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Late Qing Dynasty Ten Governors of Sichuan 17
Zhao Erxun The Widow Who Was Licked by Yuan Shikai on His Knees (IV)
□ cover reporter Zhong Wei
If you want to escape from the human world, come and listen to the piano of the sea.
In the autumn of 1913, Zhao Erxun, who had already been handed over to the post of Governor of FengtianDu, lived in seclusion on Ningyang Road in Qingdao. At that time, qingdao people called it "Qingguan Lane" because there were many Qing Dynasty relics living in the alleys. Soon, the princes and ministers flocked to the scene, so the crowd called "Dirty Official Lane". Zhao Erxun used a large amount of funds to buy real estate in Qingdao, and built a large number of real estate rental and sales on Gaomi Road, Tianjin Road and Haibo Road.
Zhao Erxun Mansion in Shenyang.
Zhao Erxun Mansion was established as a cultural relics protection unit in Shenyang.
One
Feuded with Yin Changheng
Unwilling to be lonely, Zhao Erxun formed the "Ten Elders Association" with lu runxu, Lao Naixuan and other old bureaucrats to remember the past days. When Empress Longyu died, the widows held a public ceremony at Jiaozhou Customs, and Zhao Erxun was bedridden due to excessive grief and wind and cold.
The moon outside the window is bright and clean, like a knife placed on a crystal ice cube, zhao Erxun in illness often dreams of the day when he joins hands with Zhao Erfeng to join hands with the new deal, and Zhao Erfeng in his dreams often rides alone in the snowfield. Whenever he woke up, Zhao Erxun burst into tears. Looking back on the past, he regretted the most and should not have a grudge with Yin Changheng.
Yin Changheng (1884-1953), formerly known as Changyi,was a native of Shengping Town, Peng County (now Pengzhou City), Sichuan. He was the chief teacher (equivalent to the principal) of the Sichuan Army Accelerated Learning School and the minister of military affairs of the Sichuan military government. A sichuan celebrity during the Xinhai Revolution. When he was a teenager, because of his tall stature and unusual appearance, the locals affectionately called him "Yin Eldest Son".
Yin Changheng
In 1910, Yin Changheng resigned and returned to Chengdu for Zhang Mingqi in the Guangxi Army Primary School. Through the introduction of Yan Kai's father, Yan Jihu, Yin Changheng, the governor of Sichuan, was appointed as the general office of the Military Compilation Bureau, and later changed to the office of the Supervision and Training Office. At that time, Sichuan had been trained into the seventeenth town of the New Army, and Zhao Erxun transferred Zhu Qinglan from the northeast to serve as the commander of the town, and the rest of the senior positions were mostly held by people from other provinces, which caused strong dissatisfaction among Sichuan soldiers and generated the mood of expelling foreign soldiers.
Yin Changheng was particularly xenophobic and invisibly became the leader of the Sichuan military. Whenever there was a banquet venue, the Sichuan soldiers would scold the seats, and even called the foreign soldiers incompetent. Zhao Erxun was very jealous of Yin Changheng's arrogance and never sent to the Seventeenth Town, which made Yin Changheng very dissatisfied. The two had a deep grudge because of this, and Zhao Erxun once moved to kill, but finally gave up because he could not list the charges.
In April 1911, Zhao Erxun was transferred to the governorship of the three eastern provinces. Acting governor of Sichuan, Yin Changheng was promoted to chief teacher (equivalent to principal) of the Sichuan Army Accelerated School.
On May 9, 1911, in order to borrow money from the Bank of the Four Kingdoms to suppress the revolution, the Qing government, at the instigation of Minister of Posts and Communications Sheng Xuanhuai, declared that "the railway was nationalized" and nationalized the Sichuan-Han and Guangdong-Han railways that had been returned to the commercial office. The shareholders who built the railway in Sichuan came not only from gentlemen, merchants, landlords, but also from farmers, and peasants bought a large proportion of the shares. The "railway state-owned" recovered the right of way, but did not return the compensation of private capital, which attracted opposition from all strata in Sichuan, thus setting off a vigorous road protection movement.
On June 16, the Sichuan Baolu Comrades Association was established in Chengdu, and Pushed Pu Dianjun and Luo Lun as the president and vice president. Branches of comrades' associations have been set up in various places, and by July, the number of gay members in the province has reached hundreds of thousands, and the wave of mass protests in various places has been higher than the wave. At the same time, league members, revolutionaries, and brotherhoods across Sichuan were converging to brew a great revolution to overthrow the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty.
Two
End a blood feud
At this critical juncture, on August 3, 1911, Zhao Erfeng officially took over as the governor of Sichuan.
At the beginning, Zhao Erfeng wanted to resolve the matter peacefully, and on August 4, he personally met with shareholders and listened to suggestions at the shareholders' meeting of The Sichuan-Han Railway Company. However, on August 23, the shareholders' meeting of the Sichuan-Han Railway Corporation decided: "From the 24th, all the people in Sichuan will go on strike and strike; all taxes and miscellaneous donations will not be paid." Within a few days, states and counties outside Chengdu responded quickly.
At the same time, leagues, revolutionaries, and Brotherhood leaders across Sichuan were planning an armed uprising throughout Sichuan. This made the Qing court feel like a tired egg——
On September 4, the Qing court issued an edict to Zhao Erfeng to effectively suppress the Sichuan people: "The Ministry of Posts and Communications has taken the dry road into the state, and it has been allowed to be carried out by the surrender order, and there will be no anti-Khan problem." If he hears that he is causing trouble by causing trouble, so as to disturb the good people and miss the overall situation, he shall be convicted of the crime of the governor. ”
On September 6, the Qing court again issued an edict: "Those who are headed by Chana should disband the comrades' association, and if there are those who do not pay taxes, they will do it and sweep away all resistance."
On September 7, Zhao Erfeng trapped Pu Dianjun, Luo Lun, Zhang Lan, and nine other railway company directors and backbone cadres of the Baolu Association on the pretext of "reading the telegrams of the Ministry of Posts and Communications," announced the dissolution of the comrades' association, sealed up the "Report of the Sichuan Baolu Comrades' Association" and other propaganda baolu newspapers and periodicals, and raided the homes of Pu Dianjun, Luo Lun, and others. The whole city of Chengdu was shaken, and thousands of citizens flocked to the Governor's Office to demand that Zhao Erfeng release the hostages, and the Governor's Soldiers shot and killed more than 20 people, causing a bloody massacre.
The "Chengdu Blood Case" became a turning point in the armed anti-Qing dynasty, and also pushed Zhao Erfeng to the end of his life.
On December 8, a mutiny took place in Chengdu, and the military government governor Pu Dianjun and the deputy governor Zhu Qinglan fled one after another, and the city was in chaos. Zhao Erfeng posted a notice under the pleading of the military and the people to maintain order and hand over the Sichuan regime.
In order to consolidate his position in the new regime, in the early morning of December 22, Yin Changheng trapped Zhao Erfeng, who had already handed over power, and tried him in Chengdu Huangchengba, publicly denouncing his crimes, and ordering his subordinate Tao Zekun to behead Zhao Erfeng at the Imperial City "Mingyuan Lou".
Power is also empty, and success or failure rises and falls like the wind.
Zhao Erfeng's death did not bring Yin Changheng a leap in his career.
Although Yin Changheng quelled the Kangzang rebellion in 1912, he was tricked by Yuan Shikai into going to Beijing, sentenced to 9 years in prison for "losing public funds", and was nearly killed in prison.
Yin Changheng was imprisoned, and Zhao Erxun's state of mind was slightly calmed, but Tao Zekun, the executioner who beheaded his younger brother Zhao Erfeng, was still "at large", and he wanted to "sink the injustice" for Zhao Erfeng.
When Yuan Shikai learned of Zhao Erxun's intentions, he immediately instructed the Heilongjiang Protectors to make Zhu Qinglan write a message for Zhao Erfeng. He also sent people to Sichuan to investigate Tao Zekun's whereabouts.
In the late autumn of 1913, after learning that Tao Zekun was in Chongqing, Yuan Shikai secretly ordered Hu Jingyin, the governor of Sichuan, and Zhou Jun, the commander of the division, to arrest and kill him.
A blood feud was settled, and it also paved the way for Yuan Shikai to hire Zhao Erxun out of the mountain after that.
Three
The meaning of the printing book is more and more cut
In the early spring of 1914, Qingdao was still cold and windy, and Zhao Erxun's heavy illness had improved slightly.
On March 10, Yuan Shikai's grand presidential decree reached Zhao Erxun's mansion, and Yuan Shikai hired Zhao Erxun as the curator of the Qing History Museum to edit the History of the Qing Dynasty. In order to invite Zhao Erxun out of the mountain, Yuan Shikai personally wrote a letter flattering Zhao Erxun's "profound knowledge and mastery of palming".
Zhao Erxun was very moved, and his lifelong wish was not to "do Qing Dynasty affairs, I eat Qing Dynasty meals, I am Qing Dynasty officials, I compile the history of Qing Dynasty."
Yuan Shikai also sent a "float" to Qingdao according to the highest courtesy of the Beiyang government at that time to remotely pick up and drop off VIPs, and picked up Zhao Erxun's family to Beijing. The so-called "float" is a high-end special train with luxurious interiors, consisting of three carriages of sleeping cars, living cars and luxury dining cars, all the internal facilities are Western style, such as red velvet sofas and seats, curtains and curtains with tassels, no different from Western high carriages.
Zhao Erxun hired more than 80 celebrities from the former Hanlin Academy, and appointed them into posts such as general editor, editor, assistant repair, and promotion, and formed a history revision organization. He also asked Yuan Shikai to order all localities to select provincial, prefectural, and county maps, as well as private biographical inscriptions and tombs, and send them to the Qing History Museum for the purpose of revising history.
In July, before the opening of the museum, Yuan Shikai specifically ordered that the Ministry of Finance quickly allocate funds for the use of the Qing History Museum. Due to the abundance of funds, by 1916, progress was smooth, and "there were still many drafts".
In 1917, Zhang Xun was restored, and as soon as the war began, the Qing History Museum was forced to close its doors for several months, and the writing work was temporarily suspended. Since then, although it has been restored, due to the sharp decline in the funds allocated by the Beiyang government, most of the compilers have dispersed, and the progress has been greatly affected.
Draft History of the Qing Dynasty
By the autumn of 1926, the manuscript of the Qing History Manuscript began to take shape. At this time. The 82-year-old Zhao Erxun's health was worrisome, so he was eager to finish the compilation and revision of the Qing History Manuscript in his lifetime.
Through yuan jinjiao's central contact, Zhao Erxun raised a sum of money from Zhang Zuolin and others, and it is expected to complete all the manuscripts in two years. But only half a year later, in the spring of 1927, Zhao Erxun suddenly proposed that the full manuscript be printed immediately. Since the funds of the Qing History Museum were nearly exhausted at that time, some editors also hoped to print it as soon as possible and pay back the arrears of wages with the manuscript fee. Under such circumstances, although Xia Suntong, the main examiner of the "Qing History Draft", stressed that the historical manuscript was too wrong and too much, and opposed the hasty printing and ridicule, they failed to move Zhao Erxun.
In the summer of 1927, Zhao Erxun, who was almost running out of lights, fell ill, and "the meaning of printing books became more and more cut." At this time, it was just when Yuan Jinjiao went from Fengtian to Beijing. Zhao Erxun then summoned all the members of the museum to the sickbed, handed over the funds to Yuan Jinjiao, and asked him to be responsible for the printing affairs.
In 1927, a total of 50 volumes of the Qing History Manuscript listed the Dynastic Chronicle and some of the chronicles, tables, and biographies were printed, and by May 1928, 81 volumes of the remaining parts had been printed. At this point, the 536-volume draft of the History of the Qing Dynasty with more than 8 million words has been preliminarily completed. Zhao Erxun said in his speech that "this manuscript is the precursor of the Great Vertebral Wheel, and is not regarded as a book", so it is called the "Qing History Draft".
Four
"Qing history" will never leave a name
The original Draft History of the Qing Dynasty was divided into a foreign version and a closed interior book.
The "Qing History Draft" was first brought to Guanwai by Jin Liang (1878-1962, Manchuria Zhengbaiqi Guarjiashi, Guangxu Thirty Years Jinshi, who served as a tuner of the Beijing Normal University, and after the Republic of China, he was the vice minister of agriculture and commerce), who took advantage of the convenience of being responsible for printing, privately added the name of "General Reading" to himself, attached his own "Qing History Manuscript School Inscription", modified some of the texts, and then transported four hundred of the one thousand and one hundred printed copies to the northeast. The four hundred Draft History of the Qing Dynasty that were shipped to the northeast were called "GuanwaiBen". Later, this version was revised and reprinted, so it was also called "Guanwai One-time Edition".
Seven hundred of the 1,100 "Qing History Manuscripts" printed by Jinliang remained in Guannei, and some people in the Qing History Museum discovered the tampering of Jinliang, changed it back, and cancelled Jinliang's "School Inscription" and "Zhang Xun Biography", "Zhang Biao's Attached Biography", and "Kang Youwei Biography", forming the so-called "Guannei Ben".
But the Nationalist government denied either version and pronounced its twenty-seven counts. To date, the editions of the Qing History Manuscript have been published in a variety of editions, including the Outer Edition, the Guannei Edition, the Jinliang Reprint, the Shanghai United Bookstore Photocopy, and the Japanese Edition.
The publication of the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" is, to a certain extent, a "chapter of first aid", which has certain historical value, but it is also criticized by posterity.
First, errors and omissions abound, including but not limited to errors in personal names, geographical names, and years, months, and days;
Second, on the one hand, it vigorously praised the merits of the Qing Dynasty, on the other hand, it vigorously avoided the Qing Dynasty's loss of power and humiliation of the country, and praised the relics of the elders and encouraged restoration;
Third, the establishment of the Xingzhong Association and the League Association, as well as many uprisings before the Xinhai Revolution, were all major historical events at the end of the Qing Dynasty, but the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" was almost no record, and the martyrs who died in the revolution were all called "bandit parties".
Hundreds of generations rise and fall in the twilight, and the river wind blows down the trees in front of it.
Zhao Erxun failed to see the publication of the Draft History of the Qing Dynasty, and died of illness in September 1927. In this year, there were two other important Qing Dynasty widows who died, one was the death of the "Penghu Cadre General" Kang Youwei in Qingdao, and the other was the self-sinking of the Summer Palace of the Guoxue master Wang Guowei.
The three widows left, and there would be no echo of the collision of the times, like a weakened campfire, jumping out of a few Mars from time to time. And all this, as Yukio Mishima said, "The tenacious burning fire of the lowest layer of body and spirit is quickly extinguished." ”
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