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Peng Yibin
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introduction
A "Bamboo Book Chronicle" brings us a different historical fact, when the illusion of peace is revealed, what kind of history is true? The tomb robbers of the Jin Dynasty dug up a heavenly book, which recorded 89 emperors, which are different from the records in the "History" in many aspects, what is true?
How did this book come about, and how do you treat the records in it correctly?
(Bamboo Book Chronicle)
First, tomb robbers found ancient history books, ancient and modern versions
Today's people's attitude towards the "Bamboo Book Chronicle", many people think that he is a pseudo-history book, and many people think that he is closer to the real history. This history book compiled by the Wei State and the Jin State during the Warring States Period records the history of the State of Wei from the Xia Shang Zhou to the Jin State in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the Wei State in the Warring States Period.
How was he discovered? During the period of Emperor Wudi of Jin, a large number of Warring States tombs were unearthed in Henan, including ancient books. At that time, there was a tomb robber who originally wanted to go to the tomb to steal some funeral goods, but he saw many pieces of bamboo on the ground. The pieces were worthless, and the tomb thieves left within a few days, but the villagers reported them immediately.
(Bamboo simple, picture and text have nothing to do)
As soon as the government came to find bamboo tablets all over the ground, they collected these bamboo simplifications, at this time they were only ordinary book records, but they did not expect that the above records subverted the history of China. This batch of bamboo tablets arrived in Luoyang, and the emperor ordered people to sort them out, but the content on the bamboo tablets at that time was a small seal, which was very difficult to recognize.
So the cracking progress was slow, and it was not until through the research of scholars that they discovered that the excavated tomb was the tomb of King Wei during the Warring States period. Therefore, these bamboo tablets should be undiscovered classics, because these contents are recorded on the bamboo tablets, also known as the "Bamboo Book Chronicle".
(Bamboo Book Chronicle)
Through research and compilation, scholars of the Jin Dynasty soon discovered that this was a chronicle compiled according to the year. And these records are divided into thirteen articles according to the Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, and then the Jin and Wei states. After the capital was moved from King Ping of Zhou, the era of the Jin state was adopted, and after the three families divided into the Jin dynasty, the Wei era was used.
Such a pre-Qin history book, his appearance is more than two hundred years earlier than the "Shiji", from the perspective of authenticity, the possibility of "Bamboo Book Chronicle" should be very large. But such a book, he appeared in several versions, what is the matter?
(Bamboo Book Chronicle)
First of all, at the beginning of its discovery, the "Shushu Book" was compiled based on the contents of the bamboo simplification, but at that time, some glyphs caused controversy due to the age. Soon the Yongjia Rebellion of the Jin Dynasty broke out, and the original work of examining bamboo Jian was suspended, and the subsequent book was called "Kao Zhengben". ”
As a result of the war, the initial gradually disappeared, but the "Initial Interpretation" and "Kao Zheng Book" were handed down and gradually became known to the public. However, after the Tang Dynasty, the wars of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms led to the gradual disappearance of the manuscript of the Bamboo Book Chronicle, and both the examination and the initial interpretation gradually disappeared.
(Ancient War)
In addition, there were relatively few people who studied at that time, and many people still kept the "Shiji" to study, so the "Bamboo Book Chronicle" gradually disappeared into the long river of history, and little was known during the Song Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, Fan Qin during the Jiaqing period compiled an engraved copy of the "Bamboo Book Chronicle", which we also call "Jinben".
However, scholars of the Qing Dynasty often denounced the present book as a forgery, far from the previous one. In the Qing Dynasty, the number of scholars studying ancient books increased, and Zhu You, during the Jiaqing period, not only looked for non-texts, but also studied them in many ways and compiled the "Annals of the Bamboo Book of Ancient Books", on which Wang Guowei compiled and edited the book.
The "Bamboo Book Chronicle" compiled and compiled by Qing Dynasty scholars is also regarded as a book closer to the original book, also known as "ancient book".
(Bamboo Book Chronicle School)
Second, there are many differences between the "Bamboo Book Chronicle" and the "Shiji"?
From the point of view of authenticity, which of the two books is closer to history? What is more important about "Bamboo Book Chronicle" is to bring us a subversive understanding. From many ancient Confucian classics to the "Shiji", we can see that these mainstream works often promote "benevolence, righteousness, etiquette, wisdom and faith", paying attention to morality and benevolence.
However, in the records of the "Bamboo Book Chronicle", most of them are records of "killing", and many of them are regarded as representatives of benevolence and righteousness, but in fact they contain killing, which is different from the records in the "Shiji".
(Ancient Confucianism)
One of the passages, in the "Bamboo Book Chronicle", "Zu Yi is victorious and is for Zhongzong." However, the "History" says that Taishu is the middle sect, and the difference between them is very large. However, according to the oracle bone records of the mainland, it is written "Zhongzong Zu Yi", which shows that the "Bamboo Book Chronicle" is more true than the "Shiji" at this point.
What are the differences and gaps? Yi Yin, the prime minister of the Shang Dynasty, is regarded by contemporary people as a model of "virtuous minister", and historical records record that after the Shang king Taijia ascended the throne, he acted absurdly and did not care about the imperial government, so Yi Yin imprisoned Taijia for three years, and these three years have been carefully governing the country, seeing that Taijia is reformed day by day, so he returned power to Taijia again.
(Yi Yin)
This matter made Yi Yin highly evaluated in history, because generally few people can calmly return after taking power, and under Yi Yin's governance, the Shang Dynasty is indeed better. But according to the "Bamboo Book Chronicle", we will find that the story of Taijia and Yi Yin is just an illusion.
Yi Yin decided to exile Taijia, not just imprisoned, but Yi Yin successfully usurped power and established himself as king, and even wanted to kill Taijia. After that, Taijia lay dormant outside for seven years, and finally accumulated a lot of money, killed Yi Yin, and then let Yi Yin's son inherit the family business.
At least from the "Bamboo Book Chronicle", Yi Yin's sage statement still needs to be verified. After all, judging from his usurpation of the throne, he and the virtuous minister are very different.
There is also the story of the "republican administration" period, when King Li of Zhou ruled the world and the people did not have a good life, so a large-scale uprising broke out. King Li of Zhou fled, and at a critical moment, fortunately, there was the prince Wei Wugong, who stabilized the situation in Haojing, and then the Duke of Zhou and Wei Wugong jointly took charge of the imperial government, which is the record of the "Records of History".
But in the Chronicles of the Bamboo Book, a man appears named Gongbohe, who stabilized Hokyo and finally succeeded in ascending the throne. But who exactly is it about Gongbo He? There is no detailed record, but from the above two things alone, we can see the subtle differences between the "Bamboo Book Chronicle" and the "Shiji".
(Republican Administration)
Third, how to view the "Bamboo Book Chronicle"?
In modern ancient research, the "Bamboo Book Chronicle" is often regarded as a particularly important historical material, and it can be used as a reference as well as the "Shiji". Since the Bamboo Book Chronicle existed earlier than the Shiji, it does have more possibilities in the study of pre-Qin history.
Combined with cultural relics, the "Bamboo Book Chronicle" is undoubtedly more authentic, it is said that when we do the archaeological project of Xia Shang Zhou in modern times, the time of the Xia Dynasty is determined according to the "Bamboo Book Chronicle". And the "Shiji", for our study of some ancient history of the Warring States and the Han Dynasty, is undoubtedly more appropriate.
(Bamboo Book Chronicle)
We need to treat the "Bamboo Book Chronicles" dialectically, for one thing, we need to study many parties to determine the authenticity. This is not to say that a book says he is true, we are sure it is. Modern archaeologists, many historical studies, are done in combination with excavated artifacts, cultural relics and books.
Resources
FANG Shiming. "Ancient Book Chronicles of the Bamboo Book." Dongyue Discussion Series 4 (1980): 4.