The ritual music system is divided into the ritual system and the music system, and the music system as a whole is manifested in the four aspects of the configuration of musical instruments, the establishment of the band, the number of dance teams and the repertoire of music and dance. In the case of chimes, music system refers to the state of the orchestration, scales, and combinations.
Previously, Mr. Wang Youhua made an overall analysis of the large-scale arrangement and combination of chimes in the pre-Qin period, Mr. Chang Huaiying discussed the arrangement of the Eastern Zhou music bells in the northern region, including a more detailed analysis of the chime music system in the Sanjin region, and Mr. Zhang Wenjie made a study on the music system of the Jin Dynasty bell system.
In recent years, the newly discovered bells of the Eastern Zhou and Jin kingdoms have been published one after another, so on the basis of the above research, the author will include the new archaeological discoveries in the research for analysis. It should be emphasized here that in 453 BC, the three families were divided into Jin, and the Jin state had existed in name only. Therefore, the research period of this paper is the Spring and Autumn period, that is, from 770 BC to 453 BC.
1. Overview of the chimes of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and the Jin Kingdom
The scientifically excavated bells of the Eastern Zhou and Jin Kingdoms were unearthed in 11 different geographical locations, such as the cemetery of Quwo Jin Marquis, Wenxi Shangguo cemetery, Houma horse cemetery, Changzhi watershed cemetery, Linyi Cheng Village cemetery, Taiyuan Jinsheng Village cemetery, Wanrong Miaoqian cemetery, Tunliu Xihebei cemetery, as well as the north cemetery of Xiangfen Tao Temple, the cemetery of Wayaopo in Xi County and the cemetery of Nanqin Village in Hongdong, which have been excavated in recent years. The heirloom products include the bell of Rongsheng, the bell of the prisoner, and the bell of the son.
The author sorted out the archaeological data such as the relevant excavation reports, treatises and atlases, and extracted and summarized the key points such as the excavation location, age, archaeological culture, country, and number of chimes, which provided data support for the study of the music system of chimes in the Eastern Zhou and Jin dynasties.
According to statistics, there are 23 tombs of the Eastern Zhou and Jin Kingdoms that have unearthed bells, a total of 262 pieces, and 37 heirlooms. It should be noted that the determination of the age of the relevant burial is crucial, which affects subsequent research and judgment. Therefore, according to the excavation report, treatise and other related to the dating of the period, the author divides the Spring and Autumn Period into three periods: early, middle and late, and each period is divided into two sections, the first and last sections, and makes a comprehensive judgment on the tomb age of the bell of the Eastern Zhou and Jin Kingdoms, and finally obtains a reasonable dating result. The following is a preliminary count of the bells of the Eastern Zhou and Jin kingdoms in order of era.
In the early part of the early Spring and Autumn Period, two groups of Yong bells were excavated in M93 of the cemetery of Zhao and Jin Marquis in Quwobei, with 8 pieces in each group, a total of 16 pieces, 9 button bells were excavated in Wenxi Shangguo M210 and M211, and 8 Yong bells were woven by Rongsheng. In the early part of the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, there were 16 pieces of Yong bells, divided into two groups of A and B, and each group of 8 pieces; M0002 in Linyi Cheng Village was disturbed, and there were 9 button bells and 9 pieces of pendant bells in the tomb.
At the turn of the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, 9 button clocks and 5 bell bells were excavated at M29 in Wayaopo, Xixian County, and 9 button clocks were excavated at M30 in Wayaopo, Xixian County. In the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period: the cultural relics unearthed in M0001 in Linyi Cheng Village were disturbed, including 8 button clocks, and their complete arrangement is likely to be 9 pieces; 9 button clocks were excavated in Houma M13; two groups of bells were excavated in M269 in the Changzhi watershed, namely 9 pieces of Ningbo bells and 9 pieces of button clocks; two groups of bells were excavated in M270 of the Changzhi watershed, namely 8 pieces of Ningbo bells and 9 pieces of button clocks;
58M1 in front of Vang Vieng Temple excavated 9 pieces of pun bells. In the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period: 9 button bells were unearthed in M1001 and M1002 in Linyi Cheng Village, and the shape of the bell was Yong bell, a total of 13 pieces.
In the early part of the late Spring and Autumn Period, 9 pieces of Ningbo bells were unearthed in M6 in the south of Hongdong, 9 pieces of Ningbo bells were unearthed in 2015M1 in the north of Xiangfen Tao Temple, 9 pieces of button bells were unearthed in 2016M2 in the north of Xiangfen Tao Temple, and 9 pieces of button bells were excavated in M23 of Wayaopo in Xi County. In the late Spring and Autumn Period: 8 pieces of pneumonium bells were unearthed in 2016M1 in the north of Xiangfen Tao Temple, 13 pieces of Yong bells were unearthed in 2017M3011 in the north of Xiangfen Tao Temple, and Yong bells were "patriotic products", which are not within the scope of this article, and a total of 13 pieces of pneuphium bells were also unearthed in 2017M3011 in the north of Xiangfen Tao Temple, divided into two groups of 4 pieces and 9 pieces, 9 pieces of pium bells were excavated in M1004 cemetery in Houma cemetery, and 13 pieces of pium bells were excavated in M5218 in Houma Ma, divided into two groups of 4 pieces and 9 pieces. The turn of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period: There are 19 pieces of pneumonium bells excavated in M251 of the tomb of Zhaoqing in Taiyuan, which are divided into two groups of 5 pieces and 14 pieces, and 9 pieces of pneumonium bells unearthed in the cemetery of Tunliu West Hebei.
Second, the scale of the bells of the Eastern Zhou and Jin Kingdoms
Next, several sets of chimes with better preserved and more accurate pitch in each period were selected for scale analysis. A group of 8 Rongsheng chimes, the sound measurement data can be found in Mr. Wang Zichu's "The Musicological Connotation of Rongsheng Chimes", and the text has a detailed discussion of Rongsheng chimes.
The side drum sound of the first two pieces of the common 8-piece group of chimes in the Western Zhou Dynasty is not used, and the same is true for this set of chimes, and the scale formed by the legato of the front and side drum sounds is: "Yu-Gong-Jiao-Zheng-Gongzeng-Change-Gong-Horn-Zheng-Zheng-Change-Gong-Change-Gong-Change-Gong Mr. Wang Zichu according to the sound of this set of chimes and the Western Zhou Dynasty common chimes 8-piece scale comparison, this set of bells appeared in the five positive tones other than the partial tone, comprehensive inference is due to the tuner's inaccurate tuning, its original scale structure and the Western Zhou Dynasty common chimes 8-piece group of scales are the same, namely: "feather-palace-horn-sign-feather-palace-horn-sign-feather-palace-feather-palace-palace-horn-sign-feather-palace", which is a four-tone feather key structure.
The chimes of sub-offenders are divided into two groups, A and B, with 8 pieces in each group. At present, only group A chimes have sound measurement data, see Mr. Fang Jianjun's article "New Theory of the Combination of the Tone Column of the Chimes of the Sub-criminals", he has a detailed discussion of the chimes of the sub-criminals. Mr. Fang Jianjun analyzed the drum sound of group B and found that the first four pieces and the last four pieces of group B do not belong to the same palace tone system, that is, the pitch of the first four pieces is D-#F-#G-#C, the scale relationship is ↑ feather-↑ palace-horn-feather, and the height of the palace sound is E.
The pitch of the last four pieces is B-F-C-F, the scale relationship is ↓ horn-feather-horn-feather, and the height of the palace note is #G. Finally, Mr. Fang Jianjun combined the weight and size of the chimes and concluded that the first four pieces and the last four pieces of group B should belong to two different groups of bells. In this way, the structure of the drum sequence of the Zi Prisoner Chime is the same as that of the 8-piece group of chimes commonly found in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Judging from the available information, it is impossible to judge whether it uses a side drum sound, and its main drum sound is the same as the 8 common chimes of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and it is temporarily believed that its scale structure is a four-tone feather tone.
There are a group of 9 button clocks excavated in Houma M13, and the sound measurement data can be found in Mr. Li Chunyi's "Comprehensive Discussion of Musical Instruments Unearthed in Ancient China". The second and third bells cannot be pronounced because they are cracked or dumb, and the other chimes can form such a scale: "Zheng —?—?— Shang - Jiao - Yu - Shang - Jiao - Yu". The 9-piece drum legato of the Eastern Zhou chime is: "Zheng-Yu-Gong-Shang-Jiao-Yu-Shang-Jiao-Yu". Except for the second and third pieces, the scale structure of the remaining chimes is exactly the same as that of the 9-piece chimes of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. It can be seen that the scale structure of this chime is the scale composition of the common 9-piece chimes in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, which is a pentatonic tonality. It is also exactly the same as the Wenxi Shangguo M210 and M211 two sets of button bells and drum scales.
Changzhi watershed M269 Yong clock a total of 9 pieces of a group, of which the smaller 5 bells have been lost, now only the larger 4 bells, the larger 4 bells of the sound measurement data see the "Chinese music cultural relics series, Shanxi volume". By legato the sound of the drum of the existing chimes from low to high, it is possible to form a scale like this: "Zheng-Yu-Gong-Shang—?—?—?—?—?".
The sound of the drum of the existing four bells is in line with the sound of the drum of the first four bells of the 9-piece group of common chimes in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and it can be determined that the existing bells are the first four bells of this set, and the five bells that are lost are the last five. It can be seen from this that the drum scale of this set of chimes is the scale composition of the common nine-piece group chimes in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, which is a five-tone sign mode. A group of 9 pieces of Hebei bell in Tunliu West Hebei, the sound measurement data can be found in the "Chinese Music Cultural Relics Series Shanxi Volume". —?—By comparing the scale structure of the common 9-piece chimes in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, it is known that the scale structure of the Zhenggu bell in the west of Tunliu Hebei should be "Zheng-Yu-Gong-Shang-Jiao-Yu-Shang-Jiao-Yu", which is a pentatonic tonality.
3. The development of chime arrangement, scales and combinations in the Eastern Zhou and Jin Kingdoms
First, we will discuss the chimes of the early Spring and Autumn period. There are a total of 16 pieces of M93 Ningbo bells in the cemetery of the Marquis of Jin, which are divided into two groups of 8 pieces each, and Rongsheng has a group of 8 Ningbo bells, indicating that the arrangement and combination of Ningbo bells in this period are the same as those of the Zhou system in the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty. The sound of the positive and side drum sounds of the Rongsheng chime is the four-tone feather tone of "feather-palace-horn-sign".
The above shows that the Yong bell of this period as a whole inherited the music system of the Zhou bell in the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty. Wenxi Shangguo M210 and M211 respectively unearthed a group of 9 button clocks, they are the first to appear in the Jin Kingdom of the two groups of button clocks, the drum scale structure for the "sign - feather - palace - Shang - horn - feather - Shang - horn - feather" five tones of the tonality. When the button bell first appeared in the Jin Kingdom, it set a group of 9 pieces as its arrangement mode, which broke the limit of the original group of 8 pieces, and the scale structure of the drum sound also added the "sign" sound and "Shang" sound on the original basis.
It can be seen from this that the arrangement mode and scale structure of these two sets of button bells were innovated on the basis of the original music system of the Yong bells of the Zhou system in the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty, and they opened the way for the music system reform of the bells of the Eastern Zhou and Jin Kingdoms, and influenced the music system reform of the Jin and Ningbo bells in the later Jin Dynasty.
Then analyze the chimes of the middle of the spring and autumn. At this time, the punium bell began to appear on the historical stage of the Jin Kingdom, Linyi Cheng Village M0002 pit bell is the earliest pit clock in the Jin Kingdom, with 9 pieces into the compilation, it can be seen that the punium clock began to imitate the arrangement of the button bell at the beginning of entering the Jin Kingdom, becoming a group of 9 pieces of the arrangement mode. Soon after, M29 also excavated 5 sets of bell bells. In the middle of the Spring and Autumn period, the button clocks are all arranged in 9 pieces, and the scale structure maintains the five-tone tone, such as the M13 button clock in Houma.
In the early part of the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, the Zi Prisoner made up the Yong Bell, which is divided into two groups of 8 pieces, and the tone structure is a four-tone feather tone. It is obvious that the Yong bells in the early part of the middle and Spring and Autumn period still maintain the musical characteristics of the Zhou chimes of the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty. In the late Spring and Autumn period of the Changzhi watershed cemetery, 9 Ningbo bells and 9 button bells were unearthed in M269, and 8 Ningbo bells and 9 button bells were unearthed in M270, and the scale structure of 9 Ningbo bells was pentatonic mode, indicating that the arrangement and scale of Ningbo bells began to imitate the music system of button bells at this time. Nine and eight Ningbo bells were unearthed in the same cemetery at the same time, indicating that the music system of Ningbo bells was in the stage of change at this time, and eight Ningbo bells and nine button bells were unearthed in the same tomb, showing the coexistence of the new music system and the old music system.
Finally, the chimes of the late Spring and Autumn period are explored. At this time, there were 9 columns and 13 columns. The chronology is the same as before. During this period, there were mostly 9 pieces of clocks. Judging from the scale of the Tunliu West Hebei Hebei Bell Clock, it is the same as the scale structure of the 9-piece group button bell. In addition, there are 4, 5, 8 or 14 pieces of the clock. It should be emphasized that although there is no sound measurement data for the 8-piece group of Ningbo bells and the three kinds of chimes for the 9-piece group in some periods, the Yong bell scales of the 8-piece group are all four-tone feather tones, and the nine-piece group chimes are all five-tone signs, so there should be no problem.
To sum up, from the early Spring and Autumn period to the early part of the middle Spring and Autumn Period, Yongzhong inherited the music system of the Zhou chimes in the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty, all of which were in groups of 8 pieces, and the sound of the front and side drum sounds was in the four-tone feather mode. In the middle and late Spring and Autumn period, the Yongzhong began to imitate the music system of the button bell from 8 pieces to 9 pieces, and the drum scale was also changed to the pentatonic mode, and then there were occasionally 13 pieces of arrangement, but other arrangements were 9 pieces.
When the button bell appeared in the early Spring and Autumn Period, it broke the limit of 8 pieces of the Zhou bell in the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty with 9 pieces, and until the late Spring and Autumn Period, the button bell always maintained a group of 9 pieces, and the drum scale was a five-tone sign mode, and its music system was relatively stable. In the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, the pit bell began to appear in the Jin Kingdom, and there were 9 pieces and 5 pieces of the arrangement, indicating that when the pneumonium bell first appeared in the Jin Kingdom, it was modeled on the arrangement of the button bell as a group of 9 pieces; in the late Spring and Autumn Period, the 9-piece arrangement has become the mainstream of the music system of the pneumonium bell, and the drum scale is a five-tone sign mode, and there are also 4, 5 or 14 pieces of arrangement.