#古籍里的历史#
The Zhou Dynasty was the longest dynasty in mainland history, from the destruction of King Wu in 1046 BC to the destruction of Zhou by Qin in 256 BC, which lasted for 790 years, nearly a hundred years longer than the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties (1206-1911) combined. If you count that the ancestor of the Zhou people to King Wu still existed for nearly a thousand years, the history of the Zhou people is longer. Even if it is only the Western Zhou, which is the co-lord of the world and responds to everything, it has 275 years, which is similar to the time of the Western Han, Tang, Ming and Qing dynasties.
Speaking of the Western Zhou, on the Eastern Zhou, how did the national name "Zhou" come from? The Zhou people originated in the Zhou Yuan and were in the Weishui River Basin between Baoji and Xianyang in Shaanxi. This narrow area stretches from Fengxiang County in the east, passes through Qishan County, Fufeng County and Wugong County, with a length of more than 70 kilometers in the east and west and a width of about 20 kilometers from north to south. The Guanzhong Plain has fertile land and abundant water resources, which is suitable for agricultural production. The character "zhou", written in oracle as "field (add a little to each mouth)", means to plant seedlings in the field.
There are several other theories. First, "Zhou" means moral thoroughness, and it is a self-proclaimed American name, similar to the United States and Germany. Second, the origin of the Zhou people around Qishan is to live around Qishan, so it is called Zhou. Third, "Zhou" means boat, saying that the ancestors of the Zhou people begged for a life in the Weishui River Valley, and they could not do without boats every day, so they were called boat people, and in ancient times, the word for boat may be used interchangeably.
During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the royal family had great cultural, political, and military advantages over the princes, so the princes bowed to the Zhou royal family until the Western Zhou Dynasty's King You. In order to please the beauty, King Zhou You made a farce of beacon drama princes, and finally separated from Germany and was destroyed by his father-in-law Shenhou's army of Inujung.
In 771 BC, King You's son Ji Yisu moved east to Luoyi and established Eastern Zhou, also known as King Ping of Zhou. Liu Xiu, the Guangwu Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the emperors after Emperor Jing of the Western Han Dynasty were distant relatives, and still claimed to be the sons of Emperor Yuan of the Western Han Dynasty. King Ping of Zhou, whether by blood or legal system, directly inherited Western Zhou, much closer than Liu Xiu, and there was no need to change the name of the country.
After the fall of Eastern Zhou, through the Qin, Han, Wei and Jin dynasties, by the Southern and Northern Dynasties, some people used the state name of Zhou again.
In 534, Northern Wei was split into Eastern Wei and Western Wei, with Eastern Wei under Gao Huan and Western Wei under Yuwen Tai. In 557, Yuwen Tai's son Yuwen Jue, under the arrangement of Yuwen Hu, the minister of auxiliary government, abolished Western Wei and established the Great Zhou, known as Northern Zhou (called Later Zhou in the Tang Dynasty). Why is the country name of Yuwen Tai "Zhou"?
At the beginning of the establishment of Western Wei, even Yuwen Tai felt that his strength was incomparable with that of Eastern Wei Gao Huan. Eastern Wei controlled most of the North China Plain, with a large population and sufficient troops. Western Wei controlled the Guanzhong Plain and Hexi, with a small arable land area and a small population. Militarily, Yuwen Tai can defeat Gao Huan in one or two battles, but without a strong family base, Yuwen Tai will eventually face rice cooking. Under this consideration, Yuwen Tai reused Su Qiu, which was not much valued at that time, to carry out all-round changes in household registration, agriculture, and official governance.
Under the banner of restoring the Zhou rites, Yuwen Tai put the various systems of the Western Zhou Dynasty under his own reforms, which is often called the Togu reform. Yuwen Tai used old bottles from the Western Zhou Dynasty to fill his new wine, such as setting up six officials, and changed the official system beyond recognition, but strengthened the control of power by the Wuchuan military clique. Yuwen Tai wanted to compete with Gao Huan and Xiao Yan for the world, the difficulty was that Northern Qi occupied the Central Plains, Xiao Liang had cultural advantages, and Qi Liang inherited the Han and Wei systems. If Yuwen Tai wanted to occupy the high ground culturally and ideologically, he could only bypass the Han and Wei dynasties and go directly to the Western Zhou. Yuwen Tai's Tuozhouli reform laid the foundation for the future unification of the Sui and Tang dynasties.
In the third year of Emperor Gong of Western Wei (556), as soon as Yuwen Tai died, Yuwen Hu forced Emperor Wei Gong to make Yuwen Jue, son of Yuwen Tai, the Duke of Zhou, and the title of "Zhou" was thus decided. Since you learn from Western Zhou, you will learn it to the end, and you will not use "Zhou" as the national name.
After the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty also appeared Wu Zhou (690-705). Why did Wu Zetian name the Jiangshan Dingguo he snatched from his husband (Li Zhi) and son (Li Xian, Li Dan) as Zhou? Wu Zetian's family was of low origin, and his father, Samurai, was only a timber merchant in his early years, and did not have his own portal (大氏gunwang). Therefore, Luo Binwang, who wrote "goose, goose and goose", scolded Wu Zetian for "being cold and cheap from earth." The samurai helped Li Yuan seize the Sui dynasty and was made the Duke of Ying Guo by Li Yuan. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Yingguo was a small country west of the main urban area of present-day Pingdingshan City and east of Lushan County, Henan Province.
In the sixth year of Yonghui (655), Emperor Gaozong of Tang established Wu Zetian as empress despite the opposition of his ministers. The ministers objected, an important reason was that the Wu clan was too low to be from a prestigious family. Wu Zetian urgently needed to recognize a famous family as an ancestor in history, and the drummers immediately pulled the old pile of paper, and a less famous figure entered Wu Zetian's vision.
Photo: Emperor Gaozong of Tang and Wu Zetian Qianling
His name was Ji Wu, and he was the youngest son of King Ping of Zhou, the first son of Eastern Zhou. When this son was born, there was a birthmark with the character "Wu" on the palm of his hand, so he was named Ji Wu. The Wu clan did not have a famous family during the two Han dynasties, Wei and Jin, so they bypassed these dynasties and directly inherited the Zhou dynasty. The Zhou Dynasty is the ideal country of successive generations of Confucian scholars, and its status is exalted, "The old lady is a descendant of the son of Zhou Tianzi, look at you, who dares to look at people with a dog's eyes?" Wu Zetian may have thought so in his heart.
Of course, Li Zhi was also willing to help his wife raise the portal, and the following year he changed the title of samurai to the Duke of Zhou. When Wu Zetian was preparing to establish the state, he naturally regarded "Zhou" as the first choice for the national name. Wu Zetian identified himself as a descendant of Ji Zhou, and there was a trick hidden in it: "Since the ancestors ruled the world, as a descendant of the Zhou Dynasty, they are certainly qualified to restore the Zhou Dynasty, just as Liu Xiu restored the Han Dynasty." ”
Similar to Wu Zetian, the founder of the next Zhou Dynasty was Guo Wei. In 951, the Later Han Dynasty, which had existed for only four years in the Five Dynasties, collapsed, and the privy envoy Guo Wei was expected to return and established Zhou, known as Later Zhou. Guo Wei was a native of Yaoshan, Xingzhou, which is now Longyao County, Xingtai City, Hebei Province, and Xingzhou belonged to the state of Zhao in the Spring and Autumn Period, and was also close to the state of Wei, but Guo Wei was useless. Shi Hu, the tyrant of the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms, has already made the name "Zhao" stink, and "Wei" can be considered, but the first generation of the fifth dynasty, Hou Liang, is actually another name for Wei, and it is not applicable.
Guo Wei is said not to be surnamed Guo, but Chang, and his father died early, and his mother took him to remarry Guo. Regardless of the Guo clan or the Chang clan, there have been no famous families in history. The concept of portals in the Five Dynasties period was not as strong as that of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang, but there was still portal discrimination in society. Guo Wei had to find himself an ancestor who could support himself with a façade, and if Guo and Chang could not find it, he would go directly to the Zhou Dynasty to find it. In the Zhou Dynasty, there were many princely states surnamed Ji, and these Ji surnames were scattered, and there were many descendants. Guo Wei claimed to be a descendant of the surname Ji, but the ancestor he was looking for was not after King Wen of Zhou, but Uncle Yu, the younger brother of King Wen of Zhou. After King Wu of Zhou destroyed the merchants, he sealed his uncle in the state of Yu and called him Uncle Yu. 虢 is the same as Guo, and Yugong is sometimes called Guo Gong. Guo Wei's surname is Guo, and when he recognizes Uncle Yu surnamed Ji as his ancestor, he has a portal, so as not to let those clans engage in any portal discrimination.
Some people found that since the Zhou Dynasty, everyone who named the country as Zhou was short-lived. Northern Zhou, counting Western Wei, was only forty-six years (535-581), fifteen years of Wu Zhou, and even shorter in Later Zhou, with only nine years before and after.
There is another week in the back that is shorter than the next week, which is the week of Wu Sangui in the early Qing Dynasty. From 1674, when Wu Sangui rebelled against the Qing dynasty, he was called King of Zhou, to 1678, when he became emperor of Zhou, and then died of illness, only four years.
Why did Wu Sangui use Zhou as the national name? Wu Sangui was born in eastern Liaoning, and his national name would be "Liao" in terms of birthplace. Isn't this asking for trouble and dying in Jin, and Qing once called himself Houjin. In terms of ancestral home, Jiangsu Gaoyou is the land of the ancient Wu country, which can be called "Wu", but Wu Sangui's basic plate is in Yunnan. Wu Sangui started his army in Yunnan, and he could not use "Dali" as the national name. Wu Sangui believed that it was very important to compete with the Manchus and win the hearts of the Han people. But in fact, the Zhou Dynasty has been extinct for almost two thousand years, who still misses what Great Zhou?