Recently, Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia has been menacing, and many people have been recruited, and there are more patients with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in hospitals across the country, especially children. People can't help but ask: what is Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumoniae, what drugs are used for treatment, especially for our autistic children (autism), how to prevent it, and how to solve it if they encounter infection?
1. What is Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an atypical pathogen that can grow in the presence or absence of aerobic conditions and is a common pathogen in nature. Inflammation of the lungs caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is called Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia and can affect the bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and interstitium. It is more common in children 5 years of age and older, but can occur in children under 5 years of age.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) is the most common community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children aged 5 years and older in mainland China.
2. Transmission and symptoms of Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia is mainly transmitted by droplets and contact, and the pathogen can be carried in the secretions of coughing, sneezing, and runny nose.
The Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia in Children (2023 Edition) issued by the National Health Commission states that Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia is more common in children aged 5 years and above, but children under 5 years old can also develop the disease. Fever and cough are the main clinical manifestations, which may be accompanied by headache, runny nose, sore throat, otalgia, etc. Fever is mainly moderate to high, and persistent high fever indicates severe disease. The cough is severe and may resemble whooping cough. Some children have wheezing, which is more common in infants and young children. Early pulmonary signs may be subtle, and decreased breath sounds and dry and wet rales may occur as the disease progresses.
3. Anti-infective drugs for Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumoniae
For patients with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumoniae, first-line treatment includes macrolides (eg, azithromycin), tetracyclines (eg, doxycycline), and quinolones (eg, levofloxacin or moxifloxacin) for respiratory infections
Azithromycin, as the only second-generation macrolide with a 15-membered ring, has a long half-life of about 68h, has an antibacterial effect, only needs to be taken once a day, the course of medication is shorter, and the patient's compliance and tolerance are better, so azithromycin has become the main drug for clinical treatment.
It is important to note that:
Azithromycin does not prevent Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, and taking it in advance may bring side effects and even cause drug resistance
Some adverse reactions may occur after taking azithromycin, including gastrointestinal reactions, liver damage, prolongation of the QT interval in the heart, etc
If macrolide resistance is suspected, a quinolone or tetracycline can be switched to a quinolone or tetracycline under the guidance of a physician if there are no clear contraindications
Fourth, these 3 situations must go to the hospital
Ou Qian, Master of Pediatrics and Attending Physician of the Department of Pediatrics of Chongqing Medical University, has the following recommendations (all children, including children with autism):
In our pediatric field, we use the ABC of Pediatric Assessment (PAT), which is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics. The assessment is in the three directions of appearance, breathing and circulation, which parents can also refer to at home.
1. Appearance: Look at whether the child's eyes are inflexible or not, and whether he is as clever as usual. If the child looks at the eyes and looks for something, there must be nothing wrong with the child.
Autistic children may have poor eyes, and parents can compare them with usual. For example, if you are still interested in the items you are usually interested in, this one may indicate that the child is actually in a good state.
Looking at the mental state of the child's whole person, parents must have a concept of whether the child is spiritual or not.
2. Breathing: In a normal state, our breathing is calm and smooth, if the child's breathing is not calm, not smooth, and there is no special reason, just like just climbing a very high staircase, very tired, breathing fast, this situation should be taken seriously.
3. Circulation: Circulation refers to the meaning of blood circulation in our body. It mainly depends on whether the child's face is good, whether the lips are red or not, and whether the ends of the hands and feet are as warm as usual. If the child's face is very good, very moist, puffy, and the hands and feet are warm to the touch, and the feeling is very comfortable, this cycle is good. When the fever and body temperature rise, cold hands and feet are a common phenomenon, and you can take antipyretic medicine for 30 minutes and then observe it.
If any one or more of these 3 are abnormal, it is advisable to seek medical attention.
When parents go to the doctor, be sure to tell the medical staff in time and early if you feel uneasy.
5. How to treat and cope with children with autism?
Ou Qian, a master of pediatrics from Chongqing Medical University and an attending physician in the Department of Pediatrics, has the following suggestions:
Children with autism (autism) may have some special problems, such as being prone to emotional loss of control in a crowded and noisy hospital, difficulty in communicating and cooperating with consultations, if they have to go to the hospital, what preparations can parents make before the consultation to help the doctor quickly understand the child's condition?
If you have a choice, I recommend going to a private hospital with fewer people and a better environment.
Secondly, if there are more adults in the family, parents can also act in batches, such as an adult to step on the point first, first to familiarize themselves with the environment, and then take the child over, so that they know what to do.
It may be more difficult for autistic children to adapt to the hospital or a new environment than ordinary children, and parents will spend more energy on their children, so it is easy to be overwhelmed by answering the doctor's questions at the same time.
Therefore, I recommend that parents prepare a description of their condition in advance. For example, according to the chronological order, write down the development process, medication situation, and disease development process in advance, so that doctors can quickly grasp the information.
If the child has vomiting, diarrhea and other conditions, parents can take photos or videos of the vomit, stool, and the child's special situation.
It's best to prepare these things in advance in your phone and call them up at any time.
During the physical examination, it is best for parents to talk to the doctor about the child's underlying medical conditions first, so that the doctor can better prepare and deal with them. Pediatricians have the ability to win the cooperation of children. For example, try to make your child comfortable and not cause them to resent it. Some children have a sensitive sense of touch, and doctors give them more time to get used to using the stethoscope.
I have a very impressed patient who is also a special child, and the parents told me that the child is autistic, and she can assist me when I have a check-up.
When I talk to my child later, I use more concise language and give him more time to react. If I didn't know beforehand, I would have treated him like a normal child.
6. How to prevent Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection?
There is currently no vaccine to prevent mycoplasma pneumonia, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is not lifelong immunity. The most important thing to prevent Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is to develop good personal hygiene Xi.
1. Try to avoid crowded and poorly ventilated public places, and wear a mask for protection when necessary.
2. Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing, or cover it with your elbow or sleeve, and throw the used tissue into the trash can with a lid.
3. Pay attention to hand hygiene, use soap and hand sanitizer to clean and wash hands under running water. If running water is not available, wipe down and disinfect your hands with an alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
4. In the epidemic season, pay attention to indoor ventilation, and ventilate for no less than 30 minutes each time to keep the air fresh.
5. Develop healthy living Xi, exercise moderately, increase body resistance, pay attention to keeping warm, and avoid cold.
6. Schools, kindergartens and other key places should pay attention to ventilation and disinfection, do a good job of daily cleaning, strengthen health monitoring, and avoid cluster infection.
The above is all the information about when a child with autism is infected with mycoplasma pneumonia, and these 3 conditions must go to the hospital. In addition, if the child continues to have a high fever and the irritating dry cough is obvious, parents should take the child to see a doctor in time in combination with the characteristics of the high incidence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in autumn and winter, and can choose pediatric respiratory, pediatric internal medicine, emergency department, etc. If your child has a large area of lung consolidation, even with atelectasis, or a large pleural effusion, he or she may need to be hospitalized. If these conditions are not available, they can be treated at home and taken as prescribed.
Source: National Health Commission, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, CCTV News