His four great disciples are all powerful in the world

A rage and the princes are afraid, and the world is extinguished in peace. (Mencius Teng Wen Gong)

Oniyamon people

Today, the books that interpret "Oniyako" are overwhelming, scattered in bookstores and stalls all over the world, but Oniyako and his people are still mysterious.

A famous teacher makes a high apprentice, and a high apprentice will also become a famous teacher. The reason why Oniyako became a famous teacher of the Warring States "Internet celebrity" and even developed into a two-thousand-year-old big IP is not unrelated to the fact that his students turned the world upside down.

Ai Gongzi remembered the second episode of "Journey to the West", before Sun Monkey went down the mountain, he was in the same mood as the current college student about to graduate, full of confusion about the future, and with tears in his eyes, he was grateful to Grandmaster Bodhi and was reluctant in every way.

When Grandmaster Bodhi heard this, he waved his hand again and again and said, "Where is the kindness and righteousness?" You just don't cause trouble and don't lead me. ”

As a teacher, where do you know how much students can make a fuss after graduation.

Su Qin and Zhang Yi, the representatives of the Zongheng family, were the earliest Ghost Guzi students with V certification.

Sima Qian wrote in the "History of Su Qin Lie":

Su Qin, Eastern Zhou Luoyang people also. The East is taught by Qi, and the habit is in Mr. Oniya.

The Biography of Zhang Yilie also says:

Zhang Yi, Wei Renye. At the beginning of the affair with Su Qin, Mr. Ghost Valley, academic, Su Qin was inferior to Zhang Yi.

Despite the brief description, Tai Shigong still believed that Su Qin and Zhang Yi were brothers of the same disciple and came from the Ghost Guzi Sect based on the historical materials available at that time.

Later, Sun Bin and Pang Juan, representatives of the military families who were active in the wars of Wei and Qi before Su Qin and Zhang Yi became famous, were also classified as this master-apprentice "heavenly group".

The "History of Sun Zi Wu Qilie" only records that "Sun Bin and Pang Juanju learned the art of war", and does not mention that his teacher was Ghost Guzi.

The saying that Sun Bin and Pang Juan learned the art of war from Ghost Guzi was first recorded in the "Daozang" edited by the Tang Dynasty, and Mr. Ghost Valley "first passed on his grandson and Pang Gong".

This statement gradually took root. In the Song Dynasty, Hong Mai's brother Hong Shi conducted research and wrote in the "Preface to the Four Books of Soldiers of Han": "Zhao Kuo's disciples read his father's book, and summoned Changping to defeat." Pang Juanzhi tasted the ghost valley, which led to the disaster of Maling. It's not a shame. He used the Battle of Maling as a negative teaching material, believing that Pang Juan's poor learning under the Ghost Guzi Sect led to a fiasco.

Hong Shi, together with Ouyang Xiu and Zhao Mingcheng, is known as the three masters of the Song Dynasty, and is good at examining historical facts based on the Jinshi record, and what he says has a certain basis.

The historian Mr. Zhu Shaohou agreed with this statement, explaining: "In Sun Bin's time, there were no other records of private teaching of the art of war, except for Ghost Guzi, so it is credible to say that Sun Bin and Pang Juan taught Ghost Guzi." ”

If Sun Bin, Pang Juan, Su Qin, and Zhang Yi are all from Ghost Guzi's disciples is reliable, you can roughly calculate the age of Ghost Guzi's life. Professor Xu Fuhong who has studied Oniyako for many years is quoted here:

According to Mr. Qian Mu's "Year of the Sons of the Pre-Qin Dynasty", Sun Bin lived from about 380 to 320 BC.

The ancients "fifteen aspired to learn", if Sun Bin and Pang Juan were young when they studied from Ghost Guzi, it was about 365 BC. If Oniyako was 30 years old, then Oniyako was born no later than 395 BC.

Zhang Yi studied under Ghost Guzi and experienced setbacks after coming out of the mountain, and it was already ten years before Qin Huiwen Jun (328 BC).

Overall, Oniyako lived between 400 and 320 BC.

Sun Bin and Pang Juan were early students of Ghost Guzi, and Su Qin and Zhang Yi were his later disciples.

▲ The description of Ghost Guzi in the Ming Dynasty's "Three Talents Picture Club".

Sun Pang Doozhi

When Sun Bin and Pang Juan came out of the mountain, the most powerful of the Seven Kingdoms was the Wei Kingdom.

After the division of the three families into the Jin Dynasty, the Wei state was the first to become strong among the seven heroes of the Warring States. Others are still 4G networks, and Wei Guo is already using 5G.

During Wei Wenhou's reign, he appointed Li Wei as the prime minister, and his subordinates were also famous generals such as Wu Qi, Le Yang, and Ximen Bao. He carried out reforms, enriched the country and strengthened the army, opened up territory, defeated Qin, Qi, and Chu countries in succession, and became the hegemon of the Central Plains.

The old eastern power, the State of Qi, also had to rely on the prestige of the State of Wei.

When Tian was dying with Qi, Qi Xiangtianhe exiled the last Jiang Qi monarch, Qi Kanggong, to the island, wanting to establish himself as the king of the Qi state, so he asked Wei Wuhou, the then boss of the Central Plains and son of Wei Wenhou, for help. Tian He and Wei Wuhou met in Zhuoze and asked the eldest brother, I want to be a prince, is it in the middle?

Wei Wuhou immediately gave Tian He a handle and sent an envoy to inform Zhou Tianzi and the princes of the world, "My brother Tian He wants to be the king of the country, who is in favor and who is against?"

Zhou Tianzi had to agree, and in 386 BC, Tian He was established as a prince and established the state of Tian's Qi state.

By the time Wei Wenhou's grandson King Hui of Wei ascended the throne (370 BC), the Wei state was in its heyday. If you had asked a passerby at that time who was most likely to destroy the Six Kingdoms, the answer might have been - Wei Kingdom.

Shang Martin once said to Qin Xiaogong that it would be better to use Qin's enemy to fight Wei.

▲ Wei Huiwang played a good hand of cards (stills).

After Pang Juan left the division, he came to the banner of King Hui of Wei and became a general of the State of Wei, and he had a bright future. In today's words, he is an excellent graduate of Oniyako, and as soon as he leaves school, he enters the world's top 500 as an executive.

But Pang Juan's psychology is distorted, and he is obsessed with his classmate Sun Bin, jealous that Sun's grades are better than his own, and thinks that if he also has a successful career, it will definitely be unfavorable to himself.

Pang Juan secretly invited Sun Bin over, and the old classmates found an opportunity to reminisce. As soon as Sun Bin came to the Wei state, he became a prisoner, and Pang Juan found a crime to punish him with the punishment of bin and tattoo (tattooing on his face as a punishment), and imprisoned him in the Wei state.

Sun Bin was not punished by gouging out his kneecaps as some novels say, but by cutting off his feet.

Hu San Province explained when he noted the "Zizhi Tongjian": "Xia had a punishment, dug up his knee bones, and Zhou changed the punishment, that is, cut off two feet, and Sun Bin was subjected to the right foot." Sima Qian also has descriptions such as Pang Juan's "punishment of his two feet by law", "It is like Zuoqiu has no eyes, and his grandson has broken his feet, and he will not be able to use it in the end".

In any case, Sun Bin had to write a capital "miserable" character. I originally thought that it was a happy gathering of classmates, but it turned out to be a human tragedy, do you have to thank your classmates for not killing them?

If it weren't for the fact that the envoy of the State of Qi happened to send an envoy to the State of Wei later, met with Sun Bin, discovered his amazing talent, and secretly brought him back to the State of Qi, Sun Bin might have lived in humiliation for the rest of his life.

After Sun Bin arrived in the State of Qi, he was first honored as a guest by the general Tian Ji.

One day, Tian Ji and the princes of the Qi State raced horses, and Sun Bin found that the horse foot strength of Tian Ji and the princes was not very far apart, and could be roughly divided into upper, middle, and lower three classes, so he said to Tian Ji in private: "I have a way for you to win." ”

Tian Ji trusted Sun Bin very much, and when he heard this, he made a thousand-gold bet with King Qi Wei and the princes present.

Sun Bin then said to Tian Ji: "You first use the inferior horses against the superior horses of the princes, then use the superior horses to compete with their medium horses, and finally they only have the lower horses available, and then you send the middle horses." "Sun Bin's move is a classic game theory.

Tian Ji followed the plan, and the result was two wins and one loss, and he easily collected all the money. After the match, Tian Ji did not treat Sun Bin badly, and directly introduced him to King Qi Wei.

Sun Bin's great cause of revenge began.

▲ Pang Juan and Sun Bin (stills).

In 354 BC, the pretentious King Hui of Wei ordered Pang Juan to lead an army of 80,000 troops to besiege Handan, the capital of the Zhao state. Zhao Guo raised his eyes and looked around, and the estimated one who dared to argue with Wei Guo was Qi Guo, and quickly asked King Qi Wei for help.

King Qi Wei listened to the advice of the minister Duan Ganpeng that "it is unjust and unfavorable" and agreed to send troops to the rescue, but only when the Wei army was exhausted and exhausted to send troops.

Although Handan was known as the land of four battles, it was extremely tenacious, and the Wei state besieged it for nearly a year, and it took great difficulty to conquer it.

King Qi Wei saw that the time had come and sent an army to rescue Zhao, who originally wanted to take Sun Bin as his general. Sun Bin repeatedly thanked him, saying, "I am just a tortured person, and I cannot be a general." "King Qi Wei had to let Tian Ji be the main general and Sun Bin be the military master, accompanying the army to fight and give advice.

Tian Ji lacked heart and eye, and led the army to go north to save Zhao. Sun Bin promptly dissuaded him and proposed a plan to "criticize the vain", believing that there was no need to go north to rescue the Zhao state, but only to pound the capital of the Wei state, and naturally solve the problem, which is the so-called "encircling Wei to save Zhao".

Sun Bin advised Tian Ji to send two suspicious troops to attack the Wei military town of Pingling (平陵, in present-day southern Shanxi). Pingling is a hard bone, located between the Song and Wei, and it is easy to be cut off by the Wei army during the march, and the normal march will never be easily attacked.

The two suspected armies of the Qi state were defeated before reaching Pingling and returned defeated. Pang Juan thought that Tian Ji did not understand the art of war, so he naturally underestimated the enemy even more.

After paralyzing the Wei army, Tian Ji and Sun Bin sent another suspicious army to attack Daliang and hit all the way to the foot of the Wei capital. King Wei Hui panicked at this time, and quickly asked Pang Juan to return to the division to help.

Pang Juan had just won a victory in Handan, and he had already fluttered, and he actually abandoned Chenzhong and led the main force of the Wei army to return to the rescue of Daliang in the starry night, wanting to defeat the Qi army in a battle.

The Wei army passed through Guiling, and the elite of the Qi army that had already been ambushed here were killed together, Pang Juan was defenseless, and the main force of the Wei army was defeated ("Sun Zi Fu Xi attacked Guiling, and captured Pang Juan").

The Battle of Guiling sounded the alarm for the Wei state to go downhill. When the Wei state became entangled with Qi and Zhao, the Qin state defeated the Wei army at Yuanli (present-day southern Chengcheng County, Shaanxi), and the Chu state also sent troops to attack the area between Suishui and Shuishui of the Wei state, and the Wei state was quietly slipping from its peak.

Sun Bin did not kill Pang Juan, nor did he return a tooth for a tooth. After this battle, Pang Juan was sent back to the Wei state, and the hatred between the two did not end there.

▲Portrait of Sun Bin.

In 342 BC, King Hui of Wei again took Pang Juan as his general and sent troops to attack Han. After receiving a request for help from Korea, the State of Qi sent Tian Ji and Sun Bin and others to lead an army to attack Wei.

This time, Wei Guo was not fooled again and decisively gave up Korea. King Hui of Wei, with his son Shen as his general and Pang Juan as his general, attacked the Qi army.

Sun Bin offered Tian Ji a "plan to reduce the foke" to lure the enemy deeper, and analyzed: "The soldiers of the three Jin Dynasties are brave and light, Qi is cowardly, and those who are good at fighting are guided by their situation." ”

In the following days, the Qi army retreated one after another, and the stove prepared for 100,000 people on the first day was reduced to 50,000 on the second day, and 30,000 in the third.

Pang Juan chased after him closely, and when he saw the changes in the number of Qi army stoves in the past three days, he was overjoyed and said: "I firmly know that the Qi army is cowardly, and after three days of entering our land, more than half of the soldiers have died. So he personally led the light troops to speed up and catch up, leaving the large army behind.

Sun Bin buried the pit, waiting for Pang Juan to jump in.

At sunset, Pang Juan chased Ma Ling Road. The area around Maling is crisscrossed by ravines and narrow roads, and the main forces of the Qi army have long been ambushed here, and they specially selected a big tree and wrote a line of big characters "Pang Juan died under this tree".

The Qi army selected 10,000 good shooters, laid an ambush in the road, and ordered: "After nightfall, when you see the enemy raising fire, you will release arrows!" ”

After Pang Juan arrived under the tree, as soon as he finished reading a line, the Qi army fired 10,000 arrows in unison, and the Wei army was in chaos, trampling on each other. Pang Juan knew that he would be defeated, drew his sword and killed himself, and before he died, he angrily cursed Sun Bin: "Then he became the name of the son!" ”

In the Battle of Maling, the main forces of the Wei army were lost, and they have been in a slump ever since. The dispute between Sun Bin and Pang Juan ended with the earth-shattering changes of the situation, and the brothers of the same disciple killed each other, opening with tragedy and ending with tragedy.

The State of Qi ended the hegemony of the State of Wei, but did not replace it as the new hegemon, followed by the rise of the State of Qin in the west, and the other two proud protégés of Ghost Guzi came out at this time.

Vertical and horizontal

Sima Qian summarized the hundreds of families of the pre-Qin dynasty into "nine streams and ten families", of which the "longitudinal and horizontal families" ran between the seven heroes of the Warring States, lobbied the princes of various countries, and shook the general trend of the world.

uniting the weak and attacking the strong is for the "longitudinal combination", represented by Su Qin; The strong is called "Lian Heng", represented by Zhang Yi. They have played a role in troubled times, manipulating the situation in various countries for decades.

In the old histories such as "Shiji" and "Warring States Policy", Su Qin was Zhang Yi's senior brother, and Su Qin was the first, and Zhang Yi broke his combination with a company.

Su Qin's experience is quite inspirational, when he first came out of the mountains, his career was repeatedly frustrated, and he returned empty-handed several job searches. His family laughed at him: "According to the old customs of the Zhou people, either farming for a living or industry and commerce." Now you are taking advantage of your words, and it is not appropriate to give up the book to the end. ”

Su Qin achieved nothing, deeply ashamed, but did not beat himself up and complained about the sky, but responded to those contemptuous words with resolute eyes. Since then, Su Qin has been closed and immersed in hard reading, and whenever he stays up late to read and is drowsy, he will prick his strands with a cone and beat his spirit.

He made a decision: "How can those who lobby the monarch not be bounty and jade, and officials pay homage to Qingqing?" ”

When repeatedly questioned, you should not "glass heart", when the ability cannot support ambition, you should calm down and learn, Su Qin is exactly like this. After a year of hard study, he finally came up with a set of vertical and horizontal techniques, and proclaimed: "This can be said to be the king of the world!" ”

Su Qin successively lobbied Yu Zhou Tianzi and the monarchs of Qin, Zhao, Yan, Han, Wei, Qi, Chu and other states, prompting the six states of the Kanto region to form a longitudinal alliance to suppress the rising state of Qin.

The life of a successful man is not boring and boring.

When Su Qin returned home, the attitude of his family, who had been dismissive of him, changed 180 degrees. His parents went 30 miles out of the city to greet him, his wife did not dare to look up at him, but only dared to listen to him sideways, and his sister-in-law crouched on the ground, repeatedly pleading guilty.

Su Qin smiled and said, "Why is my sister-in-law so congratulatory?" ”

His sister-in-law replied respectfully, "Now you are a lot of gold." ”

Su Qin sighed lightly and said the ancient saying:

If you are poor, your parents have no children, and if you are rich, your relatives are afraid. In the world of life, the position is rich, and Gai can suddenly be gai!

After that, Su Qin generously distributed thousands of gold rewards to those relatives and friends who had looked down on him.

▲ Su Qin (stills).

When Su Qin's career took off, his junior brother Zhang Yi also lobbied the princes, and suffered no less setbacks than Su Qin.

Once, Zhang Yi lobbied in the State of Chu and drank with the State of Chu Ling Yin. Chu Guo Ling Yin just lost a piece of jade, and someone went into a rumor with him: "Zhang Yi is poor, his character is still poor, he must have stolen it." "They arrested Zhang Yi and whipped him hundreds of times before putting it back.

Zhang Yi's wife was more humane than Su Qin's family, and said distressedly: "Alas, if you don't read and lobby, how can you suffer this great humiliation." ”

Zhang Yi said to his wife: "Look at my tongue is still there?" ”

His wife said, "It's still there."

Zhang Yi said that was enough.

Zhang Yi heard that Su Qin was flying and Huang Tengda, so he went to visit and asked his brother to pull him.

Su Qin was much more angry than Pang Juan's lectures. At that time, he already had a plan to promote the alliance of the six countries, so he deliberately led Zhang Yi to the Qin Kingdom to achieve their respective careers, and deliberately ignored Zhang Yi who came from afar.

Su Qin asked Zhang Yi to sit in the hall, ordered someone to bring him the slave's food, and said to him, with your talent, you have fallen to this point, and it is not worth my acceptance. After speaking, he sent Zhang Yi away.

Zhang Yi suffered a great humiliation from Su Qin and went to the Qin Kingdom in a fit of anger.

Only then did Su Qin say to his left and right cronies: "Zhang Yi is a wise man in the world, and I am not as good as him." Now I am fortunate to be reused by various countries first, but Zhang Yi is the only one who can use the authority of the Qin State. He is now poor and unaspiring, and I fear that he will only be greedy for small profits, so I humiliate him in public to stimulate his ambition. ”

Su Qin sent people to secretly fund Zhang Yi, so that he could meet Qin Huiwen Wang Huanxi, and thus was reused. In the tenth year of Qin Huiwenjun (328 BC), Zhang Yibai became the chancellor of Qin, and then lobbied the countries for the state of Qin, implementing the strategy of "connecting and horizontal".

Since the time of King Huiwen of Qin, the State of Qin has gradually disintegrated the alliance of countries, accumulating a solid foundation for the later destruction of the Six Kingdoms by Qin Shi Huang to unify the world, and Zhang Yi's strategy has really contributed a lot.

Su Qin united the six kingdoms and restrained Qiang Qin with the power of one person; Zhang Yi made a big move to weaken the Six Kingdoms. The two went out of the mountain, just in response to the sentence of "Ghost Guzi": "Those who make good use of the world in ancient times will measure the power of the world and find the feelings of the princes." ”

▲ Zhang Yi (stills).

Walk up to the altar

In recent decades, with the unearthing of new historical materials such as the Mawangdui Han tomb book, the story of Su Qin and Zhang Yi has a new version.

Some scholars believe that Su Qin's age is later than Zhang Yi, and he should be Zhang Yi's junior brother, and even the two are not related. When Zhang Yi promoted Lianheng, he was compared with him, and the longitudinal family who advocated longitudinal cooperation should be the rhino head Gongsun Yan.

The issue of the seniority of Su Qin and Zhang Yi is still a public case in the field of historiography, and it is still difficult to reach a conclusion.

After all, Tai Shigong specially left a hand, and the "History" said: "The world says that Su Qin is different, and those who have different current events are attached to Su Qin." Sima Qian should also know that some of the rumored deeds of Su Qin were actually the actions of his brothers Su Li, Su Dai, and even other longitudinal families.

Su Qin's ending was not satisfactory, he did not succeed and retired, but was sentenced to the punishment of car cracking.

Reality is sometimes crueler than myths, and some people love to see myths.

After the wonderful lives of the disciples of Oniya ended, their teacher Oniyako gradually came to the altar in the god-making movement in later generations.

The legendary Ghost Guzi, who holds many titles such as longitudinal and horizontal family, art of war, strategist, and Taoist master, as well as the strange appearance of "toothy throat" and four flesh moles on his forehead, "since the Xuanyuan dynasty in the Shang Zhou, with the old monarch westernized quicksand, and returned to China on weekends", built a guide car, proficient in the study of numeralism, like a mythical figure.

There are different opinions about who Mr. Oniya is and where Ghost Valley is located.

Some people say that Ghost Guzi's surname is Wang, called Wang Xuan, or Wang Chan. The earliest person to put forward this theory was the late Tang poet Lu Tortoise Meng, recorded in the "General Examination of Literature" compiled by Ma Duanlin during the Song and Yuan dynasties: "The Tortoise Meng poem says: 'Mr. Ghost Valley, famous name'. ”

Some people say that Ghost Guzi is called Liu Wuzi. This is the saying of the people of the Song Dynasty, and Yao Zhenzong questioned in the "Sui Book of Scriptures" at the end of the Qing Dynasty: "The pseudo-"Zihuazi" of the Song people said that the surname of Ghost Guzi was Liu Mingwuzi... I don't know what to rely on. ”

In the existing historical records of the two Han Dynasties and the pre-Qin dynasty, there is no mention of the name of Ghost Guzi, and a large number of far-fetched legends of gods and ghosts are also from records after the Wei and Jin dynasties, which cannot be verified.

As for some so-called "Ghost Guzi" banned for a thousand years on the Internet, Ai Gongzi did not find the source. But the highly regarded book "Oniyako" in recent years has indeed been submerged in history for a long time.

▲ Portrait of Oniyako, with a strong mythological color.

According to legend, "Oniyako", written by Oniyako, is a practical strategy methodological work. Oniyako's pragmatism does not regulate people's hearts with ritual discipline like Confucianism, nor does it talk about passivity and inaction like Taoism, and is naturally not welcomed by some people.

Mencius shouted benevolent slogans such as "the people are noble and the prince is light", but did not agree with the Ghost Valley doctrine.

Jing Chun, his contemporary, once said when arguing with Mencius: "Aren't these longitudinal families such as Gongsun Yan and Zhang Yi eldest husbands? As soon as they became angry, the princes were terrified, and as soon as they were stable, the world would be peaceful. ”

Mencius resolutely objected, saying, how can these people be considered great husbands?

In the Han Dynasty, someone asked the scholar Yang Xiong, Su Qin and Zhang Yi to learn the art of vertical and horizontal from Ghost Guzi, so that the countries of the Central Plains have been at peace with each other for more than ten years.

Yang Xiong replied, "Fraudsters are also evil, saints are evil." Yang Xiong believed that the people of Ghost Valley were good at intrigue, and the Confucian sages disdained it.

The ancient "saints" certainly did not want practical theories such as the study of the Oniya to prevail. If there are a few more Sun Bin, Pang Juan, Su Qin, and Zhang Yi in the world, wouldn't it be a great chaos in the world?

Bibliography:

[Han] Sima Qian: Shiji, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1982

[Han] Liu Xiang: "Warring States Policy", Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1998

[Song] Sima Guang: Zizhi Tongjian, Zhonghua Bookstore, 2009

Xu Fuhong: A Study of Ghost Guzi, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2008

Yang Kuan: History of the Warring States, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2003

Mawangdui Han Tomb Book Collation Group: Mawangdui Han Tomb Book: Warring States Zonghengjia Book, Cultural Relics Publishing House, 1976

Xu Zhongshu: "On