History of the Jin Dynasty: A Brief History of the Western Jin Dynasty.
The Jin Dynasty was divided into two periods, the Western Jin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the two Jin Dynasties had a total of 155 emperors, a total of 155 years. The Western Jin Dynasty was a short-lived unified dynasty in Chinese history after the establishment of the Three Kingdoms, with the four emperors being established for fifty-one years (266-316), and only thirty-seven years after the destruction of Eastern Wu. In order to distinguish it from the Later Jin Dynasty in the Five Dynasties, the Western Jin Dynasty, the Eastern Jin Dynasty was founded as the fourth and eleventh emperor, and the state was established one hundred and three years (317-420).
In December 285, Sima Yan the King of Jin forced the little emperor of Cao Wei to "give him the throne."
On February 8, 266, Sima Yan proclaimed the throne as emperor, and founded the Jin Dynasty under the name of the state name, becoming the "Tai Shi" of Emperor Wu of Jin, and the Wei and Jin alternates, appearing to be calm, in fact Emperor Wu of Jin's grandfather, Sima Yi, uncle, Sima Shi, and father Sima Zhao.
After sixteen years, he cut off all the forces loyal to Cao Wei and was supported by many gatekeeper clans.
The Sima clan was a great surname of the ancient clan, and during the Qin and Han dynasties, the ancestor Sima Biao was named the King of Yin by Xiang Yu, the overlord of Western Chu, passing through Hanoi County. The descendants were all high-ranking officials during the Two Han Dynasties, and were members of the Cao Wei family in Hanoi. Sima Yi was a general during the reign of Emperor Ming of Wei, and Zhuge Liang, who repeatedly led troops against the Shu Han dynasty, became a minister of Wei. On his deathbed, Emperor Wei Ming appointed Sima Yi as the minister of Tuogu, assisting Cao Fang the Prince of Qi.
In 249, Sima Yi staged a coup d'état, destroyed Cao Shuang, who was also a minister of Tuogu, seized power in the central government, and became the political representative of the family.
In 251, Sima Yi died of illness, and his eldest son, Sima Shi, remained in power.
In 254, Sima Shi deposed Cao Fangli and Cao Xin as emperor.
In the following year, Sima Shi's dead brother Sima Zhao came to power, and in 257 Sima Zhao killed the general Zhengdong and Zhuge Dan, so that Wang Ling, Li Feng, Xiahou Xuan, Guan, Qiu Jian, Zhuge Xian and other ministers were killed for fighting against the Sima clan, and the internal and external forces loyal to Cao Wei were basically cut off.
In 260, Sima Zhao killed Cao Xin, established Emperor Yuan of Wei, and Cao Huan was made the Duke of Jin.
In 264, he was promoted to the rank of King of Jin.
Sima Zhao died in the second year of the reign of Emperor Xianxi of Wei, and his eldest son, Sima Yan, succeeded him as King of Jin. He reenacts the story of Cao Pi's reign in the Han dynasty and calls Luoyang, the imperial capital.
In the first year of the Tai dynasty (266), in view of the people's belief that the kings of the Cao Wei clan were weak, the Sima clan was able to replace Cao Wei. Emperor Wu of Jin made his grandfather Sima Yi and all the descendants of the clan king, and made the county king twenty-seven. The size of the army can also be set according to the size of the fiefdom, and the lords and nobles who started the business are also added to the title of prince as a prince. In the early days of Emperor Wu of Jin, he encouraged reclamation and water conservancy expansion. Agricultural policies such as labor force.
Agricultural production developed rapidly, and at the same time opposed to luxury and thrift, and society gradually showed prosperity. In the first year of Taikang (280), the Jin Dynasty pacified the Sun Wu regime in Jiangnan, ended the situation of the Three Kingdoms, unified the stability and prosperity of the whole country's society, and appeared the "prosperous phenomenon of the rule of Taikang", which made Emperor Wudi of Jin and his courtiers flutter and began a luxurious life of drunken gold.
In order to maintain political stability and safeguard the interests of the ruling class, Emperor Wudi of Jin pushed the "nine-product zhongzheng system" to the limit and was responsible for recommending it to the central government. Almost all of the candidates are from large families, and the criteria for selecting talents are based on the level of the family, the noble origin, and the formation of a class solidification situation of "no cold family at the top and no powerful family at the bottom" in the officialdom.
Officials who occupy land according to their grade can occupy 50 hectares of land for the first product, decreasing by 5 hectares for each product until they reach 9 acres. It also gives relatives the right to be exempted from the tax of forced labor according to the grade, and the highest can benefit the lower of the nine ethnic groups, and can also benefit the three generations of rich materials to supply special interests of the security system, and the enjoyment psychology of the peaceful and prosperous era makes the style of comparing the rich and rich of the rich family prevail.
The dignitaries inherited the rebellion that arose during the Cao Wei period. These high-ranking officials, who were supposed to be in charge of political affairs, enjoyed wealth while talking freely about the affair under the forest, and regarded diligent duty as a shameful thing. What was more serious was that Emperor Wu of Jin, who attached importance to the marriage of the clans, lacked a long-term plan, and made his imbecile son Sima Xin crown prince, and let the crown prince marry Jia Nanfeng, the daughter of Jia Chong the Duke of Lu, as the crown prince.
Jia Nanfeng, with his fierce and cunning character, became the first person to cause civil unrest. The emperor's absurd officialdom and rotten talk soon pushed the Western Jin dynasty into decline.
In 290, Emperor Wu of Jin died, and the crown prince ascended the throne as Emperor Hui of Jin, with the title Yongxi, and the power of the dynasty soon fell into the hands of Empress Jia Nanfeng, and at her instigation, the kings of the Sima clan began to kill each other.
In the first year of Yongkang, Sima Lun, the king of Zhao, raised troops into Beijing, killed Jia Nanfeng, and others started the "Rebellion of the Eight Kings." From 291 to 306, during these 16 years, eight kings divided by Emperor Wu of Jin joined the scuffle for power, and a group of Hanmen who had been excluded from the ranks participated in the various forces, hoping to change their unequal treatment by breaking the existing social order through unrest. The protracted war has led to the death of hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians, the collapse of social order, and the displacement of many people. In 299, Li Xiong of the Di ethnic group established the Cheng Han regime in Chengdu, and the unified Jin dynasty began to split, and the internal strife of the Jin royal family gave the armed forces of the nomads living in the Jin dynasty an opportunity. There are five main ethnic minorities:
There are Xiongnu people living in the central and southern parts of Shanxi;
Some of the Xianbei people live in western Liaoxi and eastern Liaoning, while the other part is mixed with the Han people in Longxi;
The Xiongnu were descendants of the Xiongnu who entered Cyprus and lived in Shangdang County in southeastern Shanxi;
The Di people lived in southeastern Gansu, and later some moved to Shaanxi and eastern Gansu;
The Qiang people were scattered in the counties of Guanzhong and mixed with the Han people, and the five ethnic groups were also known as the Five Hus, and there were people of various ethnic groups who migrated inward during the Eastern Han Dynasty. By the time of the Western Jin Dynasty, due to long-term contacts with the Han people, they gradually moved towards a settled agricultural life, but most of them retained tribal organizations, but they were economically oppressed and politically oppressed by the Western Jin court, and they all sought to establish their own political power. The Xiongnu nobleman Liu Yuan took the lead in establishing the Han state in 304.
As Liu Yuan's power expanded, the teams of uprisings in various places were successively thrown into his account, including Shi Le, a slave-born Qiang tribeman, who rose rapidly, and the iron horse he led became an invasion against the Western Jin Dynasty.
In 306, Sima Yue, the king of the East Sea, invaded Luoyang in Beijing, and Sima Qi, king of Hejian, and Sima Ying, king of Chengdu, were killed one after another. The King of the East Sea welcomed Emperor Hui of Jin back to Luoyang, and then Emperor Hui of Jin was poisoned, and Sima Chi the King of Yuzhang succeeded to the throne as Yongjia for Emperor Huai of Jin, ending the Rebellion of the Eight Kings from the dictatorship of the East Sea King.
In the summer of the 4th year of Emperor Huai of Jin, Yongjia, Liu Yuan died of illness, and Liu Cong killed his brother Liu He to seize the throne as emperor. In the winter of that year, there was a famine in Luoyang, and the East Sea King sent letters to various places to rescue Jingshi, but there was no response from all places. Seeing that Luoyang was in danger, in order to preserve his strength, the King of Donghai led the Jin court and 40,000 warriors to leave Luoyang in the name of conscripting the Han general Shi Le.
After leaving Tunxiangcheng (present-day Shenqiu, Henan), only the Right Guard general He Lun and others remained in Luoyang with Emperor Huai of Jin, and Luoyang's social order fell into chaos. In March of the fifth year of Yongjia, the King of Donghai died of illness in Xiangcheng, and on the way to the army escorting his coffin to be buried in Donghai (present-day Tancheng, Shandong), he was overtaken by Shi Le and his light horse, defeating the ministers and sergeants at all levels of the Jin army, and more than 100,000 people died. Liu Yuan's son Liu Yao took the opportunity to capture Luoyang, and Han troops entered the city to burn, kill and loot, and Emperor Huai of Jin was captured to Pingyang. History is called "the scourge of Yongjia". In 312, Emperor Huai of Jin was killed. Emperor Huai of Jin's nephew Sima Ye ascended the throne in Chang'an as Emperor Shu of Jin. In 316, Chang'an was again attacked by Liu Yao, and in 317 Emperor Jin was killed.
The destruction of the Western Jin Dynasty reached its climax, and at this time, only Liu Kun of the Northern Dynasty was killed in the confrontation with Shimo. The Xiongnu controlled almost the entire Central Plains, and the north entered a great turmoil that lasted for more than a hundred years, and all ethnic groups successively established countries in the north, known as the "Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms".