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Lead:
Mongolia is inland, and if it wants to become a Sino-Russian land bridge and turn the inland dilemma into an advantage, railway construction is imperative. In 2022, Mongolia took a crucial step with the opening of the 233.6-kilometer-long railway line from the Tawan Taolegai Coal Mine to the Gashun Suhaitu Port on the Chinese border, the first in more than 50 years. This move is seen as a milestone in Mongolia's "New Recovery" policy, laying the foundation for it to become a leading country in Asia.
Rewritten article:
Mongolia, located inland, wants to turn inland disadvantages into advantages and become a Sino-Russian land bridge, and railway construction is imperative.
In 1946, Outer Mongolia officially became independent, and with the assistance of Russia and the Soviet Union, it became a "satellite state" of Russia and the Soviet Union. To consolidate control of the newly acquired buffer state, the Soviets planned to build railways to obtain a new line connecting northern China and Russia without going through northeast China.
In 1926, "Russia decided to lay the All-Mongolian Railway, at a cost of 30 million rubles, first to build a section from Kulun to Kyakhta to connect with the Trans-Siberian Railway." By 1927, the Soviet power had "built six routes for Mongolia, 2,800 li long", and in 1928, "the Outer Mongolian government borrowed 60 million rubles from Russia to build the railway between Kulunchita and Kulunchaktu". The first of these was the 43-kilometre narrow-gauge railway from the capital Ulaanbaatar to the Narahaha coal mine, which opened in 1938.
The Mongolian Trans-Railway was built in 1947, starting from Kyaketa on the Russian-Mongolian border, opened to Ulaanbaatar in 1950, and opened to Zami-Ude on the Sino-Mongolian border in 1955, with a mileage of just 1,111 kilometers in Mongolia. This railway became a bridge between Outer Mongolia and the world, through the Trans-Mongolian Railway can reach the Trans-Siberian Railway, and then to Europe, Outer Mongolia has gained economic ties with Russia and even Europe.
After the completion of the construction of the Mongolian Trans-Railway, it became a major transportation route connecting China and the Soviet Union and China and Russia. There are daily regional trains from Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia, to Sükhbaatar on the Russian-Mongolian border and Sainshanda in the southern Gobi, as well as the famous China-Russia international train K3/4 every week. It not only connects China and Russia, but also undertakes nearly 80% of freight and 30% of passenger transport in Mongolia due to extremely underdeveloped road traffic and imperfect air transportation.
As a landlocked country, Mongolia's water transport is almost negligible, and its vast and sparsely populated land, cold winters and high road maintenance costs make it possible for Mongolia to build railways to boost its economy through transportation.
In recent decades, Mongolia has acquired extremely reserved, high-quality and simple mining deposits - Tawan Taullegai Coal Mine and Oyu Taolegai Copper-Gold Mine. Not only are the two mines only 150 kilometers apart, they are also only 200 kilometers from the Chinese border, and once the transportation facilities are in place, the ore of TT and OT mines can be exported and transported through Chinese ports, which is far cheaper than shipping from thousands of miles away.
The TT mine was first developed. TT Mine is the largest coking coal mining area in the world. Coking coal belongs to bituminous coal, which is purer after processing, that is, coke, used in steel smelting, China, as the world's largest steel producer, has a huge demand for coking coal. TT mine belongs to high-quality coking coal, with a raw coal coking output of more than 60%, a storage area of 400 square kilometers, a thickness of 190 meters, and a total of 16 layers.
About 50% of TT Mine's coal is exported to China. This 50% has previously been the road transportation method, that is, the use of heavy-duty freight trucks to transport coal from the TT mine to the border crossing between China and Mongolia. However, for ore, which is heavy, large in quantity and time-sensitive, railway is the best way to transport.
Mongolia, 2021
With the implementation of Mongolia's railway plan, a domestic transportation hub has gradually formed, which has also brought unprecedented convenience to economic activities within Mongolia. The connectivity between settlements, livestock raw materials and reserves of products allows resources to flow more efficiently, which in turn promotes the development of local industries and the increase in employment.
However, Mongolia also faced a series of challenges when implementing such a huge railway project. First of all, Mongolia needs to actively attract investment and partners from the international community, because of the huge financial investment in the project and the limited financial capacity of the country. At the same time, the Mongolian government also needs to ensure transparency and compliance of projects to avoid corruption and other problems.
Secondly, the impact of railway construction on the environment is also a factor that cannot be ignored. Especially in a country with a fragile ecological environment, Mongolia must take effective measures to protect the local natural ecosystem and prevent the negative impact of environmental damage on the ecological balance.
In addition, the construction and operation of railways require a certain level of technology and management, and Mongolia needs to strengthen the training and introduction of talents in the railway field, and also needs to learn from international advanced experience and enhance its own technical strength.
In addition, Mongolia also needs to maintain good cooperative relations with neighboring countries such as Russia and China to jointly promote the smooth progress of railway construction projects. Only through international cooperation can the railway network truly become a bridge connecting Mongolia and the world to achieve mutual benefit and win-win results.
In general, Mongolia's railway plan is an ambitious development strategy, which will provide strong support for economic exchanges and cooperation at home and abroad, and will also have a positive impact on local economic development and improvement of people's livelihood. However, in order to successfully implement this plan, Mongolia needs to overcome many difficulties and challenges, and constantly improve relevant policies and measures, so that railway construction will become an important engine for Mongolia's future development. At the same time, it is hoped that the international community can give Mongolia full support and assistance, jointly promote the smooth implementation of this project, and make Mongolia's vision of becoming a leading country in Asia a reality.
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