has been descended, and the burden is particularly deep, so that scholars prefer to study this book, and they neglect to look at the new records, and there are few times to write, and there are many mutilations, which can be described as labor and fruitless, and the narrator should also be deeply admonished. ”
Regarding Liu Zhiji's view of history, he still insists on writing straight books, and Zhai Bozan gives an example in the "Stone Doubtful Ancient Chapters" in "On the Historiography of Liu Zhiji":
For example, he saw that when wuhou was born, villains were full of dynasties, and wuhou still regarded himself as emperor Yao, then the number of heaven was taken. Therefore, he quoted in the "Doubtful Ancient Chapters" that there were four evils and could not go to the legend of Yao Shi in the "Left Biography", and he said: "Si Ze dang 'Yao' world, the villain and the gentleman are ranked shoulder to shoulder, good and evil are indistinguishable, and the wise and the foolish are consistent." Quoting the legend of the Analects, "Shunju blames the unkind, and the unkind is far away", and it is said: "Yes, when the blame is not lifted, there are many unkindness." When Miyako is tested. The group of small incumbents is in power. Ngee Ann is called 'KeMing Junde' and 'Than The House Can Be Sealed'? ”
This shows how much Liu Zhiji was disgusted with the flattering historical record, and the ancients wrote history with a song pen, and Liu Zhiji divided the song pen into three kinds in "Stone", the song of secretive opinion, and the song of enmity and bribery. He believes that the first one is forgivable because it involves etiquette and filial piety, but the latter two cannot be tolerated: "It has dancing words and plays non-literary, if Wang Yin and Yu Prefade destroy and insult each other, Ziye and Xiu Wen explain each other." With the words of Sheyu Hu, Wei Fu is like the end of the pen, the ugly deeds of the author, and the same disease of human beings. There are also things that are false, and there are many words: or the beauty of the dummy, for personal gain, or the evil of the false, and the revenge of oneself. Ruo Wang Shen's "Wei Lu" indiscriminately stated the edict of degrading Zhen; Lu Ji's "History of Jin" bluffed and rejected Ge Zhifeng. Ban Gu received the gold and began to write, and Chen Shou borrowed rice and passed it on. This is also written down as a traitor, a murderer who carries a pen, although he wantsonly runs amok in the cities, he throws a jackal and a tiger. ”
Accepting bribes from others and deliberately falsifying history is not the work of an upright historian, so he criticized Wei Shu," which he wrote, and such criticisms were more than forty in stone. Gu Pu Qilong commented in the "Stone Stone Interpretation and Essentials": "The people who are sick and reprimanded by the Stone are the Later Wei and Later Zhou families. It is Liu, Xiao Daixing, Tuoba Taboo, Wei Harvest Northern Production, Eye for the Island Yi, Create a Strange Name, Righteousness, And sophistry, its history, the birth of the people do not believe. Black Otter Lord, Sin Fu he six, Su Qiao Gai, Wen Yi "Zhou Guan", Fang Zhi 'Mei Xin", no class is it? Its history is ashamed, and the shame is not straight. Unbelief is not straight, so is the thief of history. ”
In Liu Zhiji's eyes, what kind of historian is qualified? He said in "The Establishment of Stone And Shi Guan": "If the history of the officials is endless, and the bamboo veils are long-lasting, then their people are dead and empty, and their things are as they are, and they are the same as the stars." The scholar who uses the latter is to sit on the sac, and the gods have been handed over for eternity, and they have not left the house, but they have been poor for thousands of years, and they have seen the wise and thought together, and they have seen the unwise and introspected themselves. If the "Spring and Autumn" is written and the thieves are afraid, and the southern history is the book of thieves, its records are also the same, and so is its exhortation to good and punish evil. As far as Si is concerned, history is used, its benefits are very broad, it is the urgent task of the living people, it is the key to the country, and those who have a state-owned family are indispensable! ”
Liu Zhiji regarded the role of historical officials as very great, and he believed that the history books written by upright historians could play a role in persuading society to do good and punish evil, so it was said that the establishment of historical officials was one of the most important tasks of the state. However, Liu Zhiji also acknowledged that historians were superior and inferior, and he divided historians into three classes in "Stone Discernment": "History is a matter of duty, and there are three ways to go." Why? Manifest good and debase evil, do not avoid the strong, if the Jin Dong Fox, Qi Zhi Nan Shi, this is also the top. The order of Lecheng, Yu is immortal, Ruolu's Qiu Ming, Han's son is long, and this is followed by it. Highly talented and erudite, the name is important for a while, if the history of Zhou and the reliance of Chu, this is also the next. The three are not together, what is the compound? ”
With such high demands on historians, are there too few historians in history who can meet this criterion? The Old Book of Tang and the Biography of Liu Zhiji records the question that Libu Shangshu Zheng Weizhong raised to Liu Zhiji: "Libu Shangshu Zheng Weizhong asked Zi Xuanyue: 'Since ancient times, there have been many scribes and few historical talents. "History must have three lengths, and there is no one in the world, so there is little history." The three longs are also called talent, learning, and knowledge. The husband has learned but has no talent, and there are also hundreds of acres of fertile land, and the gold is full of grain, and the fool cannot survive, and in the end he cannot be killed by the goods. If there is talent and no learning, it is also a craftsman who crafts stones, and if the public loses, and the family has no axe and pound, it will not end up in its palace. Good is righteousness, good and evil must be written, so that the proud lord and thief are afraid, and this is the wing of the tiger, and the good is beyond measure, and the invincible are invincible. It is not his talent, and he must not dwell in history. Since ancient times, those who can respond to the eyes of the gods are rare. 'When people think they know what to say. ”
Zheng Weizhong noticed that there were many literati from ancient times to the Tang Dynasty, but there were very few historians, and he wondered why. Liu Zhiji replied that this is because there are too few people with historical talents, and he believes that qualified historians must have the three strengths of talent, learning, and knowledge. However, in history, there are very few people who can have three longs, but this theory proposed by Liu Zhiji has a greater impact on future generations. Bai Shouyi commented in the "History of Chinese Historiography": "Liu Zhiji clearly put forward the three historical theoretical categories of talent, learning, and knowledge, expounded the connection between the three, and regarded talent, learning, and knowledge as a whole and determined it as the highest standard for the quality of historians. Raising the issue of historians' literacy to a more conscious theoretical understanding has a positive effect on promoting the historians' own cultivation and the progress of historiography, and has important theoretical value in the history of Chinese historical criticism. ”
The concept of the three longs of historiography mentioned by Liu Zhiji has already influenced the field of historiography, and Yuan Ming of the Qing Dynasty said in the third volume of the "Suiyuan Poetry": "The three longs of history: talent, learning, and knowledge are indispensable. The same is true of Yu Zhi poetry, and knowledge is the first; non-knowledge is misused with learning. ”
Liu Zhiji's knowledge gradually became influential in the DPRK, and his position was gradually improved, and he later achieved Sanpin. Unfortunately, he was exiled for his son's crimes, and Liu Zhiji went to the relevant departments to argue, but the matter was overheard by Emperor Xuanzong, so he demoted him to the governor of Anzhou. Liu Zhiji died shortly after arriving in Anzhou at the age of 61. A thousand years later, Liu Zhiji's former residence, ancestral hall and tomb have disappeared, and his hometown is Xuzhou is an indisputable fact, so after some searching, I finally found that there is a statue of him in the Xuzhou Celebrity Park, so it became the target of my search.
Come to the Hall of Fame
On July 21, 2018, I went to several places in Jiangsu to search, and my first stop was Xuzhou. Before the trip, I made a collusion with Xiao Yanbo, a book lover in Xuzhou, and she had helped me implement the situation of the search points one by one. Stepping out of the high-speed rail station, she got into the car of her close comrade-in-arms Mr. Zhang Qinghui and went to visit Li Keyan's former residence, and then transferred to the Xuzhou Hall of Fame. Unfortunately, when I arrived, the museum was closed. Xiao Yanbo explained to the security guards that I had come from afar and hoped to be accommodating, because I only entered the museum to photograph the statue of Liu Zhiji. But the security guards here are also as upright and selfless as Liu Zhiji, who said that he would come back after 9:30 tomorrow morning and the statue inside would also be there.
The main entrance of the Hall of Fame
Xuzhou I have come a few times, each time I feel different, thirty years ago I came to Xuzhou for a meeting, then Xuzhou was more like a miasma of industrial city, especially this city is a railway transportation hub, buying a ticket to get a ride can be imagined. The simple square of the train station was lined with lines of passengers, who were crowded in disorder, and although I did not have dense phobias, the chaotic scene still made me panic. However, in recent years, Xuzhou has changed my previous impression, especially the green mountains and rivers around the Hall of Fame, and the artificial buildings are quite in harmony with the environment, and the Hall of Fame is surrounded by water on several sides, and the artificial waterfall is also gushing like a spring, which is like a design in the middle of the water.
Although I was not able to walk into the Hall of Fame to admire the statue of Liu Zhiji, this closed door soup did not affect my mood, because I searched for pictures on the Internet, and there was a statue of Liu Zhiji in the Hall of Fame where the Hall of Fame was located, so Zhang Qinghui and Xiao Yanbo took me into the Celebrity Park. It was past five o'clock in the afternoon, and the weather here was unusually hot and muggy because of the forecast typhoon. Although the typhoon eventually struck other places, the sweltering heat it brought also made the three of us sweat like rain.
Statue of Zhang Daoling
The Garden of Fame is located at the back of the Hall of Fame, which was originally hilly, so the builders built the garden according to the shape, and placed some celebrity statues related to Xuzhou on the side of the winding path. But the way forward is divided into left and right sides, and Zhang Qinghui suggested going right in the direction of the car, so we walked into a one-meter-wide path, and the first ancient person we saw at the intersection was Zhang Daoling. Continuing on, here I saw two people looking at the statue of Zhu Jian, the signature plate said Liu Xiang, while the young man next to him did not indicate, obviously this should be Liu Xin. In fact, Liu Xin's position in the history of Chinese scripture is very important, and his name is not on the explanatory plaque of the statue, which makes me feel a little unfair for him.
Liu Zhiji statue explanatory plaque
Panorama of Liu Zhiji statue
The third statue I saw further on was Liu Zhiji, whom I was looking for, and I saw that he was wearing official clothes and reading books with a few lines, and there were two lines of books next to the side of the few. Looking closer, the cover of the envelope is indeed printed with the word "Stone", but the person who made the statue seems to be unfamiliar with the way the ancient book envelope is pasted, and he prints the bookmark in the middle of the envelope.
Stone
The door is closed
I was of course very happy to see Liu Zhi here, and I looked around this statue for a shooting angle. Directly in front of this statue is an antique hut, and in the green space in front of the house stands a stele with the inscription "Tianya Xingbei Forest", which is shen peng. However, the moon door of the small courtyard was closed tightly, and the condition of the stele forest inside could not be seen. Standing on the back of Liu Zhiji, I could see that directly in front of him was the red moon gate, and I didn't know if he would feel dazzled when he was reading here.
Shen Peng's handwriting
Tianya Xingbei Forest Chronicle
Net Inspection Mage Introduction Card
Pure Inspection Mage Statue
After seeing Liu Zhiji continue to move forward, he also saw Liu Yiqing, Zhang Zhupo, Peng Zu, etc., and here he also saw the statue of the first ordained bhikshuni pure inspection master. There are so many celebrities in Xuzhou, and Xiao Yanbo sighed that the local tourism resources have not been fully publicized to the outside world, in fact, Xuzhou still has many historical celebrities. Zhang Qinghui loves calligraphy and painting, and he also has research on the history of Xuzhou, and he told me about the different views of xuzhou on these historical celebrities.
Pengzu in the shade of a tree
Crabapples
The next morning, the three of us came to the Xuzhou Hall of Fame, the door of the museum is still tightly closed, knocking on the glass door came a female security guard, she looked at my hand camera, immediately said solemnly: "This museum prohibits taking pictures." "I looked at the various objects in the Hall of Fame were all newly made, and there were no cultural relics at all, so why should there be such strict regulations?" The security guard's explanation was simply accurate: "The leader said that he could not let the shooting, so he could not shoot." ”
The next morning came again
The first floor of the museum
This morning came deliberately but could not take pictures, of course, this is a little unhappy, Xiao Yanbo is more patient than I have, she tried to negotiate with the security guard, and the security guard said that this requires the consent of the leader, and then she gave Xiao Yanbo an office phone, Xiao called and explained carefully to the other party, and finally got the answer, and then we walked into the museum. Along the way, on the whole, the Hall of Fame is quite careful in terms of exhibition arrangement, although the entire hall is not large, but it is compact and orderly.
Liu Zhiji stood next to Li Yu
We walked and visited, through the main exhibition hall to the side hall, between the two halls designed a curved open-air courtyard, this curved wall respectively shaped a number of celebrities in Xuzhou, the first one on the right hand is Liu Zhiji. I was a little excited to find him so easily, and I was just about to take a picture when a security guard immediately came over to stop it. Xiao Yanbo told him that he had obtained the consent of the museum, but the security guard said that he had not received orders from the leader. A middle-aged man came over during the negotiation, and when he saw this, he immediately said to the security guard: "Let him take a picture." So the security guard opened the side door for me, and I took a picture of Liu Zhiji, who was writing.
Liu Zhiji
The ground is a huge ancient map of Xuzhou
The floor of this curved courtyard was covered with white rubble, somewhat like the dry landscape of Japan, and I was inconvenient to step into it, so I could only take pictures obliquely, but the staff member let me step in directly to take pictures clearly. I was a little flattered by this tolerance, so I came out to thank him after taking the picture. He talked to me about the situation of the museum, and then took me all the way along the exhibition line, and I also took the opportunity to show him that I was not an idle person who entered the museum to take pictures.
Historical Introduction
Xuzhou celebrities do not have Liu Xin's place
Liu Zhiji introduced the display board
As we walked over to a side wall, the staff member pointed to a row of inscriptions on the wall and asked, "Whose font do you think this is?" Seemingly casually, I heard what he meant by examining me. Fortunately, I was quite familiar with this person's words, and casually said: "This is Zhang Boying's font, but it has a maximum of nine likes." The staff told me that this was indeed Zhang Boying's book, but there was a slight deformation in the production of this word. And I lamented to him that there is no place for Liu Xin in this Hall of Fame, and Liu Xin's influence in history is not under his father Liu Xiang. However, the staff said that the selection of celebrities and the corresponding designs were approved by the relevant departments, and they did not have the right to add a celebrity here.
Chu River Han Boundary
Book Shadow
The water of the Yellow River rises from heaven
Well, I have seen the rapid changes in Xuzhou over the years, and I think that the next time I come to Xuzhou, Liu Xin should already be standing in the Hall of Fame. In fact, I should be satisfied, not only did I see Liu Zhiji in the courtyard here, but he was also in a prominent position in this museum, which shows that the locals are quite proud of Liu Zhiji.