#古籍里的历史#
In October of the eleventh year of Hongzhi (1498), when the news of the suicide of the eunuch Li Guang came, some people rejoiced and some were sad in the Daming court.
Ming Xiaozong Zhu Youzhu was the one who was sad. For many years, Li Guang was his closest "Taoist friend". He was convinced of Li Guang's "spell". Li Guang committed suicide, and he did not immediately investigate the reason for his suicide, but quickly sent someone to search his mansion, hoping to find secrets such as "Sect Leader's True Human Cultivation Quick Guide".
However, there was no secret, and only Li Guang's account book was found, which was full of thousands of stones of "yellow rice" and "white rice" given by civil and military officials.
The naïve Zhu Youxiang asked, is Li Guang's rice very large? I want so much food!
Tell him left and right that this yellow rice and white rice are not grain, but a hidden word of gold and silver.
At this point, Li Guang's large-scale bribery before his death surfaced. Those officials who had bribed Li Guang were terrified one by one, and ran overnight to Zhu Youxuan's brother-in-law, Zhang Heling, the Marquis of Shouning, for help.
On the occasion of the 130th anniversary of the founding of the Ming Dynasty, a power struggle was on the verge of breaking out.
Portrait of Emperor Ming Xiaozong Zhu Youxuan. Source: Network
01
As a eunuch, Li Guang had great power in the internal and external dynasties before his suicide, and according to the history books, he was called "the noble man of the horse is like a father, and the general soldier is called a public". The Minister of Culture and Military Affairs bribed him and had to queue in a long line. He was even able to interfere in the selection of cabinet candidates, and there are historical records that Qiu Huan entered the cabinet by Shangshu of the Ministry of Rites, and Li Guang contributed from it, and the personal relationship between the two was not ordinary.
In the eighth year of Hongzhi (1495), Zhu Youxiang recruited a horse for his sister Princess Deqing, and a rich second generation named Yuan Xiang ran to Li Guang's house with money, and was "internalized" as a horse captain. After this matter was brought out, Yan officials collectively impeached Li Guang, but Zhu Youxiang only let the horse be re-elected, ignoring key links such as Li Guang's collection of money.
Even the emperor's sister dared to pit, and was exposed and still unharmed, which shows how favored Li Guang is.
Li Guang's power was due to the emperor's favor; And the emperor's favor is due to Li Guang's identity and ability.
History books generally portray Zhu Youzhu as the Ming Emperor of Zhongxing, and the argument comes from his correction of the abuses of his father Ming Xianzong's dynasty, including suppressing the power of eunuchs and banning Taoist fasting. During the reign of Emperor Ming Xianzong, he raised a large number of monks in the palace, which can be called "real people walking everywhere, and there are many national teachers like dogs". After Zhu Youxiang took the throne, more than 1,000 Zen masters, national teachers, and real people were dismissed. At the same time, those eunuchs, such as Liang Fang, Chen Xi, Wang Zhi, Wei Xing, and others, were also deposed. This series of actions of the new monarch Zhu Youzhuang was said to be "the minister of the first dynasty and the demon and the reprimand".
However, history books generally ignore the other side of Zhu Youxuan, and after the new monarch burned the three fires, he gradually embarked on the detour that his father had taken: he began to be obsessed with alchemy and re-cultivate the power of eunuchs.
In the third year of Hongzhi (1490), Zhu Youxiang had been on the throne for three years without heirs, and he was a little anxious. As an emperor, the normal practice was to accept concubines and send manna. But Zhu Youxuan, who practiced "monogamy", had a different idea than ordinary people - he ordered the establishment of a holy heir to pray for the birth of an heir.
Some officials reminded him that the emperor should follow the "righteousness of the ancient son of heaven to marry twelve daughters", choose a good family daughter to fill the six palaces, and stay away from the art of fasting. Zhu Youxiang said that Ai Qing's words were reasonable, but in fact he was not moved, and still asked for a son through the fasting ceremony.
Who knows, the next year, Crown Prince Zhu Houzhao was really born. Zhu Youxiang was now desperate for Taoist fasting, and admired Zhang Yuanqing, the forty-seventh generation Heavenly Master of the Taoist Zheng Yi School, and gave him a great reward. Since then, he has advocated Taoism to the point of fascination, not only restoring the fasting place during his father's Chenghua period, but also frantically building Taoist temples in various places. Due to his weak body, taking medicine through Fang Shu alchemy pills has also become a realistic need for him to pray for immortality. By the fifteenth year of Hongzhi (1502), he even held an "auspicious and good event" fasting in the Jade Void Palace of Wudang Mountain, which lasted for forty-nine days and nights.
Portrait of Ming Xianzong Zhu Jianshen. Source: Network
At the same time, using eunuchs as internal ministers to contain foreign officials also became a means for Zhu Youxiang to govern the country.
Zhu Youxuan's special relationship with the eunuch is also that in his early years, from being recognized as a prince to retaining the position of crown prince, there were eunuchs behind him, so he had feelings for eunuchs. The status of eunuchs was thus revered, especially in formal occasions of state ceremony, where eunuchs always had to overwhelm foreign officials.
An example that made the Shiren clique angry was that one year, Zhu Youxiang ordered the young fu, the crown prince and the military department Shangshu Ma Wensheng and the eunuch Li Rong to parade together, and Ma Wensheng wanted to "sit together" with Li Rong, and "repeated repeated speeches, but (Li) Rong refused to allow it." In this regard, Chen Hongmo, a contemporary of the time, said in "The Aftermath of Governing the World": "The husband is the official of the protector, the handle of the army, and the world of Hongzhi, and the eunuch is like this, he can be shocked." "On the surface, the eunuchs are terrifyingly powerful, but in fact, everyone knows that the emperor is behind the eunuchs.
In this context, it is natural for Li Guang, who knows Fangshu, to be favored as a eunuch. The "History of Ming" says, "Zhongguan Li Guang burned the favor of fasting." As early as the Ming Xianzong period, the eunuch Liang Fang and others rose by relying on the "Dan Shu Rune Water", and now Li Guang is just concocting the same method. In Zhu Youxuan's eyes, Li Guang was not an ordinary eunuch, but the closest "Taoist friend" on his own cultivation road. After Li Guang gained favor, he further strengthened the status of the gelding clique, and eunuchs such as Liang Fang, Wang Zhi, and Liu Jin either returned to the dynasty or rose to prominence through his assistance; It also further encouraged the emperor's superstition of Fang Shu, and Zhu Youxiang "looked at the dynasty gradually", changing from a diligent prince to a model of neglect.
Until a chance natural disaster stopped Zhu Youxiang's continuous fall.
02
At the height of Li Guang's power, there were only two kinds of people in the entire imperial court, one was the person who held him and the other was the person who opposed him. Therefore, even if a person has great energy, he cannot control everyone. The voice against Li Guang was that when Li Guang was most proud, he gathered and expanded little by little, and formed a trend.
According to the custom, the political struggle of the imperial court still had to rely on natural disasters.
In December of the eighth year of Hongzhi, earthquakes occurred in Henan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi and other places. Hu Yao, the head of the household department, took the opportunity to give advice, linking natural disasters with eunuchs' intervention in government: "Earthquakes and the like, the small disasters are also small. Northwest Dry Feng, father and son cannibalism; The southeast is hungry, flesh and bones are displaced, and great changes are also great. His Majesty lives in the depths of the Ninth Layer, blinded left and right, and does not know his ears. Today, Li Guang and Yang Peng quoted Liu Liang's auxiliary generation, confused the sacred heart on the left, and spent money on fasting. Sent outside, like a tiger rampant, devouring insatiable, its consumption is indescribable. Shi Dafu begged at night to beg eunuchs and nobles, bribed each other, and was not ashamed... Yin and yang are weak, why is the disaster different? ”
But after this named letter was handed over, it was suppressed by Zhu Youxiang and failed to stir up a little splash in the court.
In the following year or so, including Xu Pu, then chief assistant of the cabinet, officials came forward one after another to remind Zhu Youxiang to stay away from "traitors." Zhu Youxiang knew it well, and once said to Li Guang: "Lecturer Yunyun means Ruo Cao Ye." "It means that Li Guang should converge a little. But he never took practical measures against Li Guang, and the two still practiced fasting every day. He also did not punish officials who "talked too much", on the contrary, every time someone gave advice, he always "Jianazhi", showing an open-minded appearance, although in fact he did not make any changes. It is such a kind of gentle attitude that has made Zhu Youxiang win an excellent reputation in history.
Portrait of Xu Pu, the head of the cabinet. Source: Network
After Xu Pu became dismissed, in view of the pressure of the courtiers, Zhu Youxiang summoned the courtiers to meet at the Wen Yuan Pavilion to discuss political affairs. This was the event of March of the tenth year of Hongzhi (1497), and it was also the first time that Zhu Youxiang summoned a cabinet minister to discuss government in the ten years since he came to the throne. It can be seen from this to what extent Zhu Youxiang abandoned government affairs and relied on eunuchs, but it was such a summon, but it was regarded as a "grand event" by the ministers, and the public opinion of impeaching Li Guang changed to the praise of the Ming monarch.
Hey, the Chinese scholars' requirements for the emperor are too low, as long as the emperor takes them seriously, they can tout him as a generation of holy kings.
However, the actual problem has not been solved at all.
A month later, Ye Shen was neglected in the matter, and the spearhead was directed at Li Guang's "eight deadly sins": His Majesty took the medicine of unscrupulous medicine in the name of burning; Set aside the royal prince, hoping for grace; Stealing the jade spring, through the private detour; The first to open the door, wanton greed... Each one was enough to kill Li Guang. In this regard, Zhu Youxiang still pretended to be deaf and dumb.
By the eleventh year of Hongzhi (1498), Li Guangcai came to an end. "Ming Shi Li Guang Biography" recorded: "In the eleventh year, (Li) Guang persuaded Emperor Jianyu Xiu Pavilion to live in Banzai Mountain. Tingcheng, the young princess died. Not a few days, Qingning Palace disaster. "This is a superposition of two accidental events, the first is Li Guang persuading Emperor Xiaozong to build Yuxiu Pavilion, after the completion of Yuxiu Pavilion, the four-year-old Princess Taikang was seriously ill, medicine was ineffective, Li Guang used Taoist methods to cure the princess, resulting in the death of the princess; This was followed by a fire in Qingning Palace, where Zhu Youxu's grandmother Empress Xiaosu lived, and it was rumored in the palace that the fire was caused by Jianyu Xiuting. Empress Xiaosu, who was already dissatisfied with Li Guang, angrily rebuked Li Guang and said: "Today Li Guang, tomorrow Li Guang, construction and groundbreaking, causing this calamity, accumulated in the dynasty, once ashes." ”
According to history, on the night of the fire, "(Li) was widely afraid and drank to death."
After Li Guang committed suicide, Zhu Youxiang was still convinced of his spells, and specially sent people to Li Guang's mansion to search for strange books, but only recovered a volume of Li Guang's bribery books. After the news spread, it caused a big storm.
The officials who had bribed Li Guang were terrified and sought a whitewash. The officials of Kodaoyan were excited, and one after another demanded that Li Guangyu's party be liquidated according to Li Guangna's bribery of account books. For a time, 8 Wuchen and 24 Wen Chen, including Zhu Hui, the Duke of Baoguo, Wu Jian, the Gongshu Hou, Tu Tu, the Hube Shangshu Zhoujing, the Shangshu Xu Qiong of the Ministry of Rites, and Wang Yue of the Zuo Capital of the Duchayuan, were impeached in real names. Gonghou Gui Qi and Shang Shu Shilang are all prominently listed. Among the six Shangshu, except for Ma Wensheng, Shangshu of the Military Department, none of the other five were spared. It can be imagined how widespread this incident is, and if it is all liquidated, the order of the entire imperial court may face paralysis.
At this time, Zhu Youxiang finally showed his wisdom in crisis management as the king of a country.
He approached the cabinet team and asked for advice on how to deal with it. The cabinet at that time consisted of Liu Jian, Xie Qian, and Li Dongyang, all of whom were known for their moral writings, so in the face of the emperor's inquiries, they unanimously advocated that officials who bribed were severely punished according to Li Guang's list of bribery books.
Zhu Youxiang asked rhetorically: "But six Shangshu, five people are impeached, what should I do?" ”
The Cabinet replied, referring to the ledger, and there was a pursuit.
At this time, Zhu Youxiang panicked and said, "There are no books, and I am afraid that it will be abused." "It means that the so-called Li Guang bribery account book does not exist, and I am afraid that the attack will be too big to pursue." It can be seen that the true content of the bribery account book may only be seen by Zhu Youzhu himself, not even the cabinet members, so in order to calm the matter, Zhu Youzhu deliberately claimed that there was no account book at all.
But the cabinet remained persistent, saying, let's draw up a punishment opinion, which will definitely not expand the scope of the attack.
Zhu Youzhu disagreed, and said again: "I don't know if this book is there, it's okay." "I told you that this bribery account book does not exist, and this matter is over, and it will no longer be pursued."
Portrait of Li Dongyang. Source: Network
03
However, the aftermath of the Li Guang Incident did not subside, and although Zhu Youzhu indicated that he would no longer pursue the so-called "Li Guangyu Party", a bad news came from the northwest of the Daming Dynasty: in December of the eleventh year of Hongzhi (January 1499), Wang Yue, a veteran general who led troops against the Tatars on the front line, died in anger.
Li Dongyang said cryptically in Wang Yue's epitaph that Wang Yue died of overwork.
In fact, Wang Yue fell into the Li Guang incident, was impeached by officials and accused of being the "head of traitors", and died of sorrow. After Li Guang committed suicide, Wang Yue's name was prominently listed among the officials impeached by Yan Guan's real name. This is not the first time in his life that Wang Yue has been accused of befriending Quan Gelding, but this time, the 73-year-old veteran finally failed to survive and became a victim of the political struggle in the Li Guang incident.
Wang Yue was a civilian-martial all-rounder, arrogant and unruly, but he was able to make repeated battle merits and was knighted as a civilian. But his life had its ups and downs. During the reign of Zhu Youxuan's father, Emperor Ming Xianzong, Wang Yue befriended Quan Wang. With a backer, Wang Yue was able to boldly control the three sides, resist the Tatars, and win battles such as the Battle of Red Salt Pool and the Battle of Weininghai. In the sixteenth year of Chenghua (1480), Wang Yue was given the title of Weiningbo for his outstanding military merits.
However, after Wang Zhi's defeat in the nineteenth year of Chenghua (1483), Wang Yue was implicated, removed from the title of the title, and resided in Anlu. After Zhu Youzhu ascended the throne, Wang Yue repeatedly complained about wrongs, and Zhu Youzhu finally restored the title of imperial history of the left capital of Wang Yue's capital Chayuan, and ordered him to serve as a shi. In this process of rehabilitation, a new generation of Quan Gelding Li Guang contributed to it. Wang Yue fell because of the castration of power, and also regained momentum because of the castration of power, which was due to the distribution of the political power structure of the dynasty, of course, it was also related to personal choices and positions, but the Shidafu group decided that he was dependent on the eunuch and denied his battle exploits, and his evaluation was full of contradictions.
The turning point of Wang Yue's comeback came in the tenth year of Hongzhi (1497). In this year, the Tatar Dayan Khan repeatedly led troops to harass the Daming border, and the imperial court decided to re-establish the general officials of Yansui, Gansu, and Ningxia, and successively elected 7 people, none of which met Zhu Youxuan's wishes. The officials and the army department also got into disputes over the selection of personnel, according to historical records:
Tu Xianghui (Tu Tu) wanted to use it with the grace of Xiangmin (Wang Yue) confidant, Ma Duansu (Ma Wensheng) could not use it, Xianghui said: "This burden must also be borne by this generation." Duan Su said sharply: "Tu Tu can't bear it, but Ma Wensheng can't bear it!" ”
At that time, the official Shangshu Tu Tu strongly recommended Wang Yue to come out of the mountain, but Ma Wensheng, who had always been an honest soldier, was not ashamed of Wang Yue's personality of befriending Quan Gelding, so he strongly opposed it. The two quarreled fiercely, but in fact, the candidate had long been decided by the more powerful person, and "the inner intention has been decided." According to the Ming Dynasty historian Wang Shizhen, the "inner meaning" refers to Li Guang. Li Guang was still at the peak of his human rights power at that time, and the candidate he favored was Wang Yue; And Wang Yue has been idle for many years, always thinking of reinstating and making meritorious achievements, so the two stood on the same front. But this also laid the groundwork for Li Guang's suicide more than a year later, and Wang Yue's death of anger and indignation.
Zhu Youzhu agreed to the candidates recommended by Li Guang and Tu Tu, and allowed Wang Yue to make him crown prince Taibao, and he was in charge of Gan and Liangbian affairs, and later also controlled the towns of Yansui and Ningxia. The veteran Wang Yue can finally show his strength in the frontier.
The next eleven years of Koji were eventful. In July, Wang Yue's troops divided into three routes and attacked Helan Mountain and won the war with Tatar. After Zhu Youxiang learned of the good news, he entered Wang Yue as a young baoist and crown prince. But three months later, Li Guang committed suicide and the Li Guang incident broke out. Two months later, Wang Yue, who had been impeached one after another in the Li Guang Incident, died in Ganzhou (present-day Zhangye, Gansu).
The Ming Dynasty, which had lost its fierce generals, returned to a passive situation of many defeats and few victories in the face of Tatar invasion. According to the "Records of Emperor Ming Xiaozong", after Wang Yue's death, "those who guard the border are cowardly and incompetent, and those who risk merit and wealth are very prosperous." The more you ask (the king) to compare, the more difficult it is for others to cover."
Group portrait of Ming Dynasty officials. Source: Film and television stills
04
Wang Yue's death had a major inner impact on Zhu Youxuan, who was eager to use people. For the sake of political stability, although Zhu Youxiang did not pursue those implicated in the Li Guang incident, including the impeached Five Shangshu were not removed from office, the power of the imperial court divided by the Li Guang incident became more and more fierce and increasingly influenced his decision-making. He will eventually face the aftermath of this political turmoil.
In May of the thirteenth year of Hongzhi (1500), solar eclipses and comets appeared in the territory of Daming, which were considered to be catastrophic in ancient times.
Taking advantage of the disaster, the superintendent Liu Fang and others revisited the Li Guang incident, hoping that the emperor would depose the five Shangshu that had been impeached two years earlier but remained in power. Interestingly, Zhu Youxuan's attitude has changed 180 degrees compared with two years ago, and he immediately showed great interest in this old case, asking the relevant departments to "discuss it in detail." Therefore, some historians believe that the impeachment of Shangshu again by Yanguan is most likely instructed by Zhu Youxuan, and the cooperation between the two can be so tacit.
Therefore, under the dual background of the heavens' warning and the impeachment of the officials, the largest high-level personnel "blood change" of the entire Ming Dynasty took place in the court in Beijing: the officials, households, rites, punishments, and the Ministry of Works Shangshu Tutu, Zhou Jing, Xu Qiong, Bai Ang, and Xu Guan were all begging at the same time, and the emperor did not retain them and agreed to retire them all.
In other words, among the six Shangshu, except for the "Upright" and Shangshu Ma Wensheng, the remaining five Shangshu have left.
Portrait of Ma Wensheng. Source: Network
With such a large-scale high-level personnel adjustment, Zhu Youxiang was able to calmly deal with it, which shows that everything is in his control. The record of the "History of Ming" is more meaningful, saying that the departure of the official Shangshu Tu Tu and others was a "strike", not a "resignation", which may better show that the five Shangshu did not take the initiative to go, but were dismissed.
In short, after two years, Zhu Youzhu finally came to a general reckoning with the Li Guang incident, which also showed his determination to restart the New Deal.
After the five Shangshu were sent to the post, Zhu Youxiang reorganized the six ministries and the capital inspection court in a short period of time, thus establishing the personnel structure of the last five years of the Hongzhi Dynasty. It is worth mentioning that in this personnel reorganization, Dai Shan, the former Shangshu of the Criminal Department of Nanjing, was appointed as the imperial history of the left capital, and Liu Daxia, the attendant of Hubu who was originally recovering from illness, was appointed as the imperial history of the right capital, and the military affairs of the governor Liangguang, and the two gradually became Zhu Youxuan's henchmen. According to historical records, "In his later years, the emperor summoned the ministers, and (Dai) Shan and (Liu) Daxia made a banquet to see the number of people", and it became a good story among the monarchs.
Portrait of Liu Daxia. Source: Network
In the fifteenth year of Hongzhi (1502), Liu Daxia was promoted to Shangshu of the military department, but he resigned several times before taking office. As soon as they met, Zhu Youxiang asked: "I have promoted you several times, and you have called you sick several times, why?" Liu Daxia replied that in recent years, the people of the four sides have been exhausted of wealth and are prone to change, and the military department is in charge of the affairs of the imperial court, and it is difficult to deal with the ability of his subordinates in life, so he is afraid to come. This answer, on the surface, is modest, but the core is to expose to the emperor the serious crisis of the empire. Zhu Youxiang was also unambiguous, deeply touched by the four words "people are exhausted of wealth", and has always remembered it in his heart.
Since then, Zhu Youxiang has undergone a fundamental change, and he has begun to work hard in the country, "looking at the DPRK every day." According to the records of the cabinet minister Li Dongyang, from March 22 in the tenth year of Hongzhi (1497) to before his death on the sixth day of May in the eighteenth year of Hongzhi (1505), Zhu Youzhu recorded a total of 21 summoning cabinet ministers. In contrast, in the first ten years of Zhu Youxuan's reign, he never summoned a courtier.
In the last few years, a group of wise and direct ministers gathered around Zhu Youxuan. The three members of the cabinet headed by Liu Jian "assisted the government with one heart, did their best, and knew everything"; the ministers of the ministry, represented by the officials Shangshu Ma Wensheng, the military department Shangshu Liu Daxia, and the left capital of the capital Chayuan, Yushi Daishan, devoted themselves to assisting the emperor in eliminating maladministration, and achieved certain results.
Perhaps because the impact of the Li Guang incident was too great, Zhu Youzhu paid special attention to the evaluation of officials in the later period of his reign, and clearly defined different standards such as three-year inspection, five-year inspection, and six-year inspection according to official rank, so as to further institutionalize the promotion and picket of officials. The purpose of the inspection was to remove and punish incompetent and corrupt officials. According to historical records, more than 2,000 officials were removed every major year of inspection.
As a master of accomplishment, Zhu Youxiang did not have the courage to change the social crisis that had accumulated in the Great Ming Dynasty, and it was difficult to make great achievements in the midst of internal and external troubles, which is a regrettable place. But as the king of a country, he had the courage to carry out self-revolution, lost his way, and finally in the last years of his life he got rid of the influence of the Li Guang incident, and changed from a lazy and degenerate prince to a diligent and enlightened prince. A monarch who cherishes feathers so much is indeed rare in history. He himself once said, "If I am not autonomous, who can rule me?" "No one can treat him, he can only restrain his words and deeds through a high degree of self-discipline, so as to win the respect of history."
In the last years of his life, Zhu Youxiang always remembered Liu Daxia's four words "people are exhausted of wealth". In the seventeenth year of Hongzhi (1504), he summoned Liu Daxia and raised the issue again: "Qing's preface said that the people of the world are exhausted of wealth... Why is this far? Liu Daxia listed various shortcomings in the implementation of the imperial court's policies. Zhu Youxiang asked about the sergeant's situation again, and Liu Daxia replied: "Poor and people, etc." In this regard, Zhu Youxiang could only sigh deeply: "I don't know the military and people in the world for a long time, so why do you think of the master!" ”
But he is running out of time. A year later, Emperor Ming Xiaozong Zhu Youzhu died suddenly at the age of 36.
Zhu Youxuan's death was very sudden, from illness to death, only eight days in between, which aroused the suspicion of the main officials of the imperial court. Zhu Youzhu died of illness on the seventh day of the fifth month of the eighteenth year of Hongzhi (1505), and on the fifth day after his death, the official Shangshu Ma Wensheng went to Chen "Investigating the Crime of Quack Medicine Non Yiming Zheng", requesting the crown prince Zhu Houzhao to investigate the cause of Ming Xiaozong's death, and pointed out that the imperial medicine was improperly used.
Soon, the imperial court reported the results of the investigation, saying that Ming Xiaozong ordered the eunuch Zhang Yu to discuss the prescription with the imperial hospital because of the occasional cold wind, but Zhang Yu and the imperial hospital judged Liu Wentai to have a personal relationship, and "vainly entered the bait" without going through the medical procedure, causing Ming Xiaozong to die due to the wrong medicine.
It is a pity that a generation of Ming monarchs died here.
History books have many fallacious awards for Emperor Zhu Youzhu of the Ming Dynasty, calling the period of his reign "Hongzhi Zhongxing", but this is still quite different from the difficulties of the middle Ming Dynasty. However, as a destined emperor, we still admire his self-reflection courage, and seeing the course of the last seven years of his life is like seeing the process of an ordinary person getting rid of his demons and renewing himself.
If we are in his position, can we be as successful as he is?
Bibliography:
[Ming] Liu Jian et al.: "Records of Ming Xiaozong", Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, 1962
[Ming] Chen Hongmo and Zhang Han: "Reigning in the World, Continuing the Century, Songchang Dreams", Zhonghua Bookstore, 1985
[Ming] Tan Qian: "Guo Yu", Zhonghua Bookstore, 2005
[Qing] Zhang Tingyu: History of the Ming Dynasty, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1972
Zhu Ziyan: "On Ming Xiaozong and "Hongzhi Zhongxing"", Qiushi Academic Journal, No. 6, 1989
Li Zhewu: "The Death of Eunuch Li Guang and the Politics of the Hongzhi Dynasty", Master's Thesis, Guangxi Normal University, 2019