As long as we mention the famous ministers of the Yongzheng Dynasty, we generally think of these people:
Li Wei: Although Dou Da did not know a few words and entered the career by donating to officials, he told us from practical experience that "it is possible to be a good official even if you do not read well." Li Wei went from a small foreign lang to the position of a great official in the feudal province in only 10 years, and his promotion speed was indeed staggering. Although Li Wei was not related to reading poetry books, he became one of Yongzheng's "three favorite courtiers", famous in history, and had to be admired.
Tian Wenjing: Tian Wenjing is a typical late bloomer. Kangxi began to join the army in the 22nd year, but during the entire 39 years of the Kangxi Dynasty, he did not only hold very low official positions such as prefectures and counties, lang officials, etc.; When Yongzheng succeeded to the throne, Tian Wenjing was already over the age of Huajia, according to our normal thinking, Tian Wenjing was like this in this life, but I didn't expect that "Maxima met Bole", so that Tian Wenjing could be reused after passing the age of Huajia, and became a feudal official. Tian Wenjing was promoted faster than Li Wei, and in only five years he became the governor of Henan, becoming Yongzheng's confidant and one of the "three favorite ministers".
Zhang Tingyu: Zhang Tingyu is a very special Han official in the entire Qing Dynasty, because he is the only Han who is worthy of the temple, which shows how high Zhang Tingyu's historical status is. Zhang Tingyu was a heavy minister of the three dynasties who was used by the three emperors Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong, and was not only worshipped as the head of the cabinet, a member of the Bohol Temple, but also the chief foreman of military aircraft. Although he had a bleak old age in the Qianlong Dynasty, it is undeniable that Zhang Tingyu was indeed hot during the Yongzheng Dynasty.
In addition, the important ministers of the Yongzheng Dynasty also included Ortai, Li Fang, Zhu Shi, Sun Jiagan, Yunxiang the Prince of Yi, Yunli the Prince of Guo, and others, not only Manchurian but also Hanchen.
In fact, there was also a very special minister in the Yongzheng Dynasty, although this person was sentenced to death and waiting for death on death row, but he was activated again because of Zhang Tingyu's words; Not only that, in the Qianlong Dynasty, this person was sentenced to imprisonment again, and was almost guillotined again, but he still passed by the god of death and became a heavy minister that Qianlong relied on.
This person is Zhang Jia. Acton!
It is worth mentioning that not only Acton himself became a generation of famous ministers, but his son Zhang Jia Agui was more powerful than his father, and was praised by Qianlong as the "crown of famous ministers", becoming a famous general and heavy minister like Fucha Fu Heng.
In this article, let's get to know it: this Zhang Jia who passed by death twice. Acton, what's going on?
01
People who know the history of the Qing Dynasty should know that the Great Qing was founded by the Manchus, so the 12 emperors of the Great Qing Dynasty all have a common feature: heavy Manchu suppressed the Han. There is only one way for Han people to become officials, that is, to participate in the imperial examination, go through the township examination, conference examination, palace examination and other layers of selection, and only after winning the list can they enter the career path and officially become a member of the official field of the Great Qing Dynasty.
And the Manchus are different, especially the children of the Eight Flags, who do not need to pass the strict imperial examination, and can also enter the career path:
Pen-to-post
Entered the palace as a bodyguard
Even if they don't enter the army, the Eight Flags disciples have fixed money and food, and basically do not need to worry about money and food, so even if many Eight Flags disciples have the opportunity to study, they rarely have the intention to work hard. As a result, there is a phenomenon that there are relatively few truly learned people among the Eight Flags disciples. Of course, we cannot deny that there are, such as the great traitor and Kan that we are familiar with.
He Juan was born in Manchuria Zhenglan Banner, and his ancestors were ordinary Baqi disciples for generations. He lost his mother at the age of 3 and his father at the age of 10, and was almost kicked out of his home and living on the streets.
It is precisely because of his childhood experience that he understands that he must rely on his own efforts to get ahead.
Fortunately, Hejun and his younger brother Helin have the identity of the banner people and can enter the Xian'an Palace to study. Other Baqi disciples who studied in Xian'an Palace did not take reading seriously, but unlike his younger brother, who was bent on getting ahead, he could not only memorize the Five Sutras of Private Studies, but also had great achievements in Qinqi calligraphy and painting, not only that, but also could dabble in the four languages of Mongolian, Chinese and Tibetan, which was extremely rare.
It is precisely because Hejun is outstanding in Xian'an Palace that he is not only praised by his classmates, but also praised by the ministers of the dynasty; University scholar Yinglian took a fancy to Hekan and married his own granddaughter to Hekan. And it is precisely because of Hejun's true talent and practical learning that Qianlong woke up and began to walk smoothly on the road to the throne.
Let's leave aside for the moment that he became a corrupt official and a traitor after his trace, and he was indeed outstanding among the Eight Flags disciples before his discovery.
Acton, the protagonist of our article, is also one of the very few of these Eight Flags disciples who can read poetry books, and he is quite knowledgeable. In the 48th year of the Kangxi Dynasty, he was considered an excellent scholar and was awarded the title of Shujishi.
Acton was also recognized by Kangxi for his knowledge, and he was promoted to Bachelor of Attendants.
Throughout the Kangxi Dynasty, Acton was engaged in work related to the Ministry of Rites.
After Yongzheng succeeded to the throne, Acton was promoted to superintendent of sacrificial wine from the third rank of Guozi, and became the number one in charge of the entire Qing education.
I thought that Acton had been deeply cultivating on the road of civil officials and going farther and farther, but I didn't expect that in the fourth year of Yongzheng, Acton became a "military attaché", and was ordered by Yongzheng to go directly to Guangzhou, serving as the governor of Liangguang and the general of Guangzhou, and became a great official of Xinjiang. It is necessary not only to get on the horse and manage the army, but also to dismount and manage the people.
As soon as he left the capital, he was a great official of the frontier.
Acton was given this heavy responsibility, which shows Yongzheng's trust in him.
After many years as an official, Acton knew very well that the Yongzheng Emperor was a person who could not tolerate sand in his eyes, so Acton did not intend to go on horses and flowers, but to do his duty. After Acton arrived in Liangguang, he found that many local officials were cronyism and openly demanded bribes.
After understanding the situation, Acton directly impeached many officials in Guangdong, and also offended many people, including many members of Guangzhou.
When Acton was transferred to the post of governor of Guangxi, some officials in Guangdong began to impeach Acton. What to impeach Acton?
Three things:
Acton directly changed the robbery case in Xinhui County to a theft case, and the robbery case is not of the same nature as the theft case;
Acton also privately embezzled the additional tax silver of Guangdong Customs, which belonged to the imperial court, and Acton embezzled it in disregard of the law
Acton also had his family ask for money from rice boats from Siam (Xianluo) who came to Guangzhou.
Acton had to go to jail for any event, and even if Yongzheng didn't believe it at first, he had to believe it when there were more impeachments. Yongzheng was very angry and directly sent the minister to Guangzhou to hear the case, and finally sentenced Acton to "hang" for the last thing.
I thought that the case should be closed, but as a result, Acton had a nemesis who accused Acton of harboring the greed of his subordinates, and Acton was directly sentenced to imprisonment for his crimes by one degree.
What does it mean to be beheaded?
In fact, it is a beheading, but it will have to wait until after the autumn to decide whether to execute or not.
If nothing else, Acton, who was sentenced to beheading, would have to be decapitated in prison, and was likely to be beheaded for public display.
But if nothing else, there was still an "accident".
Those who know Yongzheng know that Yongzheng was the throne that was difficult to ascend through the brutal battle of the nine kings to seize the throne, and although he successfully ascended the throne, the dispute between the nine kings and the conquest was not completely over, and it was not until the fourth year of Yongzheng that the dispute between the Prince of Lian Yunyu and Beizi Yuntang died in the forbidden house was completely over.
Prior to this, Nian Xinyao, who supported Yongzheng's accession to the throne, committed suicide by Yongzheng because of his high merits;
Yongzheng's uncle, Longkodo, also died in captivity for six years before Yongzheng.
After these five or six years of rectification, Yongzheng completely cleaned up his old enemies and sat on the throne. However, in the process of cleaning up old enemies, many officials were removed from their posts and executed. So much so that when the northern Jiangsu waterway was blocked in the sixth year of the Yongzheng Dynasty, no one could go to dredge the river.
If the river is not dredged in time, the food supply in the capital will not be available.
More importantly, military food is needed to fight in the northwest, and it cannot be delayed for a moment.
Yongzheng was quite troubled by the employment of people, and at this time Zhang Tingyu stood up and recommended someone to Yongzheng, this person was Acton. Zhang Tingyu dared to directly recommend Acton, who betrayed and beheaded him, indicating that Zhang Tingyu was confident that Yongzheng would definitely use him. Otherwise, if he recommended the people in prison, Zhang Tingyu would inevitably be reprimanded, and Zhang Tingyu relied on his understanding of Yongzheng.
Of course, it is also based on Zhang Tingyu's understanding of Acton, who once managed a water conservancy project failure when he was the governor of Liangguang. At that time, Acton was governed together with the local governor, and the governor meant to let the people donate money to build the dike, but Acton disagreed, believing that the governor's move must be withheld from it.
After some research, Acton decided to focus on strengthening the place where the embankment failed, and the labor to strengthen the dike was divided according to the number of farmland of nearby farmers, which would not only save a lot of money, but also do not need to spend extra money to find workers.
Just this time, Yongzheng and Zhang Tingyu both recognized Acton's ability to control the river.
Therefore, Zhang Tingyu dared to recommend Acton, who was on death row, to Yongzheng, and Yongzheng also cherished his talent, so he released Acton, who was dying in prison, to make meritorious contributions. After the northern Soviet waterway was dredged, Acton's previous sins were written off, and he returned to the imperial court to continue to serve as an official, of course, it was impossible for the official to be reinstated.
After Qianlong ascended the throne, he recalled Acton to the capital to serve as a bachelor of the Hanlin Academy from the second rank, and was the highest leader of the Daqing Reserve Talent Organization; A year later, Acton was officially awarded the post of Shangshu of the Criminal Department by Qianlong, from the rank of first-class official.
But soon Acton was put on death row again for committing a "felony" and sentenced to beheading, what happened?
In the thirteenth year of Qianlong, Qianlong's wife, Empress Xiaoxian, the most favored, died of illness on the way to the southern tour, and Qianlong was very sad and his temperament changed greatly. Although Empress Xiaoxian's Fucha clan was a concubine personally selected by Yongzheng for Qianlong, Qianlong loved her very much. Empress Xiaoxian was gentle and virtuous, knowledgeable and reasonable, filial to the Empress Dowager, and a concubine and palace eunuch who treated the harem well, with a very high prestige, and was a rare virtuous inner help in Qianlong. For Qianlong, Empress Xiaoxian is a "white moonlight"-like existence.
Empress Xiaoxian successively gave birth to two concubines and a princess for Qianlong, but only the princess grew up, and both concubines all died.
Qianlong had a very strong mind of "establishing a concubine", and after ascending the throne, he made his eldest son Yonglian secretly crown prince; It is a pity that Yonglian died at the age of 8, and the second son born to Empress Xiaoxian died at the age of 2. The death of the two concubines itself made Qianlong very sad, and Empress Xiaoxian actually followed the two concubines, and Qianlong's temperament changed greatly after losing his son and wife one after another.
Because the funeral of Empress Xiaoxian not only reprimanded and disposed of a large number of officials, but even the qualification of the eldest son Yong Juan and the third son Yongzhang to inherit the throne was also canceled. Whether it is a Manchurian or a Hanchen in the DPRK, as long as it is slightly bad at this juncture, it will suffer, and it is easy to lose his job or even lose his head.
And Acton was the one who almost lost his head:
When Acton wrote the empress book to Empress Xiaoxian, he found that Acton translated the Manchu word "imperial concubine" as "first empress". In fact, Acton means that whether it is "Empress Dowager" or "Imperial Concubine", it refers to the same person - Qianlong's concubine, Xiaoxian, Empress Ulanara clan;
But Qianlong mistakenly thought that the "imperial concubine" in Acton pamphlet referred to his biological mother Xiaosheng Xian, Empress Niuhulu, at this time Qianlong's biological mother Niuhulu clan was still alive, Acton actually said that he became the "first empress", only the deceased can call it "first", how could Acton make such a big mistake in the empress book?
Qianlong, whose temperament had changed greatly, was already in a very bad mood because of the death of his wife, so he directly summoned Acton to ask for guilt. Acton was confused at this critical moment and withdrew directly from the palace without waiting for the order.
This made Qianlong, who was already angry, directly furious, directly removed Acton from all positions, and handed it over to the Criminal Department for deliberation.
Acton, who was dismissed, felt aggrieved himself, after all, Acton believed that the translation of the Hanlin Academy was correct. It was Qianlong himself who mistook it for mistake. But the officials of the Criminal Department trial, even if they know that Acton is not guilty, who dares to offend the emperor at this time?
If you are not careful, you may be charged with "cover-up" by Qianlong and stay in prison with Acton.
So no one dared to defend Acton, and Acton was sentenced to beheading, which was the second time Acton was sentenced to death.
But even though Acton was sentenced to death, Qianlong was still not satisfied, and directly ordered all the officials involved in the trial of the criminal department to "cover up the crime" and take them all down for questioning.
Fortunately, although Qianlong was angry, he was not a comatose monarch. After a minister defended Acton, in fact, there was no mistake in the translation, Qianlong was not angry. However, in order to teach this old minister of the three dynasties (Kang Yonggan) some lessons, Qianlong directly sentenced Acton to "beheading" in May, which was the third time Acton was sentenced to death.
However, when Acton really thought that he could not escape this disaster, Qianlong released Acton and gave Acton the position of a bachelor in the cabinet and acting as a waiter in the Ministry of Engineering.
Acton once again escaped death, although he was demoted again, but it was better than losing his life.
Only a month later, Qianlong allowed Acton to sign the Shangshu of the Criminal Department and command the Han army with the white flag;
At the end of the year, all previous official positions and titles of Acton were restored.
After this calamity, Acton's career did not have much impact, and before Qianlong twenty years ago, he successively held important posts such as infantry commander, Zuo Du Yushi, and assistant university scholar, and was crowned crown prince.
Qianlong asked for retirement in 20 years, and Qianlong died of illness in 21 years.
In fact, Acton's life is indeed legendary, having been sentenced to death three times, but all of them "escaped from death", and it is estimated that the experience of Acton in the entire Qing is unique. Fortunately, Acton's life is relatively complete, and in his later years, Qianlong was reused as the "deputy prime minister", and he started and ended well.
epilogue
It is worth mentioning that Acton himself not only reached a high-ranking position, but his son Zhang Jia Agui was even more powerful than his father, becoming the "crown of Qianlong courtiers" and entering the Temple of Sages.
Because Acton is very important, Agui can also be regarded as being born in a family of dignitaries.
Agui has been very smart since he was a child, in fact, as a disciple of the Eight Flags, Agui does not need to take the imperial examination, but Agui is as knowledgeable as his father and passed the exam. After entering the journey, he is even more rising step by step and proud.
Although Qianlong lost the Battle of Jinchuan in the thirteenth year and was imprisoned by the implication of Zhang Guangsi, the lord of Jinchuan, Qianlong Nian could not bear to pursue Agui because he was Acton's only son, and released Agui home.
Soon Que returned to Shitu, and only five years later, Que achieved the position of Cabinet Bachelor and Attendant of the Ministry of Ceremonies.
From the beginning of the 20th year of Qianlong, Gui's life began to take off, and he participated in the following:
Pacify the Battle of Dzungar
Quelling the rebellion of Tai and Cho
He was stationed in Ili twice
Battle of Burma
Battle of the Great and Small Kanagawa River
and made great battle merits, and Agui also became an extremely powerful minister with his merits, and was worshipped as a scholar of Wuyingdian University.
In the forty-third year of Qianlong, Ah Gui became the chief master of the upper study and became the teacher of the princes.
In the forty-fourth year of Qianlong, after the death of Yu Min, a scholar of the Mandarin Temple and minister of military aircraft, Ah Gui became the chief minister of military aircraft, and ranked first in the number of shifts in the dynasty.
At this time, A Gui has become a veritable heavy minister, it is worth mentioning that A Gui is not only a good hand in war, but also no less good in the management of water conservancy and river engineering, from the forty-second year of Qianlong to the fifty-fourth year of Qianlong, A Gui did not have much time in the capital, most of the time was in the capacity of a heavy minister to go to various places, dealing with thorny and difficult problems in various places, and one of the most important was to control river engineering and water conservancy.
A Gui was one of the few people in the late Qianlong period who dared to directly carry the traitor and Juan, but unfortunately A Gui was too old and had too many Juan, and he retired due to illness in the first year of Jiaqing. In the second year of Jiaqing, Agui died of illness at the age of eighty-one. After Ah Gui's death, Hejuncai became the chief military minister. It can be said that if Agui is there, Hejun will never be able to sit in the position of chief military aircraft minister.
The Jiaqing Emperor not only personally went to attend Agui's funeral, but also allowed him to enter the Xianliang Temple, posthumously named him a taibao, and gave Agui a dignified posthumous mourning.
Father and son, can be like this, not in vain this life.
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