The discovery of Yunmeng Qinjian is of great significance for objectively understanding and correctly evaluating the history of the Qin State, and accurately interpreting the content of Qin Jian is its premise.
1. Qin Jian's writing style. The writings of Qin Jian are all Lishu. The owner of tomb No. 11 of Yunmeng Sleeping Tiger Land, a person named "Xi", was born in the forty-fifth year of King Qin Zhaowang (262 BC) in the late Warring States period, and died in the fifth year after the establishment of the Qin Dynasty (the thirtieth year of Qin Shi Huang), at the age of forty-six. Before his birth, he was an official of the local judicial prison, and after his death, he was buried in the tomb with the legal documents and reference cases he had copied.
These simple bamboos are clearly written, all of which are in the ink script rather than the seal body, which proves that although the First Emperor promoted the "book with the same text", the book was not written in different languages. After Qin Shi Huang unified the world, he began to unify the writing, stipulating that Qin Xiaozhuan should be used as a unified book style and abolishing "those who do not merge with Qin wen", which is conducive to eliminating the drawbacks of seriously hindering economic, cultural, social exchanges and political unity formed by the feudal princes, which is a historic progress. However, at the same time as the seal book passed, the common people created a new book body that was simpler than the seal book, which was the Lishu. This font stroke straight and square folded, the structure is flat, easy to write, therefore, not only popular, that is, the feudal government to write documents, in addition to important edicts, generally use lishu. Therefore, Lishu is a more widely used style of writing after the unification of the Qin Dynasty, and legal documents such as Yunmeng Qinjian are also written in Lishu. Guo Moruo pointed out: "The greater merit of The First Emperor of Qin in reforming the script was the adoption of the Lishu. ”
2. Changes in Qin characters. For example, the character "shi", king Zhaoxiang forty years on the county shouge, his engineer's "division" character is written "帀", and the Qin Jian engineer's teacher is all written as "shi". Shi zi was written in and before the Zhaoxiang Dynasty, and was not changed to a master until the end of the Warring States period, which can be used as a measure of age.
The pre-Qin character 殹 is a mood aid and has the same meaning as "also". Qin Jian used 殹 instead of also, the same as other inscriptions from the time of the First Emperor. The Edict of Qin II and the wooden mu mu excavated from tomb No. 4 of sleeping tiger land are also written in characters. It has long existed in the Qin script, but it was only during the Qin II period that it was absorbed into the standard Qin seal. However, during the qin dynasty, there were still characters on individual utensils.
The "honor" character of Shang martingale Fangsheng is "inch", cubic inch.
Not the summer moon, do not dare to turn the night grass into ashes. Night, doubtful reading is the choice. Night grass is ash, which means taking grass to burn ash.
Concubines and women embroidered it with a proverb, and one woman became a man. Proverbs, i.e. needles.
The word "secret" is the best sign of the times. Yingzheng, that is, Qin Wangzheng, in order to avoid the secret of government and orthography, Qin Jian's "Book of the Day" is deceitful as the end: "to correct the people's heart", "can not be self-righteous (positive) also" and "no public (righteous) heart". According to the "Chronicle of The Moon of Qin Chu", the first month is the end of the month, and the "Suo Yin" cloud: "Qin Zhenzheng, so the cloud moon is also." The common title of "Eighteen Kinds of Qin Laws" and "Sealed Diagnosis Style" is "Li Dian", which is actually LiZheng. "Han Feizi Wai chu said the story of the time of King Qin Zhao", Qin Li set up Li Zheng, Qin Zhuang Xiang Wang period township officials shang name Li Zheng, Wu Lao, the next three years away from Qin Shi Huang, the simple text called Zheng as a canon, a word change, obviously to avoid Qin Shi Huang, the law written during the Qin Shi Huang period.
Qin Shi Huang said that the stone carvings before the emperor, jian bamboo, and shuai used the word "辠" instead of the word "sin", and Qin Shi Huang said that all the "辠" after the emperor was changed to the word "sin". The Shuowen explains, "Qin changed it to a crime that resembled an imperial character." The glyphs of 辠 and huang are indeed similar and easy to mix.
3, Qin Jian rare word. The "Death of a Thief" in the "Sealed Diagnosis Style" has a sentence of "㞪負䪼 are all bloody". 㞪, brain; negative, i.e. horn, frontal horn; 䪼, lower part of the orbit. Bleeding in the brain, frontal horns, and lower orbit.
"The Way of the Official" says: "Three days of cutting." The Book of the Day says, "It is good to wear clothes." "Ride, crown, sword, and clothes." 裚 is a variant of the word "system"; 裚衣 is to make clothes; 裚割意意義義作、Decision.裚削義義作、Decision.裚.
The Eighteen Kinds of Qin Laws says: "And the dummies are not good at eating cattle, and the cattle are bad." It should be read as barren and thin.
The "Law of The Field" says: Entering the field, with the number of fields received, there is no (reclamation) and no (reclamation), and it is into the three stones and two stones. 芻, forage; grain, grass stalks. Simplified texts and ancient books often use the word 芻稾. "Huainanzi Feng Theory": "The time of Qin,...... Entering the Temple, the head will be endowed and lost to the Shaofu. Note: "The tax shall be levied on the grain for the use of the state." ”
The Book of Conduct says: Those who are in a hurry to do the Book of Destiny and the Book of Books, and those who are not in a hurry, the Day, do not dare to stay. Those who remain are judged by the law. That's it.
4. Qin simple and vulgar characters. The Book of the Day says: "The man who gives birth to a child is to see, and the woman is a witch." "See the word for the province of the word. The "Sayings" says: "Qi, can fast and suppress the gods." In the male yue, in the female witch. Xu Kai's "Lineage Biography" Yun: "I can see God and will understand." "Jianwen province made a view, and lost the structure of the meaning word.
The "Law of Validity" says: "Those who win their nationality and those who do not have it are admitted to their winning brigade clothing, and they are condemned for not having travel clothes." "In ancient times, the armor worn on the upper body was called the upper brigade, the lower body was called the lower brigade, and the armor leaf was called the za. Brigade is a combination of the two words of travel clothes. If the number of armor and nail leaves exceeds or is insufficient, the excess shall be handed over, and the insufficient shall be ordered to make compensation.
The Miscellaneous Copies of the Qin Laws say: 缮卒兵, imperfect (缮), 丞, KuShifu ,吏赀二甲,法 (abolished). "Good is good, repair." The law (traditional chinese) is abolished, that is, its position or identity is abolished or revoked. As one of the penalties, it applies only to feudal officials, those who hold certain public offices, and members of the royal family. There is a difference between abolition and exemption, and the one who is exempted can be restarted; the one who is abolished will never be used. For example, the "Qin Law Miscellaneous Copy" Yun: "Appoint a deposed official as an official, and make a second-class official." ”
5. Qin Jian special character. For example, the word "verbose". "Eighteen Kinds of Qin Laws" said: Punish the soap-free person in February. "Workers' Journey" said: Two concubines were working as one. The JinBulu says: Shōgun Nozo, Shi Yu, ten people, raise one person. "The Law of Effect" says: Officials and redundant officials taste the goods that are not prepared and win. The "Law of The Barn" says: There are urgent matters in the concubine festival, and there is always redundancy, and it is necessary to eat according to the law; do not be in a hurry. If the concubines have urgent service, they should be gathered together and should be given rations in accordance with the provisions of the law, and there is no need to assemble in a hurry. Verbosity is generally interpreted in ancient books as verbosity, where verbosity is more or more numerous.
Another example is the word "be". "Sikong" said: The one who is prepared to be paid at the end of the day, Xu Zhi. "Legal Answers" said: Now or steal, steal a kidney, kidney stolen money, what is the argument? The ancestral body and its limbs are each a body, and the stolen body of one body does not profit from a dollar, and the theft is resistant. Or worth twenty dollars, and stolen, not a single body, and the thief is not straight, according to the law. The Law of Cang: Those who have been (wheeled) out of the accumulation of ten thousand stones and those who have not been surplus ten thousand stones do not dare to increase the accumulation. It has the meaning of dispersion and fragmentation, which is rare in ancient books.
Another example is the word "deep". The "Law of the Fields" says: Ride on a horse and serve the cattle, and after february, the Buddha, the Buddha, all stop, do not pray, do not give. Those who are not (without) permanent citizenship in the field, do not go deep into it when they attain the day. The "Miscellaneous Copies of the Qin Laws" says: Those who dare to benefit their labor age deeply, give up the first class, and abandon the labor. The deep reading here is even more, meaning to increase, to exceed. But deep is sometimes also read review, meaning fixed. For example, the "Golden Cloth Law" says: Those who work and lose officials are deeply counted by their years.
Another example is the word "festival". The Eighteen Kinds of Qin Laws says: The latter section is not prepared, and the late entrant is solely responsible. The Law of the Officials says: The Festival of officials does not exist, so that the gentleman does not (have no) harm if he orders Shi Shouguan, does not order Guan Zuo and Shi Shou. The gist of it is: If the official servant is not there, call the knight or the lingshi agent who does not make a mistake, and do not call the official zuo or shi agent. Qin Mumu: When this book festival arrives, the mother regards Anlu Silk Cloth as a, and can be a Zen skirt holder, and the mother will do it, so that she and Qian will come with her. The abridgement here is the same as the meaning of if.
Another example is the word "to". The Law of the Fields says: Those who are in the field and do not (have no) permanent origin, do not go deep into it when they reach the sun. To the Book of Rites, Qu Li: "The devotees of the land are written to the book." Zhu Junsheng's "Speaking Of Literature and Training": "According to the Jude coupons." "This refers to the receipt of feed vouchers.
6. Qin Jiantong pseudonym. "Sealing The Diagnosis Style" says: It is to solve the problem, depending on the mouth and nose (whether there is a sigh or not)... The book of the lord, with a certain number of words, no explanation, the treatment of a certain. Wei Tong sighed. Flogging, beating with a whip or bamboo board.
The JinbuLu says: The publicly responsible the people for not appreciating, but also moving their counties and countys. Responsibility for debts, rewards for repayment. Again: fifteen people, one or two in an ox cart, and one person who saw cattle. Two-way vehicle. The Law of the Stables says: "Those who are in a hurry to make a loser, let him reward him directly with his undefeated." Straight-through value, reward and reimbursement.
The Miscellaneous Copies of the Laws of Qin say: For obedience to the Book of Commandments, Fafu Xing, Patience for Hou; Not to open a seat, to be a second class, to be fa. For the sake of falsification, Hou Tonghou, and to avoid.
"Qin Law Miscellaneous Copy" said: Zang leather bridge, YiFu Yijia, Ling, Cheng Yi Shield. Zang Tongzang, Qiao Tongyin. Also: For obedience,...... Not secluded, not secluded, second class, law (abolished). For pseudo-counterfeiting, secluded avoidance.
The Eighteen Kinds of Qin Laws says: Bai Cang Cao Shi Attack (Gong), Participate in Food; Do Not Exercise (Gong), Eat with Law. Attack the kung fu.
The "Answer to the Law" said: If the husband steals a thousand dollars and the wife hides three hundred, why talk about the wife? If a wife and a wise husband steal and hide it, he should steal the three hundred theories; and if he is unwise, he shall receive it. Smart Notifications. Also: It has a house sin, a palace of atonement. The government is corrupt. The so-called prefectural crime is the crime that should be punished by the palace.
The Law of Sikong says: Straight one money, rule ten, straighten twenty dollars or more, rule it. Straight through value, cure through flogging, which is familiar.
"Legal Q&A" said: Doctor A Jian ghost salary, ghost salary death, ask A can be discussed? When he is engaged in the government, he who must die must be given. Now A is engaged, there is going to die, January is getting, can it be discussed? When a shield is given, it is engaged again. Engaged in death, death, can be discussed? Be resistant. There is a pass, and there can be a pass.
"Sealing Style" said: A certain LiShi five (Wu) A binding man C, admonished: "C, Jia Chen, Qiao Hun, do not make a field, do not listen to A orders." Buy the public, cut off the city, and receive jia money. "Bridge through arrogance, buy through selling, Jia through the price."
"The Way of the Official" says: When you see the benefits of the material, you dare not say that you are rich; when you are difficult to see death, you do not dare to say anything. Material through money, sentence through gou. Also: Do not like to be rich, do not be evil and poor, are practicing self-cultivation, and have been blessed in the past; the kings and ghosts are loyal, the father is filial to the son, and the government is the foundation (also). Passing through the misfortune, the ghost is through the heart, and the z is through the mercy.
The Chronicle says: Fifty-three years, who joined the army. Who pushes. For fifty-three years, he chose officials to join the army.
Historical records: The father of the city, Fanyang ShiWukui, took Jia Renzi as his wife, and shu was four years old. Five-way, take the marriage. Dun Tong Tun of the Qin Law of The Law of The Tun Table. The South County of the Book of Words is respectful and respectful of the police. Qin Jianzhong tong pseudonyms are more than that.
7. The original meaning and changes of Qin Jian characters. The author of the "Chronicle" records: Sixteen years, July Ding Wei, the end of the public. Accounting for the year. Male refers to the father. The author claimed that his father was a male and his mother was a concubine, which was in line with the customs of the time.
The "Legal Questions and Answers" says: Honorable (enemies) to fear the hearts of the people, kill. What about killers? To be killed, to be killed is to be killed. Qin Lu's explanation of the killing helps us to accurately understand the meaning of the killing. Past explanations of killing have not been very precise. "Sayonara": "Kill, kill." "Zhou Li": "Killing, humiliating, both killing and humiliating." It should be said that the explanation of Qin Jian's "Legal Questions and Answers" is clearer: when he is alive, he is humiliated, and then he is beheaded after being humiliated. Qin's execution is different from the general idea of killing. Beheading is generally called "chopping", and in Qin shi is waist chopping. Before the beheading, the beheading must perform certain procedures, so that the victim is first humiliated and then beheaded. Torture is also different from corpse. For the living, the corpse is for the dead. After the death of the corpse, the corpse was beheaded and displayed to the public. Now killing refers to killing or mass killing.
The "Legal Questions and Answers" says: The furuncle is guilty and is condemned to death. Furuncles, the disease of bad sores, is what is called leprosy in modern times. To kill is to be thrown into the water and drowned.
8. Explanation of Qinjian terms. (1) Dian people. "Legal Q&A": What is Dian people? The Dian people keep filial piety and sacrifice the gongzuka. Dian people are the guards who manage the tombs of filial piety and dedication.
(2) Concubines. In the Qin Dynasty, the status of a concubine was a slave, and the male was called a subject and the female was called a concubine. In Qin Jian, all the "concubines" seen were private, privately owned slaves. Corresponding to this was the "subordinate concubine", who belonged to the slaves of the government. There are many sources of subordinate concubines, some from prisoners of war and bought with money, such as the example of privately selling slaves to the government in the "Confessions"; there are children of slaves, such as the punishment of a certain subordinate's wife in the "Legal Questions" for not recognizing the subordinates; of course, there are also cases of crimes and their families who have been registered.
(3) Not straight, indulgent, or sentenced. The State of Qin had extremely strict requirements for legal workers, and they had to bear corresponding legal responsibilities for misjudging themselves without mastering the laws. The Qin Dynasty law divided the responsibility of officials for prison breaks into three situations: "not straight", "indulgent prisoner", and "lost sentence". Those who deliberately impose a heavier or lighter sentence when sentenced to prison are called "not straight"; those who should be convicted but deliberately fail to judge, or deliberately mitigate the circumstances of the case so that they do not meet the standard of sentencing, are called "indulgent prisoners"; those who are guilty of entering or leaving people because of negligence are called "negligence". During the reign of Qin Shi Huang, a number of officials who were not direct in prison were assigned to Lingnan and the construction of the Great Wall. Those who indulge in the death penalty should also be sentenced to death. Therefore, the legal workers of the Qin State have worked hard to study the laws of the Qin State, acted strictly according to the law, and tried their best to avoid the problems of "not being straight," "indulging in prisoners," and "losing sentences."
(4) Inuyasha. Inuqiu is the name of the place in the pre-Qin period, and there are at least four Dog Mounds in historical records, namely SongGuo Dog Hill (present-day Cao County, Shandong), Weiguo Dog Hill (present-day Yongcheng, Henan) in the east, and InuQiu (present-day Xingping City, Shaanxi) in the Guanlong region in the west, and West Dog Hill (Li County, Gansu). Mr. Duan Lianqin once made a brilliant exposition in the article "On the Westward Migration of the Yi People and the Origin and Clan Of Qin Wei": "The place names have hill characters, which are unique to the Yi people's residential areas in the east of China... The two dog mounds in Guanzhong are obviously not the residences of the locals, but were brought from the east when Yiyi moved into Guanzhong (historical geography calls this the migration of place names). From Cao County in Shandong Province and Yongcheng in Henan Province to Dog Hill in Xingping, Shaanxi province and Dog Hill in Gansu, this is exactly the footprint that Luyi has traveled from the east to the west. ”
Inuyasha And Nishi Inuyama are two places. In the early days of The Qin Dynasty, there were four important residences in the Western Regions: Inuqiu (Xingping, Shaanxi), West Dogqiu (Lixian County, Gansu), Gangu, and Qinyi (Zhangjiachuan, Gansu).
(5) Qin Pavilion. There are two Qinting, one in Fan County, Shandong Province, and one in Qingshui County, Gansu.
(6) Conduct court affairs. The "Legal Questions and Answers" said: The real officials and households are not closed, and if they are allowed to make decisions, the court will act on a bribe. The practice of court affairs is the precedent of the prison break that the court has already performed, which is the same as the "act" and "story" of the Han Dynasty. Not all court affairs are carried out because the law does not expressly stipulate, and it is necessary to create a precedent, and then the prison sentence has to be aided, and some of them are based on the circumstances and nature, on the basis of the provisions of the law, the punishment is aggravated. For example, if you steal 100 pieces of money, you are accused of stealing 110 pieces of money, and the accuser deliberately adds ten pieces of money privately and wants to be fined one shield, which is in line with the original law, but "doing court affairs" is punished with false accusations and punished by the second rank.
(7) Household registration and Fu nationality. Household registration, the living, the deceased cut; Fu nationality, only adult men registered, Qin at the end of the Warring States period men seventeen-year-old Fu nationality. Household registration is for the state to control the number of people under the world, as a basis for collecting and collecting gifts. Adult Fu is for the purpose of conscription, conscription, and mastery of the needs of the divided family.