Schematic diagram of the Three Western Expeditions of the Mongol Yuan
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The Mongol army's first western expedition, although it defeated the combined forces of the Grand Dukes of Choros and the Chincha at the Calgar River, did not completely conquer the Chincha, let alone bring the Hurosi to their knees. Therefore, when Wokoutai took the throne, he considered the question of sending troops to conquer the Western countries again.
01. "Firstborn WestWard March" and the establishment of the Khanate of Chincha
In 1235, it was decided to send the eldest son, eldest grandson or grandson of Genghis Khan's four sons to lead an army to the west. They were: Batu, the second son of Shuchi, Baidar and Sun Buli, the eldest son of Chagatai, Guiyu, the eldest son of Wokoutai, and Möngke, the eldest son of Tuolei, and so on, while Battu of Changfang was the commander, with the veteran general Subutai as the vanguard, and the eldest sons of officers below the head of the Mongol army also joined the army.
Historians call this expedition the "Firstborn Expedition to the West." In fact, those who participated in the Western Expedition were not only the eldest sons of various lineages, but also the younger brothers of the eldest sons of various lineages; not only the Mongol army, but also the troops of many conquered nationalities and countries.
In the spring of 1236, the Mongol army reached the middle reaches of the River Etre and defeated the Briars.
In the spring of 1237, the Mongol army attacked Chincha. At that time, the Chincha people waged a flexible guerrilla war under the leadership of the "courageous" leader Bachiman, and they haunted the forests on both sides of the Le River in Yi, causing the Mongol army to suffer many losses. Later, Hachiman was captured and killed.
After defeating the Tribes of Chincha, Portas, and Mauldu, the Mongol army entered the Principality of Yarezan in Choros. Battus ordered king Yeezan to give up one-tenth of all his possessions. The king of Yagzag did not allow it, and asked for help from the mire principality of Wula, but was refused. As a result, the whole territory was slaughtered. In early 1238, the Mongol army broke through the Duchy of Mi'er.
Due to the heroic resistance of the military and civilians of Theros, the casualties of the Mongol army were also heavy. After capturing the Duchy of Mi'er in Wula, the Mongol army turned back to the upper reaches of the Yi'er Le River, continued to conquer the sher kesu and Malim and other departments in the Taihe Mountains, and then broke the army of the Khan of Khutan Khan of the Chincha Province, who was forced to flee to Hungary with his troops.
In the winter of 1238, the Mongol army captured the city of Asok, which had long insisted on resisting the Mongols. In the spring of 1239, he took the ear class and re-entered the southern Luosi realm.
In the autumn of 1239, Guiyu and Möngke were ordered to return to Mongolia. By the time they returned to Mongolia, Wokoutai had died in November 1241. The Empress was the overseer of the Ma Zhen clan.
The invading army of Horus, led by Battus, continued to attack the principalities. At that time, there was constant strife among the grand dukes, and the great enemy was imminent, and they could not unite and resist, and they fled to Hungary.
The Mongol army that invaded Eastern Europe in 1241 was divided into two groups: one entered Poland (known in Chinese historical records as "Cyrel"); One team entered Hungary under the leadership of Batu and Subutai (called "Mazar" in Chinese historical records).
A Mongol army entering Poland destroyed the Polish defenders, then defeated the combined forces of Polish and German princes near Rignişburg, entered Moravia, and then entered Hungary to join the Battus army.
The internal contradictions of the Hungarian state because of its containment of chincha people are very serious. Later, the Hungarian king Besa attacked and killed Chincha Khan Kutan, causing a disturbance among the Chincha people.
After the Mongol army led by Battu entered Hungary, the Hungarian king was defeated in successive battles, and the Mongol army captured the city of Pest (present-day Pest, Budapest), and the whole territory of Hungary was ravaged.
Later, the Mongol army entered Austria and the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea.
The Mongol army conquered Theros and invaded Austria-Hungary, which greatly shook the countries of Western Europe, and they exclaimed that the "Yellow Peril" was coming. Fortifications were built in many cities in Western Europe, and the Pope issued a call to prepare for the formation of a crusade. However, thanks to the courageous resistance of the peoples of Roth and Eastern Europe, the Mongol army was no longer able to advance westward.
In April 1242, the news of Wokoutai's death reached the Mongol camp, and Batu led his army to retreat east.
In 1243, on the east bank of the lower reaches of the Batule River, Batu built the city of Sarai (near present-day Astrakhan, Russia) and used it as a capital to rule the territory he occupied.
The area ruled by Batu was called the Khanate of Chincha, also known as the Golden Horde. Its territory stretched from the Shihe River (present-day Irtysh River) in the east to the Principality of Luosi in the west.
After the death of Wokoutai, the competition for the Khan position was fierce. At the Kuriletai Assembly held in the spring of 1246, Guiyu, the son of Wokoutai, was promoted to the position of Great Khan (Yuan Dingzong). However, Battus refused to participate in the Kuriletai Conference, and relations with Guiyu were very tense.
In early 1248, In the name of recuperation, Guiyu led an army westward with the intention of making a surprise attack on Battus. In March, he passed through the land of Hengxiang Yi'er (present-day southeast of Qinghe, Xinjiang), and fell ill and died.
At the Kuriletai Assembly held in 1251, thanks to the support of Battu, the Mongol kings jointly promoted Tuolei's son Möngke as Khan (Yuan Xianzong), and from then on the Great Khan's throne was transferred from the Wokoutai clan to the hands of the Tuolei clan.
02. Hulagu's Western Expedition and the establishment of the Ilkhanate
During Genghis Khan's western expedition, he did not conquer Khwarazm Shazarandine. Therefore, when he returned to Mongolia, he left Qi'erhan to continue his pursuit of Zalandin.
In 1231, Zalandin was defeated. Later, Qi'erhan and Baizhu continued to lead the Mongol army in West Asia and Persia for 20 years, but did not conquer all of these regions.
In 1252, Möngke decided to send his brother Hulagu on a new expedition to the west. In addition to the soldiers of the kings, the expedition also mobilized more than 1,000 Chinese craftsmen, including the famous firearms expert Guo Kan.
In 1256, Hulagu invaded the kingdom of Mulayi. Located south of the Caspian Sea, Mharai was founded at the end of the 11th century and ruled the mountain cities of Mazanda (present-day Mazandran Province, Iran) as islamic Islam. After the Mongol army entered the country, many castles were captured, the lord of the country, Ulu Wu, surrendered, and the people of Mulayi were brutally slaughtered.
In 1257, Mongol armies began to attack Baoda (present-day Baghdad, Iraq). Baoda was the capital of the Abbasid dynasty in black.
It has been 500 years since the founding of the black-clad great food, and although it was once occupied by the Seljuk Turks, it was still nominally ruled by the Abbasid caliphate. At the time of the Mongol invasion, Caliph Mustahim was a cowardly, incompetent, hedonistic ruler. Hulagu wrote to the caliph asking him to surrender. The caliph, who considered himself the "co-lord of the Muslim nation," replied that he refused, but did not seriously prepare for war.
In early 1258, Hulagu attacked Baoda with artillery, and the caliph surrendered and was killed. After the Mongol army entered the city and plundered for 7 days, hundreds of thousands of inhabitants were slaughtered, the art treasures and ornate buildings of the Abbasid dynasty were burned down, and the famous ancient city was completely destroyed.
Hulagu continued to lead his army westward, ravaging Mesopotamia, invading Syria and approaching Egypt.
In 1260, the Mongol army captured Aleppo and Damascus, but the armies of the Mamluk Sultans of Egypt defeated the Mongol army in Ain Zarut south of Damascus, preventing the Mongol expansion into Egypt and Africa.
In 1260, Kublai Khan, the Great Khan, enfeoffed Hulagu in Persia, and Hulagu established the Ilkhanate in his fiefdom. The Ilkhanate stretched from the Amu Darya River in the east to Asia Minor in the west, the Chincha Khanate in the north, the Indian Ocean in the south, and the capital city of Trangha (present-day Malag, Iran), and later moved to Taoli Monastery (present-day Tabriz, Iran).
In addition to the above-mentioned two Khanates of Chincha and Yili, the fiefdom of the descendants of Wokoutai was the Altai Mountains region centered on Tarbahatai, called the Wokoutai Khanate; the fiefdom of the descendants of Chagatai was including Central Asia Minor east of the Amu Darya River, Shemilechi, and the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains of present-day Xinjiang, called the Chagatai Khanate.
The four khanates were nominally vassals of the Yuan emperors, but the Khanates of Chincha and Ilkhanate later became de facto independent states.
03. Invaded Goryeo from the east
When Genghis Khan expanded outward, Goryeo was ruled by the Wang clan. In 1216, the Khitan jinshan and marshal liuge, dissatisfied with Mongol rule, led 90,000 people into Goryeo. In 1217, Jinshan and others captured Jiangdong City as a stronghold and proclaimed themselves the King of Liaodong. Soon, Tonggu killed Jinshan, shouting that she would kill Tonggu again.
In 1218, under the pretext of rebelling against the Khitans, the Mongols sent Hazhiji and Zara to invade Goryeo and cooperate with the Goryeo army to attack Gangdong City, shouting suicide. King Wang of Goryeo declared himself a vassal and paid tribute.
In 1224, relations between the two countries began to deteriorate as Mongol envoys were killed by the Goryeos.
In 1231, Wokoutai ordered Sarita to lead an army to attack Goryeo, and hong fuyuan, a Chinese-Chinese Goryeo, surrendered and cooperated with the Mongol army to conquer many prefectures and counties. King Wang of Goryeo was forced to surrender. Sarita supervised 72 people in Goryeo's anjing, prefectural, and county of Daru Huachi.
In 1232, a large-scale anti-Mongol struggle broke out in Goryeo. King Goryeo killed the Mongolian Daru Huachi and moved to Ganghwa Island to fight against the Mongols. The Mongols then sent Sarita to suppress it, killing the Goryeo army, which recaptured Saigyeong (present-day Pyongyang) and other places.
From 1233 to 1241, although the Mongols repeatedly sent troops to join forces with Hong Fuyuan to invade Goryeo, the Goryeo king Wang Yan never surrendered.
In 1241, Wang Qi sent his son Wang Qi into hostage. During the reign of Guiyu and Möngke, on the grounds of "not entering the country for years", they sent troops to invade four times and brutally slaughtered the goryeo people, forcing Wang To send his son Wang Kai into the dynasty. It was not until Kublai Khan came to power that relations between the two countries improved. At that time, Wang Yan had died, and his son Wang Wei succeeded to the throne, and the Mongols took Goryeo as "Yong as the Eastern Domain" and made him pay tribute every year. The envoys and merchants of the two countries had frequent exchanges and close economic and cultural ties.
After the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, the use of Goryeo as a base for aggression against Japan intensified the exploitation of the Goryeo people, who repeatedly held armed struggles against the Yuan.
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