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In Chinese history, the Shang Dynasty was the first dynasty to be written down, and before the rise of the Shang Dynasty, China was ruled by the Xia Dynasty. However, the existence of the Xia Dynasty has always been shrouded in mystery, because in this era, there is no written record of its history, leaving only some vague legends. Therefore, some historians doubt whether the Xia Dynasty really existed. Is the identity of the Xia Dynasty just a powerful tribe rather than a dynasty? People are full of questions about the Xia Dynasty.
However, to explore the history of the Xia Dynasty, we need to start with a mythical story. More than 4,000 years ago, there was a global flood, and residents everywhere recorded this event in different ways. The Bible records that Noah built an ark to escape the flood, and in Sumerian mythology, a god instructed a virtuous young man to build a wooden boat to escape the flood. In India, a fish tells the ancestor Demon Slave to take refuge from the flood, and in China, Dayu, who is under the reign of Tang Yao, was ordered by the Heavenly Emperor to control the flood. Dayu tried to close the flood outlet, but to little effect, and after nine years of effort, the flood still did not recede. Dayu was regarded as a god, but he secretly stole the divine soil to cure the water, thus angering the Heavenly Emperor and causing Dayu to be killed. Dayu's son took over the water control, taking a different approach from his father, digging mountains and rivers, channeling water flow, and successfully channeling floodwaters into the sea. Dayu rescued the people from the flood, gained the respect of the tribes, and was later named the leader of the tribe, and the Xia Dynasty was established. However, this legend is full of mystery and fantasy, and seems to belong to the imagination of ancient times, and it is difficult to use as conclusive evidence of the existence of the Xia Dynasty.
The mystery of the existence of the Xia Dynasty has not been solved because of the lack of conclusive historical materials. However, the tireless efforts of archaeologists finally bore fruit. Archaeologists and historians have teamed up to uncover important clues in the Erlitou cultural site around Luoyang, Henan. According to carbon measurements, the site dates back to between 1500 BC and 1800 BC, the period before the establishment of the Shang Dynasty. There are four huge palaces inside the Erlitou site, and many high-grade bronzes and jade have been unearthed, exceeding the grade of any other site of the same period. In addition, archaeologists have found exquisite jade objects in the burial objects, indicating that the owners of these tombs were noble, most likely royal. Although the Erlitou site is considered to be the capital of the dynasty, the span of time cannot fully prove that it was the capital of the Xia Dynasty. In addition, the bronze style inside the Erlitou site is very similar to the previous Yin Shang site, which may have been part of the Shang Dynasty site rather than the Xia Dynasty.
However, a discovery provides new evidence for the authenticity of the Xia Dynasty. Among the funerary objects, a turquoise dragon-shaped vessel was unearthed. This artifact dates back 3,800 years and is made of more than 2,300 pieces of turquoise with exquisite craftsmanship. The shape of the turquoise dragon coincides with the constellation of the Azure Dragon and matches the ancient star pattern. Astronomers combined this discovery with starry sky simulation software to restore the stars 3800 years ago, and found that the shape of the turquoise dragon, the constellation pattern, and the curved trajectory of the dragon's body correspond to the stars, which indicates that humans at that time had the ability to observe the stars. In addition, this also means that this turquoise dragon artifact came from the royal family. Because only the royal astrologers had knowledge of astrology and calendars, this royal tomb bears traces of the Xia Dynasty. After the unremitting efforts of archaeologists and astronomers, the existence of the Xia Dynasty has finally been conclusively proven.
This discovery fills a gap in the history of the Xia Dynasty and gives us more insight into this ancient dynasty. Although the history of the Xia Dynasty has been controversial due to the lack of documents, the discoveries of archaeologists have provided solid support for the existence of the Xia Dynasty and revealed more mysteries of ancient China.
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