Abstract: As a strategic emerging technology leading a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, artificial intelligence has played an important role in promoting scientific and technological progress, optimization and upgrading of traditional industries, and high-quality economic development, and is becoming a hot field that countries around the world pay close attention to and compete for development. In recent years, the United States, Britain, Germany, Japan and other countries have successively issued national-level artificial intelligence strategies to actively promote artificial intelligence research and development and industrial application.
As a core member of the European Union, France has a profound academic research background in artificial intelligence, has formed a more active innovation and entrepreneurship ecology, is vigorously promoting the application of artificial intelligence in the economy, and is committed to becoming a leader in the field of artificial intelligence. This study systematically sorts out the overall situation of the strategic deployment of artificial intelligence in France, summarizes its important measures to promote the development of artificial intelligence, and summarizes the beneficial enlightenment for the development of Chinese intelligence.
01 Overview of the development of artificial intelligence in France
As early as the seventies and eighties of the twentieth century, France has established a number of basic research teams such as artificial intelligence-related algorithms and decision assistance, with outstanding advantages in mathematics and information science, gathering a large number of artificial intelligence talents and research institutions and teams, which has greatly promoted the progress of artificial intelligence technology and innovation and entrepreneurship.
1.1 Fruitful scientific research in the field of mathematics and artificial intelligence
France has been producing talents in the field of mathematics and has accumulated rich experience, which has laid a good foundation for the release of a number of influential artificial intelligence innovations.
1.1.1 Have a very deep mathematical culture
The Fields Medal, which has the title of Nobel Prize in mathematics, is the highest award in mathematics, and its frequency is once every 4 years, and there are only 2~4 prizes each time. Since the Fields Medal was awarded, 12 people in France have received the award, with an average age of 36. Second only to the United States (18), France accounts for about 20% of the total number of winners (61), and France's contribution to mathematics is the largest in the world when measured by population (see Table 1). In French history, many famous mathematicians such as Descartes, Fermat, Lagrange, Fourier, Cauchy and so on have put forward basic theories in many mathematical fields such as general function theory, singularity theory, nonlinear partial differential equations, and Boltzmann equations, which laid an important mathematical foundation for the development of artificial intelligence technology in the same period. Among them, the nonlinear damping of the Boltzmann equation demonstrated by Cedric Villani, winner of the 2010 Fields Medal, and convergence to the equilibrium state provides an important theoretical basis for the optimization of deep learning algorithms.
1.1.2 The two sides propose a number of influential AI innovation achievements
Thanks to its deep research foundation in basic fields such as mathematics and information science, France has actively carried out research on basic theories and key core technologies of artificial intelligence in the upstream of the artificial intelligence innovation chain and value chain, and proposed influential convolutional neural networks (CNNs), which have promoted the emergence of artificial intelligence achievements such as neuromorphic technologies. Deep learning pioneer Yann LeCun trained the first convolutional neural network system using handwritten digital images in the late 80s of the 20th century, and co-proposed convolutional neural networks with two mathematicians, Yoshua Bengio and Geoffrey Hinton, improved the backpropagation algorithm, broadened the perspective of neural networks, and won the Turing Award in 2018. Convolutional neural networks have been widely used in computer vision, speech recognition and natural language processing and have achieved remarkable results. GrAI Matter Labs, a pioneer in ultra-low-power neuromorphic computing in France, proposed a unique neuromorphic computing paradigm in 2018 based on its more than 20 years of research on the human brain, breaking through the limitations of von Neumann computers and providing massively parallel processing and fully programmable sensor analysis and machine learning, with significant power consumption reduction. A study published in Nature by Austrian scholars in November 2021 once again proved that the energy consumption of neuromorphic technology is 1/16~1/4 of traditional artificial intelligence systems. After that, the French National Academy of Sciences led the research of the world's first artificial nanoneurons with high stability, which can recognize different timbrebres and quickly process real-time big data, creating conditions for the manufacture of more energy-efficient microchips.
1.2 Artificial intelligence scientific research strength is relatively strong
France has trained a large number of artificial intelligence professionals, and the number of artificial intelligence joint laboratories and artificial intelligence joint research groups established ranks first in Europe, and it has a relatively strong artificial intelligence research force.
1.2.1 Cultivate and gather a large number of artificial intelligence talents
France's good education and scientific research ecological environment has created good conditions for the gathering of artificial intelligence talents. Since 2017, France has been accelerating the cultivation of talents in the field of artificial intelligence. According to the "Global AI Talent Report" released by LinkedIn (LinkedIn), as of the first quarter of 2017, the number of professional and technical talents in the field of artificial intelligence in the world exceeded 1.9 million, of which the total number of professional and technical talents in the field of artificial intelligence in France exceeded 50,000, ranking 7th in the world with China. As of 2018, the number of artificial intelligence research teams in France has exceeded 250, and a total of 35 artificial intelligence master's awarding points have been established. In 2019, France added 40 new institutions with artificial intelligence majors, doubling the enrollment of doctoral students in artificial intelligence, and the enrollment increased from 250 to 500. The Instituts Interdisciplinaires d'Intelligence Artificielle, 3IA actively promotes the education and training of AI talents between regions. As of 2021, the AI Interdisciplinary Research Center has trained a total of 454 doctoral and postdoctoral fellows in AI-related majors and more than 13,000 professionals in the field of AI. At the same time, France has accumulated many high-end talents in deep learning and pattern recognition, including Yann LeCun, one of the three giants of deep learning, Cedric Villani, winner of the Fields Medal, and Claude-François Picard, founder of the GR22 research team.
1.2.2 The number of artificial intelligence joint laboratories is the largest in the world
According to the statistics of the French Ministry of Economy, Finance and Industry, and Digital Sovereignty, as of 2021, France has 81 high-level, multidisciplinary inter-agency artificial intelligence joint experiments, ranking first in Europe. Among them, the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) is one of the most influential scientific research institutions in France and even the whole of Europe, and it is also the core research force in the field of artificial intelligence. The French National Center for Scientific Research has established a total of 51 artificial intelligence joint laboratories with universities and scientific research units, forming interdisciplinary, cross-departmental, cross-institutional hybrid research units, and the research directions cover basic research, interdisciplinary research, technology application and other fields, representative include the computer and artificial intelligence laboratory LIP6 jointly built by the French National Center for Scientific Research and the University of Paris VI, and the computer science and artificial intelligence laboratory jointly built with the University of Montpellier, The robotics and microelectronics laboratory LIMM and the mathematics laboratory IMT, among others. Among them, the LIP6 laboratory is one of the largest computer science laboratories in France. The French National Center for Scientific Research has also set up four artificial intelligence joint research groups (GDR), gathering the country's top research teams and research forces to conduct cooperative research on the research areas of key disciplines of artificial intelligence, focusing on four fields: models and algorithms (GDR IA group), image information and visual signal processing (GDR ISIS group), data analysis and knowledge decision-making (GDR MADICS group), and natural language processing (GDR TAL group).
1.3 Innovation and entrepreneurship in the field of artificial intelligence are very active
In recent years, the number of start-ups in the field of artificial intelligence in France has accelerated its growth, attracting a number of global multinational companies to set up factories in France, gathering a large number of global high-quality resources, and creating a good development environment for the technology research and development and industrial application of artificial intelligence.
1.3.1 The number of startups in the field of artificial intelligence continues to grow
In recent years, French start-ups in the field of artificial intelligence have maintained a growth trend, driving the application of artificial intelligence technology. In order to encourage scientific and technological innovation and entrepreneurship, the French government has introduced long-term support programs such as "La French Tech", which has created a good policy environment for emerging technological innovation and entrepreneurship such as artificial intelligence, and promoted the rapid incubation of French artificial intelligence start-ups. In February 2019, the French Ministry of Finance released the report "The Development Level and Prospect of Artificial Intelligence Technology in France", which pointed out that artificial intelligence technology is currently the most widely used in medical, manufacturing, transportation, finance, agriculture and other industries in France. Among them, it is most closely integrated with the medical industry, especially in preventive medicine, medical diagnosis and medical research. As of 2021, the number of artificial intelligence start-ups in France reached 502, an increase of 11% over 2020, and its main markets cover autonomous driving, finance, robotics and other application fields, among which it has strong competitiveness in the fields of robots, drones and 3D printing.
1.3.2 Attract a number of multinational enterprises to invest and build factories in France
France has become the preferred place for multinational Internet companies to open research centers. France has a large number of high-quality research talents, a low salary system, and preferential policies such as research tax exemptions that encourage enterprises to develop and develop, which create the prerequisites for many multinational companies to set up in France. A number of top international technology companies have set up technology research and development centers in France to promote the gathering of global innovation resources in France. In 2018, Facebook set up its third artificial intelligence technology R&D center in Paris, following Menlo Park in the United States and New York, and is also the first overseas innovation center engaged in the research and development of key technologies such as automatic speech recognition, image recognition, and machine learning, and has established a long-term cooperative relationship with the French National Institute of Information and Automation to jointly carry out research and development projects; In February 2019, Microsoft established the Artificial Intelligence Global Development Center in France, and Intel Corporation also announced the opening of the first European big data research center in France. French local enterprises with strong technological innovation capabilities to attract a large number of international IT giants to invest in the construction of factories, a number of French-based natural language training projects for Google, Facebook and other multinational companies have great attraction, they have come to invest in the development of their own business, at the same time, French machine learning company Moodstocks, robot company Aldebaran Robotics and other advantageous enterprises have been acquired by Google, Japan's SoftBank, for the country to introduce more and more global high-quality resources.
02 France's main initiatives to promote the development of artificial intelligence
Since entering the 21st century, France has been actively developing artificial intelligence under the framework of the European Union. On the one hand, through its participation in the European Union's "Human Brain Programme" (HBP), France received 1 billion euros of support to strengthen its research in neural network theory, cognitive neuroscience and ethics; On the other hand, it has jointly signed the Declaration on Artificial Intelligence Cooperation with 24 other European countries, clearly proposing to work with other European countries to solve the social, economic and ethical challenges of artificial intelligence and improve the overall research and development level of European artificial intelligence. Under the guidance of this goal, France has issued a national artificial intelligence development strategy and intelligent technology application plans in related fields, taking people-oriented artificial intelligence as the basic requirement for development, setting up interdisciplinary research centers, artificial intelligence joint laboratories and other specialized institutions to promote artificial intelligence research, and vigorously promoting artificial intelligence to empower key areas such as medical and health care and transportation by issuing special plans for artificial intelligence talents and adding artificial intelligence-related majors. United civil forces have issued a number of normative documents to effectively prevent the risks of artificial intelligence algorithms and deal with ethical safety issues, and strive to become a leader in the field of artificial intelligence in Europe.
2.1 Publish the strategic deployment of artificial intelligence at the national level
In recent years, France has attached great importance to the development of artificial intelligence, issued a national artificial intelligence strategy, and issued artificial intelligence development planning documents in key areas, committed to becoming a leader in the field of artificial intelligence.
The French government systematically plans the development of artificial intelligence. In March 2017, the French Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation issued the French Artificial Intelligence Strategy, pointing out that the French government should develop artificial intelligence technology from a strategic height, integrate scientific and technological forces in the field of artificial intelligence, and ensure that France becomes a leader in the field of artificial intelligence in Europe. The strategy incorporates artificial intelligence into the original innovation strategies and measures, and puts forward more than 50 policy measures in various fields such as technology research and development, talent training, application transformation, and ethical safety to comprehensively promote the development of artificial intelligence. In November 2021, the French Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation issued the National Artificial Intelligence Development Strategy Phase II (2021-2025), which clarified the core tasks and main measures for the development of artificial intelligence in the next five years. Compared with the first phase of the development strategy, the strategy has increased capital investment, proposing to invest 2.22 billion euros (of which 1.5 billion euros are public funds, 506 million euros are private funds, and 214 million euros are undisclosed funding sources) from 2021 to 2025, and the strategic focus is shifted from basic R&D construction to talent skills cultivation and the integration and application of intelligent technology with the economy and society.
Vigorously promote the development of artificial intelligence in key areas such as technology research and development, scenario application and national defense development. In March 2018, French President Emmanuel Macron delivered a speech entitled "AI for the benefit of mankind" at the "National Artificial Intelligence Seminar" held by the French Academy, followed by the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation in November of the same year to sort out and release the "National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategy", which plans to invest 1.5 billion euros in public funds and 500 million euros in non-government funds from 2018 to 2022, focusing on building an interdisciplinary AI network, building a world-class AI research and development center, strengthening education and talent training, Invest in the deployment of computing power in public research and other aspects, and strive to build France into a world-class power that can compete with China and the United States in artificial intelligence research and development. In November 2019, the French Ministry of Defense issued the "Roadmap for the Defense Application of Artificial Intelligence", which makes systematic deployment in five aspects: data hardware needs, innovative R&D strategies, ethical legal framework, organizational mechanisms and key tasks, and international cooperation. An overview of France's national strategy for artificial intelligence is shown in Table 2.
2.2 Vigorously promote interdisciplinary research on artificial intelligence
France has effectively integrated research resources from all parties and continued to promote interdisciplinary research and cooperation among artificial intelligence research institutions through the establishment of interdisciplinary research centers and artificial intelligence joint laboratories.
Establish a special agency to coordinate and promote interdisciplinary research on artificial intelligence. France actively promotes interdisciplinary research around the three core tasks of "education and training, basic research and applied research". In April 2019, the French Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation selected four regions with good foundations and strong scientific research strength in Paris, Grenoble, Toulouse and Nice to set up the Paris Interdisciplinary Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (PRAIRIE), the Grenoble Interdisciplinary Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (MIAI), the Toulouse Interdisciplinary Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (ANITI) and the Nice Interdisciplinary Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (3IA). Côted'Azur) 4 artificial intelligence interdisciplinary research centers in order to better gather industry-university-research resources between regions and form a leading and cohesive joint research network. The Interdisciplinary Research Center for Artificial Intelligence is coordinated and promoted by the French National Institute of Information and Automation, co-funded by government departments, scientific research institutions and enterprises, and coordinated by the participation of top universities, scientific research institutions and innovative enterprises in the region (see Figure 1).
Gathering advantageous enterprises and research forces in global AI development is conducive to the formation of an innovation ecology for AI development. Take the Nice Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence as an example, which gathers the main scientific and industrial resources of the south of France, including the Laboratory of Computer Science, Signals and Systems (Laboratoire d'Informatique, Signaux et Systèmes de Sophia Antipolis, I3S) and the Laboratory of Jean-Alexandre Eugène Dieugene Jean-Alexandre Dieudonnè, LJAD) and other scientific research units with a solid research foundation in the fields of mathematics, computer science and robotics, as well as professional medical research institutions such as the University Hospital of Nice, have formed an interdisciplinary research group. Relying on the advantageous resources of the southern medical industry, SKEMA Business School and more than 60 companies and start-ups focus on the medical field and biology to carry out research on the basic theory and technology application of artificial intelligence, and build a good scientific research and innovation ecology (see Figure 2).
2.3 The two sides attach great importance to talent training and discipline construction
France attaches great importance to the cultivation of artificial intelligence talents and the construction of disciplines, and continuously strengthens the ability of professional talents and the intelligent literacy of ordinary citizens by issuing special plans for artificial intelligence talents and adding artificial intelligence-related majors.
Released a special plan for artificial intelligence talents to strengthen the training of artificial intelligence talents. In 2021, the French government invested 781 million euros to launch two five-year AI talent cultivation programs, including the "Artificial Intelligence Discipline Excellence Training Program" and the "Artificial Intelligence Large-scale Training Program". Among them, the "Artificial Intelligence Discipline Excellence Training Program" aims to support higher education institutions to strengthen the construction of artificial intelligence education resources, enhance the international influence of French universities in the field of artificial intelligence education, and attract more outstanding international students and overseas talents. The "AI Large-scale Training Program" is committed to popularizing AI education, on the one hand, expanding the types of disciplines, developing multidisciplinary training courses such as artificial intelligence, robotics and data skills in addition to basic disciplines such as mathematics and computer science, and strengthening interdisciplinary education such as artificial intelligence and cybersecurity, artificial intelligence and life sciences, and artificial intelligence and cloud computing; On the other hand, improve the construction of the education system in non-professional fields, develop courses and training for non-professionals in addition to the professional academic system of engineers, masters, and doctors, promote reemployment in the field of artificial intelligence, and provide diversified talent reserves for the development of artificial intelligence.
Add artificial intelligence-related majors and strengthen the construction of artificial intelligence disciplines. France has launched "210 engineering colleges" to set up artificial intelligence-related majors in these colleges and actively cultivate artificial intelligence professionals. For example, the Ecole Polytechnique opened its master's program in artificial intelligence and advanced visual computing in September 2018, enrolling 30 students every year; In October 2018, the Ecole des Mines Supérieure Paris opened a master's program in artificial intelligence.
2.4 Strengthen the application of artificial intelligence in key areas
France attaches great importance to the enabling role of artificial intelligence in the economy and society, focuses on medical and health and other fields, continuously increases investment, establishes technical support platforms and data centers and other infrastructure, and accelerates the application of artificial intelligence in the field of people's livelihood.
Under the framework of the "Future Investment Plan", we will continue to increase funding for AI-related projects. Since 2018, the annual project selection and funding mechanism organized by the French "Future Investment Plan" (PIA) - "Research and Development Project to Build Competitiveness" (PSPC) has successively funded 10 artificial intelligence industry application projects, including hybrid artificial intelligence application projects in the medical field and autonomous driving projects. In 2020, the French Public Investment Bank launched the "Challenges IA" funding program for AI start-ups, collecting AI technology solutions to support the digital transformation of traditional enterprises in four major application areas: health, transportation, environment and defense and security, and funded a total of 13 projects to help 21 enterprises and 5 public institutions achieve intelligent transformation. At the same time, France has successively carried out industry data pool projects in the fields of agriculture (AgDataHub), logistics (IACargo), automatic voice processing (VoiceLab), and established an artificial intelligence general platform (Aleia).
Prioritize the rapid development of AI-enabled healthcare. In 2018, the French Innovation Council (Conseil del'Innovation) released the "Artificial Intelligence Challenge - Using Artificial Intelligence to Improve Medical Diagnosis" plan, investing 30 million euros in 3 years to promote the algorithm development and technology application of artificial intelligence in the medical field. In 2019, the French government launched the establishment of a Health Data Hub, which is connected to the National Health Data System (SNDS) to integrate and store the health data of all French citizens, and open it to relevant scientific research institutions, providing rich data support for smart medical research and development.
2.5 Pay close attention to the risks of artificial intelligence algorithms and ethical issues
France pays great attention to the ethical governance of artificial intelligence, has issued a number of guidelines and regulations to guide the safe application of artificial intelligence, and issued the Declaration on Industrial Artificial Intelligence with leading industrial enterprises to actively promote the healthy development of artificial intelligence.
Great importance is attached to the ethical safety issues brought by the application of artificial intelligence. France's National Commission for Information and Liberties (CNIL), France's data regulator, has issued a number of regulations and security guidelines around algorithm and system security. In terms of algorithm security, the "Ethical Risks of Artificial Intelligence and Algorithms" was released, which deeply analyzed a series of ethical issues that may be caused by artificial intelligence algorithms and put forward suggestions for governance measures. In terms of system security, the "Self-Assessment of Artificial Intelligence System" and "Safety Guide for Artificial Intelligence System" were released, which are committed to providing the public, professional institutions and experts in related fields with knowledge, theoretical tools and implementation guidance on the security of artificial intelligence systems, and putting forward operational suggestions to strengthen the security of artificial intelligence systems in five aspects: planning and design, data resource security, protection and reinforcement of learning processes, use of reliable applications, and consideration of organizational strategies. The French National Commission for Information and Liberties has also published the How AI complies with the General Data Protection Regulation, which guides professional bodies in conducting self-assessments of the maturity of AI systems based on European data regulations.
The government and non-governmental cooperation organizations jointly promote the healthy development of artificial intelligence. In addition to the French National Commission for Information and Liberties carrying out risk management and control from a regulatory perspective, the government has also actively joined forces with civil society to explore and issue a series of documents to ensure the healthy development of artificial intelligence. In July 2019, the French Ministry of Economy and Finance signed the Industrial Artificial Intelligence Declaration with eight global industry giants, including Air Liquide and Dassault Aviation, aiming to promote the development of the industry through artificial intelligence technology, increase employment opportunities, and promote the wide application of credible, explainable and provable smart technologies in the industrial field. In September 2019, the French Federation of Digital Ecosystems, together with relevant research institutions and government departments, released the "Practical Guide to the Ethics of AI", which proposes an ethical code of conduct framework around the design, development and deployment process of AI to guide enterprises in developing trustworthy AI systems. The list of documents related to the ethical governance of artificial intelligence in France is shown in Table 3. In addition, France established a government ethics committee in December 2019 to oversee the development of military artificial intelligence.
03 Enlightenment for the development of Chinese intelligence
Since China issued the "New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan" in 2017, it has implemented major AI projects, laid out innovation bases and platforms, strengthened the training of AI professionals and the improvement of the intelligent quality of the whole people, steadily promoted the ethical governance of AI, and also issued a series of policy measures to vigorously promote the research and development of AI technology and empower economic and social development. At present, Chinese intelligence is in the stage of accelerated development, breakthroughs have been made in key core technologies, and positive progress has been made in the integration and development of the real economy. However, compared with developed countries, there is still a certain gap between the overall development level of Chinese intelligence and other aspects in terms of major original achievements, industrial ecology, and ethical safety. Through the summary and analysis of the strategic deployment and development experience of artificial intelligence in France, combined with the development status of Chinese intelligence, the following enlightenments are proposed:
First, combined with the actual development situation, timely introduce an artificial intelligence development action plan with phased characteristics. Learning from the experience of France in introducing the second phase of the strategy in a timely manner, taking the "New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan" as the fundamental goal, timely summarize the results achieved in the previous stage of development, analyze the situation and needs of the current stage, further clarify the goals and tasks of the latest stage, and formulate a new round of 3-year action plans and other specific implementation plans in combination with the characteristics of artificial intelligence development at this stage.
The second is to strengthen interdisciplinary research and interdisciplinary personnel training. Given the interdisciplinary nature of AI itself and its characteristics in the field of contributing to scientific research, AI development and interdisciplinary research complement each other. Actively build a platform for interdisciplinary exchanges and cooperation, and build a source: according to the institutional website disclosure policy information collation. In April 2022, the French National Commission for Information and Liberties established guidelines for the safety assessment of artificial intelligence systems, focusing on seven aspects, including the purpose of system use, data collection and training, algorithm development and training, system use process, risk prevention, user rights, and responsible subjects In April 2022, the French National Commission for Information and Liberties studied and analyzed the importance of the existence of artificial intelligence, the reasons for the errors in artificial intelligence, and the key links that the French National Commission for Information and Liberties needs to intervene in supervision, providing basic ideas for the future design of the regulatory framework "How AI complies with the General Data Protection Regulation" French National Commission for Information and Liberties April 2022 based on the European data regulation. It provides 12 guiding suggestions for relevant institutions and organizations to carry out self-assessment of the maturity of artificial intelligence systems, continue to establish interdisciplinary research centers and school-enterprise cooperation bases, promote exchanges and cooperation among experts, scholars and entrepreneurs in different disciplines and fields, and accelerate basic theoretical research and key technology research; Strengthen the cultivation of interdisciplinary talents, promote the "artificial intelligence + X" multidisciplinary collaborative teaching model, explore talent training models such as school-enterprise cooperation, and cultivate compound talents with interdisciplinary backgrounds.
The third is to accelerate the integration and application of artificial intelligence around important scenarios closely related to people's production and life. Focus on important areas closely related to people's production and life and economic and social development, clarify the application scenarios in which artificial intelligence can play a role, increase financial support, set up projects specifically to promote integrated development, encourage enterprises to take the lead in strengthening intelligent applications, promote innovation in artificial intelligence application scenarios, and accelerate the development of intelligent industry scale.
Fourth, strengthen risk prevention and ethical supervision. The ethical governance of artificial intelligence is as important as the technological development of artificial intelligence, and it is necessary to strengthen the attention and governance awareness of different subjects on the ethical issues of artificial intelligence, and on the basis of the "New Generation of Artificial Intelligence Governance Principles - Developing Responsible Artificial Intelligence" and "New Generation of Artificial Intelligence Ethical Norms", around key areas such as autonomous driving, formulate governance guidelines and development manuals in industries and fields, and actively promote the healthy development of artificial intelligence.
Authors: Hou Huimin, Xu Feng, Wang Yiying, Li Fang, China Institute of Science and Technology Information
Project Source: Ministry of Science and Technology Science and Technology Special Project "National New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan Organization Implementation Major Issues Research and Support System Construction" (106042001000210010)
This article is reproduced from the WeChat public account Science Intelligence Think Tank, originally published in Global Science and Technology Economic Outlook, Vol. 38, No. 2, February 2023
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