Historically, there have been 12 Chinese (Chinese) who have won the Nobel Prize in natural sciences, which are described below:
I. Yang Zhenning (Yang-Mills Theory has the lofty status of "breaking new ground")
Profile: Yang Zhenning, born on October 1, 1922 in Hefei, Anhui Province, is a famous physicist, Bowen Chair Professor and Director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the University of Chinese, Hong Kong, Honorary Dean and Professor of the Institute for Advanced Study of Tsinghua University, Professor Emeritus of the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Foreign Academician of the National Academy of Sciences, Academician of academia Sinica, Honorary Member of the Hong Kong Academy of Sciences, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Foreign Member of the Royal Society, and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1957.
It is worth mentioning that he is the first Chinese scientist to visit China after the relaxation of Sino-US relations, actively promotes Sino-US cultural exchanges and mutual understanding between the Chinese and American peoples, and has made very important contributions to promoting the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States, the exchange of talents between China and the United States, and scientific and technological cooperation.
Yang Zhenning graduated from National Southwest Union University in 1942; In 1944, he obtained a master's degree from Tsinghua University; In 1945, he was awarded the Mu Rongchu Scholarship to study in the United States; He received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1948 and later became a lecturer at the University of Chicago and a fellow at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study. In 1955, he became a professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. In 1966, he became the Einstein Chair Professor and Director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. Bowen Chair Professor, Chinese University, Hong Kong, in 1986; In 1993, he became the Director of the Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chinese University, Hong Kong. In 1998, he became a professor at Tsinghua University.
Scientific achievements: Yang Zhenning has made landmark contributions in the fields of particle physics, statistical mechanics and condensed matter physics. In the 1950s, Yang Zhenning and R.L. Mills collaborated to propose a non-Abel gauge field theory; In 1956, Yang Zhenning and Li Zhengdao collaborated to propose the law of non-conservation of cosmology in weak interactions; He has done a lot of pioneering work in particle physics and statistical physics, proposed the Young-Baxter equation, and opened up new directions for the study of quantum integrable systems and multibody problems.
Phase change theory: Statistical mechanics is one of Yang Zhenning's main research directions. His special feature in statistical mechanics is the rigorous solution and analysis of universal models rooted in physical reality, thus beautifully grasping the essence and essence of the problem.
Boson multibody problem: Yang Zhenning published or completed a series of papers with collaborators around 1957 on thin boson multibody systems.
Yang-Baxter equation: In the 1960s, attempts to find models with non-diagonal long programs led Yang to a rigorous solution to a quantum statistical model.
Strict solution of bosons at finite temperatures in the repulsion potential of the 1-dimensional δ function: In 1969, Yang Zhenning and Yang Zhenping advanced the boson problem in the repulsion potential of the 1-dimensional δ function to a finite temperature. This is the first time in history that an interacting quantum statistical model has been obtained with a strict solution at finite temperature (T>0). This model and results are also experimentally implemented and validated in cold atom systems.
Theoretical explanation of superconductor flux quantization: In 1961, through close communication with the Fairbank experimental group, Yang Zhenning and Byers theoretically explained the quantization of superconductor flux discovered by the experimental group, proved that electron pairing can lead to observed phenomena, clarified the need to introduce new basic principles about electromagnetic fields, and corrected the errors of London's reasoning.
Non-diagonal long program: In 1962, Yang Zhenning proposed the concept of "off-di-agonallong-rangeorder", thus unifying the nature of supercurrent and superconductivity, and also deeply exploring the root causes of magnetic flux quantization.
Cosmology in Weak Interactions: Yang Zhenning's many contributions to particle physics demonstrate his expertise in symmetry analysis. Yang Zhenning is known as the "Lord of Symmetry "Lord of Symmetry". It is worth mentioning that in the summer of 1956, Wu Jianxiong decided to do one of the several types of experiments they pointed out about the decay of 60Coβ. In January of the following year, the experimental team he led proved through this experiment that the universe was indeed not conserved in weak interactions, causing a big shock in the entire physics community. For this work, Yang Zhenning and Li Zhengdao won the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Three Discrete Symmetries of Time Inversion, Charge Conjugate, and Cosmology: A preprint of a paper questioning whether cosmology in weak interactions is conserved caused Oehme to write to Yang Zhenning in August 1956 to raise the relationship between the three discrete symmetries of cosmology (P), charge conjugate (C), and time inversion (T) in weak interactions.
Theoretical discussion of high-energy neutrino experiments: In 1960, in order to obtain more information about weak interaction experiments, using the ideas of experimental physicist Schwartz, Li Zhengdao and Yang Zhenning theoretically discussed the importance of high-energy neutrino experiments.
The idealistic framework of CP non-conservation: In 1964, after the experimental discovery that CP was not conserved, many articles speculated on its roots.
Jan-Mills Gauge Field Theory: In 1954, Yang-Mills gauge field theory (i.e., non-Abel gauge field theory) was published. This theory, which was not valued by the physics community at the time, developed into today's Standard Model through the concept of spontaneous symmetry breaking introduced by many scholars in the 1960s and 1970s. This is widely considered to be the culmination of fundamental physics in the second half of the 20th century. The Young-Mills theory has a "groundbreaking" status, and its success is a revolution in the history of physics.
Integral forms of gauge field theory: The Yang-Mills theory also takes the relationship between physics and mathematics to a new level. Around 1970, Yang Zhenning devoted himself to the study of the integral form of gauge field theory, discovered the importance of non-accumulative phase factors, and realized that gauge fields have profound geometric significance.
Correspondence between gauge field theory and fiber bundle theory: In 1975, Yang Zhenning and Wu Dajun published the paper 75c, which gave the overall description of electromagnetism and Yang-Mills field theory with the concept of non-product phase factors, discussed the Aharonov-Bohm effect and the magnetic monopole problem, and revealed the geometric correspondence of normative fields to fiber bundles.
Character evaluation: Yang Zhenning's wonderful taste of mathematics shines through all his work. It makes his not-so-important work a delicate work of art, making his esoteric speculations masterpieces. This makes him see the mysterious structure of nature more profoundly than others. (Famous physicist Dyson commented)
Yang Zhenning was a very mathematical man, but due to his early academic qualifications, he was very interested in the details of the experiment. He enjoyed talking to experimentalists and admired the beauty of their experiments. (Former director of Blokhaven National Laboratory and evaluation by experimental physicist Saos)
Yang Zhenning is the third "all-rounder of physics" with comprehensive knowledge and talent after Einstein and Fermi in the 20th century, and is one of the most well-known contemporary scientists among the Chinese. Saos, an experimental physicist who was director of the Brockhaven National Laboratory, said: "Yang Zhenning is a very mathematically minded person, but because of his early academic qualifications, he was very interested in the details of the experiment. He enjoyed talking to experimentalists and admired the beauty of their experiments. The American physicist and Nobel laureate E. Segre praised Yang Zhenning as "one of three theoretical physicists in the world who can be counted as an all-rounder for decades." (NetEase Review)
As China's first Nobel laureate, Yang Zhenning has always been highly respected in Chinese politics and academia. (Tencent review). According to the evaluation: "As the first Chinese scientist to win the Nobel Prize, Yang Zhenning is known as one of the most important masters of physics in the contemporary era after Einstein and Dirac. "
2. Li Zhengdao (found that the universe is not conserved in the weak effect)
Profile: Li Zhengdao, born on November 24, 1926 in Shanghai, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, is a university-level professor at Columbia University, a Chinese-American physicist, a Nobel Laureate in physics, known for his contributions to the fields of cosmological non-conservation, Lie model, relativistic heavy ion collision (RHIC) physics, and non-topological isolated subfield theory.
Together with Yang Zhenning in 1957, Lee won the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering that the universe is not conserved in weak effects. In 1986, Lee enlisted funding from Italy to establish and serve as director of the China Center for Advanced Science and Technology (CCAST) with the support of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Later, the Zhejiang Modern Physics Center at Zhejiang University and the Li Zhengdao Experimental Physics Center at Fudan University were established. In 1994, he was elected as a foreign academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and on April 7, 2018, he became the honorary director of the Li Zhengdao Research Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University.
Scientific research achievements: Li Zhengdao's research field is very wide, especially in quantum field theory, elementary particle theory, nuclear physics, statistical mechanics, fluid mechanics, astrophysics has also made great achievements. Key achievements are as follows:
In 1949, Li Zhengdao collaborated with Rosenbras and Yang Zhenning to propose the universal Ferminol effect and the existence of intermediate bosons. In 1951, it was proposed that there is no turbulence in two-dimensional space in hydraulics.
In 1952, Lee worked with Pines to study the structure of polarons in solid state physics.
In 1954, Lee published the famous "Lee model" theory in quantum field theory.
In 1957, Lee worked with Ohme and Yang Zhenning to propose the possibility of charge conjugate without conservation and time without reversal.
In 1959, Li Zhengdao collaborated with Yang Zhenning to study the molecular dynamic theory of hard spherical bose gases, and contributed to the study of the super-fluidity of helium II.
In 1962, Li Zhengdao collaborated with Yang Zhenning to study the non-registration of the electromagnetic interaction of charged vector mesons.
In 1964, Lee worked with Nauenber to study the problem that infrared divergence can be fully offset by the participation of particles without (rest) mass, also known as the Lee-Nauenber theorem. Field algebra theory was proposed in the late 1960s. Especially in the early 1970s, he studied the problem of CP spontaneous defection, discovered and studied non-topological solitons, and established the theory of isolated sub-bag models of hadron structures. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, work continued on path integration problems, lattice canonical problems, and temporal dynamic variables. Later, the foundations of discrete mechanics were established.
Character evaluation: Li Zhengdao's research field is very broad, and he has made a lot of achievements in high-energy physics, particle physics, astrophysics, fluid mechanics, statistical physics, condensed matter physics, and general relativity. "Physics has become his way of life" has made outstanding achievements in science in raising new questions and new ideas in material creation, and has made great contributions to the scientific and educational undertakings of the motherland. (Sina.com review)
It is worth mentioning that in 1959, the British scientist C.P. Snow gave a famous lecture on "two cultures" in a lecture at Cambridge University, saying that the discovery of Li Zhengdao and Yang Zhenning Yang was one of the most amazing achievements in the history of science, which was completely comparable to the successful launch of artificial earth satellites by humans in 1957. Snow commented: "This is an extremely beautiful and rich achievement of originality, and the world is so shocked by it that they forget how beautiful their thinking is, and it makes us rethink certain basic principles of the physical world."
3. Ding Zhaozhong (discovered the Ding particle and won the Nobel Prize in Physics)
Profile: Ding Zhaozhong, born on January 27, 1936 in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, his ancestral home is Rizhao City, Shandong Province, China, a famous experimental physicist. He received his B.S. in Physics and B.S. in Mathematics from the University of Michigan in 1959 and his Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Michigan in 1962.
Professor Ding Zhaozhong has long been engaged in high-energy physics experiments, accurately testing quantum electrodynamics, quantum chromodynamics and the unified theory of electroweak, looking for new particles and new physical phenomena, and achieving a series of major achievements.
For his contributions to physics, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1976, the Lorentz Prize by the U.S. government, and the Tekasperi Prize for Science by the Italian government in 1988. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a foreign member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, an academician of the Academia Sinica in Taipei, China, and an academician of the Academy of Sciences of Pakistan. He was awarded honorary doctorates by the University of Michigan (1978),Chinese the University of Hong Kong, China (1987), the University of Bologna (1988) and Columbia University (1990). He is an honorary professor at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, East China Normal University and Beijing Normal University in China, and the honorary president of Qufu Normal University and Rizhao Vocational and Technical College.
1977 ErinKin Medal from the American Society for Engineering Sciences. 1988 Golden Leopard Excellence Award from Taormina, Italy and Gold Medal for Science from Brescia, Italy.
2005 The World Physics Annual Conference was launched in Europe. He led 581 physicists from 43 leading universities and research institutes in 14 countries in the United States, France, Germany and The United States to explore new matter and antimatter in the universe on the world's most energetic positron collider built in Geneva.
Scientific research achievements: Ding Zhaozhong's main scientific research achievements: 1, the discovery of The Ding particle, won the Nobel Prize in Physics; 2, Ding Zhaozhong's research work is centered on experimental particle physics, quantum electrodynamics and light and matter interaction. His major academic contributions are: (1) the discovery of antideuterium nuclei; (2) a series of experiments to test quantum electrodynamics in the past 25 years, showing that electrons, μ, and τ are point particles with a radius of less than 10-16 cm; (3) experiments on precise vector mesons; (4) research on photometric vector mesons, which confirm the similarity of photons to vector mesons; (5) the discovery of J particles; (6) the study of the production of μ pairs; (7) the discovery of gluon injection; (8) systematic studies of gluon physics; (9) Μ precise measurements of the asymmetry of electron charge indicate for the first time the correctness of the Standard Atelignment; (10) Within the framework of the Standard Model, it is confirmed that only three generations of neutrinos exist in the universe.
3. Enthusiastic training of high-energy physics talents: Since 1981, Ding Zhaozhong has organized and led an international cooperation group, the L3 group, to prepare for high-energy physics experiments on the high-energy positron-negative electron collider LEP expected to be built by CERN in 1988. The L3 group currently has nearly 400 physicists from about 13 countries, including China.
4. Lead the "Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer" experiment to explore antimatter: On June 2, 1998, at 6:09 a.m. Eastern Time, the Space Shuttle Discovery took off, and the "Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer" jointly developed by China, the United States and other countries was carried out for operational experiments, which opened the prelude to the first time that mankind went to space to find antimatter and dark matter. It is worth mentioning that the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer Experiment is a large-scale international cooperation scientific experiment project, the experiment is led by Professor Ding Zhaozhong, including physicists and engineers from 37 research institutions in the United States, China, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Finland and other countries and regions, and there are no less than 200 scientists and engineers participating in China alone, the purpose of which is to find antimatter and dark matter in space.
Character evaluation: Jamie Weson, dean of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States, said: "Professor Ding Zhaozhong's research has opened up unknown fields in the universe for mankind and made elementary particle physics enter a new realm. "In the field of international science, Mr. Ding Zhaozhong is almost a master of physics with the same name as Yang Zhenning. U.S. President Ford also personally wrote to Ding Zhaozhong to congratulate him on his glorious achievements
4. Li Yuanzhe (outstanding contributions in chemical kinetics, dynamics, molecular beams and photochemistry)
Profile: Li Yuanzhe, born on November 29, 1936 in Hsinchu City, Taiwan Province, famous chemical scientist, Nobel Prize winner in chemistry, National Medal of Science, Harrison Howe Award of the American Chemical Society, Peter Debye Prize in Physical Chemistry, Laureus Prize of the United States Department of Energy, National Science Prize, Royal Baifarth Prize in Chemistry, Academician of the National Academy of Sciences, Academician of the American Academy of Humanities and Sciences, Academician of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences, Academician of the Academia Sinica, Academician of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Berkeley.
Li Yuanzhe graduated from the Department of Chemistry of Taiwan University of Taiwan with a bachelor's degree in science in 1959, and graduated from the Institute of Atomic Sciences of Tsinghua University in Taiwan with a master's degree in 1961. The following year, he went to the United States for further study, and graduated from the Department of Chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley in 1965 with a Doctor of Science degree. He then taught at the University of Chicago, became a U.S. citizen in 1974, and returned to his alma mater, the University of California, Berkeley, to teach, and was also a researcher at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
In 1986, Li Yuanzhe and The United States Receiveddley Hirschbach of Harvard University and John Polani of the University of Toronto in Canada jointly won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their research achievements in reaction dynamics using cross-molecular beam experimental methods. Among them, Li Yuanzhe's research is to apply the cross-molecular beam experimental method to chemical reactions in general, especially the chemical reactions of larger molecules, and use lasers to excite molecules or atoms that have been accelerated but have not yet collided, so as to control the type of chemical reactions that occur. On January 15, 1994, Li Yuanzhe renounced his American citizenship and returned to Taiwan. Li Yuanzhe has won the Harrison Howe Award of the American Chemical Society, the Peter Debye Prize for Physical Chemistry, the Lawrence Prize of Meiyuandu, the National Science Prize, the Royal BaiFarard Prize in Chemistry and the 1986 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Scientific achievements: Li Yuanzhe is mainly engaged in the research of chemical dynamics, and has made outstanding contributions to chemical kinetics, dynamics, molecular beams and photochemistry. The molecular beam method is a new technology, which only began to be successfully tested in 1960, the cross molecular beam method was initially only suitable for the reaction of alkali metals, and later created by Li Yuanzhe in 1967 with Professor Herschübach, which developed it into a universal and powerful tool for studying chemical reactions. In the following ten years, Li Yuanzhe continued to improve and innovate this technology for the study of important reactions of large molecules. The "molecular beam collider" and "ion beam collider" he designed can deeply understand each stage of the process of various chemical reactions, enable people to study each stage of the chemical reaction process at the molecular level, enable people to study the various states of chemical reactions at the molecular level, and provide new prospects for artificial control of the direction and process of chemical reactions.
Character Evaluation: In his new book "The True Face of Li Yuanzhe" published in 2005, Li Aocheng commented that Li Yuanzhe was "a good person, but he can also do bad things", "there is no leadership style, only science", and he (Li Yuanzhe) should not be "lifted to heaven".
5. Cui Qi (Discovered that Sun electrons interact under strong magnetic field and ultra-low temperature conditions)
Profile: Cui Qi, a native of Baofeng County, Pingdingshan City, Henan Province, is the sixth Chinese to win the Nobel Prize, and has served as a foreign academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, a founding member of the Hong Kong Academy of Sciences, China, and a Chinese-American scientist.
He graduated from Hong Kong Pui Cheng Secondary School in 1957. In 1958, he went to the United States for further study and studied at Augustana College in Illinois; In 1967, he received his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Chicago. He has been a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Princeton University since 1982. In 1984, he was awarded the Barkley Prize for the Physics of Concentrated Matter. In 1998, he explained the special phenomenon of electronic quantum fluids and won the Nobel Prize in Physics. In 2000, he was elected as a foreign academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In 2004, he was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering. In 2005, he was appointed honorary professor of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Professor Cui Qi in The Physics of Low-Dimensional Electronic Systems, Integer, Fractional Quantum Hall Effect (IQHE; FQHE) has made a series of groundbreaking major achievements in the physical research of strongly correlated electronic systems and quantum devices.
Scientific achievements: On October 13, 1998, Chinese-American scientist Cui Qiyin discovered that sun electrons interact under strong magnetic fields and ultra-low temperature conditions to form a quantum fluid of a specific nature (many electrochemical processes occur at the solid-electrolyte interface, and corrosion often occurs at the solid-gas and solid-liquid interfaces, so interface physics and surface physics have great practical significance).
The discovery of the phenomenon of electron quantum fluids is a major breakthrough in the field of quantum physics, which has made important contributions to new theoretical developments in many branches of modern physics. Cui Qi was also awarded the famous Franklin Award in the United States. Cui Qi believes that his main academic interest is to study the properties of electrons in metals and semiconductors. His research will be applied to the development of more powerful computers and more advanced communication equipment.
Professor Cui Qi is very concerned about the development of science and technology in China. At the beginning of reform and opening up, he visited China to give lectures, introduced the latest research hotspots in science and technology in the world, suggested that China carry out research on the physics of two-dimensional electronic systems and the physics of low-dimensional quantum systems, and actively promoted the implementation of the Sino-US Memorandum of Cooperation plan on atomic, molecular and condensed matter physics.
Character evaluation: On the one hand, Cui Qi is rigorous and dedicated, very devoted to his beloved physics research career, he likes to do physics experiments, and often devotes himself to research when needed. Sometimes, for the needs of experimental research, he would not hesitate to travel around Boston and Florida, find a strong magnetic field to carry out his "quantum liquid experiment", and pay little attention to other things around him, so that his research work was very good and very efficient. (Big River Network Review)
Pearl Buck (she called Zhenjiang "China's hometown" and won the third Nobel Prize in Literature in U.S. history)
Biography: Pearl Buck, American writer, human rights and feminist activist. In October 1892, four months after his birth, Pearl Buck was brought to China by his parents who were missionaries, and spent his childhood and adolescence in Zhenjiang, entering his youth for 18 years. Pearl Buck has lived in China for nearly 40 years, and she calls Chinese "first language" and Zhenjiang "hometown of China." Especially in zhenjiang windmill mountain, where she studied when she was a child, there is her former residence in the Chongshi Girls' Middle School, which still exists today. At the same time, under the roots of the western wall of the north garden of the Drum Tower Campus of Nanjing University, a three-story Western-style small Western-style building stands. Pearl Buck also lived and worked, as a native American writer of Chinese, where she wrote the novel "The Good Earth", which depicted the life of Chinese peasants, won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1932 for her novel, and won the third Nobel Prize in Literature in American history in 1938. In 1934, Pearl Buck bid farewell to China and returned to China to settle down.
Pearl Buck called Zhenjiang her "hometown of China." She spent most of her childhood there, first learning Chinese and getting used to Chinese customs before her mother taught her English. In 1900, due to the Boxer Rebellion in northern China, Pearl Buck returned to his hometown in the United States for the first time. He returned to Zhenjiang, China in 1902. On May 13, 1917, he married John Lossin Booker, a young American agronomist. After marriage, he moved to Suzhou, Anhui.
Pearl Buck teaches in the Department of Foreign Languages at Jinling University, and has taught part-time courses such as education and English at National Central University. Xu Zhimo, Mei Lanfang, Hu Shi, Lin Yutang, Lao She and others were once guests of her family. Since Pearl Buck had both Chinese and American citizenship when it won the Nobel Prize in Literature, pearl buck can indeed be regarded as a Chinese according to the internationally accepted Nationality of Birth Law.
Literary achievements: Pearl Buck was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1938. She was a lady. The winning works are "Earth Trilogy", "Strange Fire" and "East Wind and West Wind" with Chinese themes. The Nobel Committee commented on her: "A rich and authentic epic description of the life of chinese peasants, and outstanding works in biography".
Character evaluation: Among the Western writers who have made a huge impact on Chinese themes, the first is Marco Polo, and the second is Pearl Buck. In 1938, Pearl Buck was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for writing a novel (and two biographies) about Chinese, praising it: "For its rich and true epic depiction of the life of Chinese peasants... To open a way for the Western world, for Westerners to use deeper humanity and insight to understand a strange and distant world. She was the first female writer in the United States to receive this award, Pearl Buck.
Pearl Buck stayed in China for nearly thirty-five years, experiencing the great changes in Chinese society at the beginning of the last century. She was the first to translate "Water Margin" to the West, and also pushed a number of Chinese writers such as Lin Yutang and Lao She to the Western world, and the motifs of her life's writing were closely related to China. According to commentators, in the 1930s and 1940s, the "image of China" she created profoundly influenced a generation of Americans.
Pearl Buck became the youngest winner in history at the time. Pearl Buck's acceptance speech at the Royal Swedish Academy was full of affection: "The life of the Chinese people has been my life for many years", just as the Japanese Kou iron hooves are raging on the land of China, she does not forget to emphasize: "I know that China is invincible!" ”
Pearl Buck also became famous around the world for translating "Water Margin" into the English version of "Brothers in all four seas", and during the period of China's anti-Japanese resistance, he published the famous political thesis "Japan Must Be Defeated". At the invitation of Soong Ching-ling, she served as an honorary member of the "Alliance for the Defense of China" and called on the American cultural press to establish the "American China Relief Cause Federation" to persuade President Roosevelt's wife to serve as the honorary chairman of the association and raise a large amount of funds for aiding China.
Steven Chu (invented the method of cooling and capturing atoms with lasers)
Biography: Chu, born on February 28, 1948 in St. Louis, Missouri, is the 12th secretary of the U.S. Department of Energy, winner of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics, foreign academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and currently a professor of physics at Stanford University.
Steven Chu graduated from the University of Rochester in 1970 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and a bachelor's degree in physics, and received his Ph.D. in physics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1976. In 1978, he became a member of the Board of Directors of the American Physical Society. In 1993, he was awarded the King Fisher International Prize for Science; In 1994, he won the Arthurslow Award and the Williams Meggs Award; He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1997. On June 5, 1998, he was elected as a foreign academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. From 2004 to 2008, Zhu Wen served as director of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. On December 15, 2008, he was nominated by the 44th President of the United States, Barack Obama, to serve as the 12th Secretary of Energy.
Scientific achievements: Chu's research areas include basic atomic physics, lasers, biophysics, etc. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1997 for "inventing a method of cooling and capturing atoms with lasers," and was joined by the American scientist William Phillips and a French scholar. Chu also received the King Faisal International Prize for Science.
Steven Chu is also a Nobel-level "chef". In his spare time, he likes to cook the dishes the most, the craftsmanship is excellent, whether it is Chinese or Western cuisine, it makes relatives and friends praise, especially Chinese cuisine and Mexican cuisine, he said: "Because my wife likes the color and flavor of Chinese food; the two little devils in the family prefer the spicy of Mexican food." And this "Nobel-level" chef has learned the truth of doing learning from his own hands. He even likened experimentation to cooking. He believes that "seeking change in limited resources" is the common point between cooking and experimentation, and it is also one of the secrets of his scientific miracle.
Character evaluation: Chu Steven grew up under the joint immersion of Chinese and Western cultures, he inherits the essence of Chinese and Western cultures, and his heart is both the frankness and humor of Westerners, as well as the modesty and subtlety of Orientals. He is not a kind of scientist of the wooden type, but a lively and cheerful person full of humor. Chu subverts the stereotype of scientists, he is lively and cheerful, humane, and full of charm. (Sina.com Review)
8. Mo Yan (Nobel Prize in Literature in 2012)
Profile: Mo Yan, born on February 17, 1955 in Gaomi, Shandong, is a famous contemporary Chinese writer. He was once classified as a writer of "root-seeking literature".
In 2000, Mo Yan's "Red Sorghum" was selected by Asia Weekly as one of the "Top 100 novels of the 20th century Chinese". In 2005, Mo Yan's "Sandalwood Punishment" was unanimously shortlisted for the Mao Dun Literature Award. In 2011, Mo Yan won the Mao Dun Literature Award for his work "Frog". In 2012, Mo Yan won the Nobel Prize in Literature. The prize was won for the integration of folktales, history and contemporary society through illusional realism. On July 30, 2019, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Catholic University of Peru.
In early 1985, Mo Yan became famous by publishing "Transparent Carrots" in China Writer Magazine. In the same year, Feng Mu hosted a seminar on Mo Yan's creation at the Overseas Chinese Building in Beijing, and Wang Zengqi, Shi Tiesheng, Li Tuo, Radar, and Zeng Zhennan all spoke highly of "Transparent Carrots".
In 1986, Mo Yan graduated from the Literature Department of the People's Liberation Army Academy of Arts. In the same year, the novella "Red Sorghum" was published in the magazine "People's Literature", which caused a great sensation in the literary world.
In February 1988, the film of the same name adapted from "Red Sorghum" won the Golden Bear Award at the Berlin Film Festival, becoming the first Chinese film to win the highest honor at the international A-category film festival.
After seeing this novel, the famous American sinologist Ge Haowen was very shocked and decided to start translating Mo Yan's novel, and Ge Haowen also became a hero for Mo Yan's works to go to the world in the future.
Literary Achievement: World Literature Today, a heavyweight american literary review magazine, commented: "Like Faulkner, Mo Yan leads readers into a world where imagination is rich and complete. In 1993, the English translation of "Red Sorghum" translated by Ge Haowen was published in Europe and the United States, which caused a warm response and was selected as "The Best Novel in the World in 1993" by World Literature Today. The New York Times commented: "Through the novel 'Red Sorghum', Mo Yan placed the northeastern countryside of Gaomi on the map of world literature.
In 2001, Mo Yan's Red Sorghum became the only Chinese novel selected by World Literature Today for 40 of the world's top literary masterpieces in 75 years (1927-2001).
In 2003, Mo Yan's short story collection "The Master Is More and More Humorous" was published in the United States, and the American "Time Magazine" commented: "Mo Yan is the pearl of the Nobel Prize in Literature. ”
In 2005, "Sandalwood Punishment" was unanimously shortlisted for the Mao Dun Literature Award, when the call for winning was very high, and finally lost the award by one vote and did not qualify for the award. The failure of "Sandalwood Punishment" has also once again triggered controversy in the literary circles about the Mao Dun Literature Prize. In the same year, Mo Yan won the International Literary Prize of Nonino in Italy, and the jury praised his work as "passionate in language and with infinitely rich imagination space".
In 2006, Mo Yan won the Fukuoka Prize for Asian Culture in Japan, becoming the second Chinese writer to win the prize after Ba Jin.
In 2008, Mo Yan won the Dream of the Red Chamber Award and the Newman Chinese Literature Award for "Life and Death Fatigue".
In 2011, Mo Yan won the South Korea Wanhai Literature Prize, becoming the first Chinese writer to win the award, and won the Mao Dun Literature Prize for "Frog".
On October 11, 2012, the Swedish Academy of Letters announced that Chinese writer Mo Yan had won the 2012 Nobel Prize in Literature for the integration of folktales, history and contemporary society through illusional realism. After Mo Yan won the Nobel Prize in Literature, the official website of the Nobel Prize excerpted a chapter of "The Song of Garlic in Heaven" as an introduction to Mo Yan's works.
In December 2016, he was elected as the vice chairman of the Ninth National Committee of the China Writers Association. In November 2017, Mo Yan received an honorary doctorate in literature from Hong Kong Baptist University in China.
On June 12, 2019, Regents Park College of oxford university in the United Kingdom awarded the title of honorary academician of Chinese writer Mo Yan and announced the establishment of an international writing center named after Mo Yan.
On July 30, 2019, Mo Yan was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Catholic University of Peru in Lima, Peru.
Character evaluation: Honestly speaking, Mo Yan's novels, most of which I have not read, but I clearly remember that in 1985, Mo Yan published a novella called "Explosion" in the "People's Literature" magazine, I was very excited after reading it, I told people everywhere, I was just over 50 years old at that time, I never felt that I was old, but after reading Mo Yan's novel, I had to admit that I was old. ——The famous writer Wang Meng
The Nobel Prize in Literature awarded to Mo Yan is the most inappropriate in history, and the word "magic" erases Mo Yan's achievements in half! The most suitable positioning should be called "calling". The praise given to Mo Yan by the West is actually not his achievement. - Yan Lianke
9. Qian Yongjian (outstanding achievements in the study of green fluorescent protein)
Profile: Qian Yongjian, February 1, 1952 – August 24, 2016), born in New York, USA, lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China, is a Chinese-American biochemist, one of the winners of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, an academician of the National Academy of Sciences, an academician of the National Academy of Medicine, an academician of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a cousin of Qian Xuesen, the "father of Chinese missiles". He has taught at the University of California, Berkeley and the University of California, San Diego.
On August 24, 2016, Qian Yongjian died in Oregon, USA, at the age of 64.
Scientific achievements: Qian Yongjian won the 2008 Nobel Prize for his outstanding achievements in the study of green fluorescent proteins.
Character evaluation: Qian Yongjian's work has attracted attention from the beginning of the 1980s. He is probably the scientist in the world who has been invited to give academic reports, because both chemistry and biology listen to his reports, both technical applications and some interesting phenomena.
10. Gao Xingjian (won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2000)
Profile: Gao Xingjian, French-Chinese playwright, novelist, translator, painter, director and critic. Gao Xingjian was born in 1940 in Ganzhou, Jiangxi. He graduated from the University of Foreign Chinese in Beijing in 1962, majoring in French, moved to France in 1987, and obtained French citizenship in 1997.
Literary achievements: Won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2000, and thus became the first Chinese writer to receive the prize. By 2010, his work had been translated into 36 languages. Representative works include the novel "Spirit Mountain", "One Man's Bible", the drama "Absolute Signal", "Station" and so on.
Character Evaluation: Gao Xingjian Reveals aNother Side of Chinese Culture Lesser Known - Liu Zaifu (Chinese Writer)
Gao Xingjian is very remarkable, because in addition to Chinese, Gao Xingjian can also use a foreign language (French) - Wang Shuo (Chinese mainland writer)
Gao Xingjian is an "all-round writer" and "the most energetic soul - Wang Xiaohua (Chinese scholar)
A writer who writes with a reader in mind, who writes for the needs and interests of the reader, is not a really good writer; Only those writers who write for themselves and are not at all swayed by the reader are more uniquely valuable, and the reader begins to know him and accept him, and even conquers him, so that the writer who has 'no reader' creates his own readership, which can reflect the intrinsic value of literature. --Horace (Academician and Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy)
Gao Xingjian's plays in the 1980s played a great role in promoting the transformation of Chinese theater into modernity. Gao Xingjian's award is a good thing, and he should be congratulated, which shows the close connection between Chinese culture and world culture. --Yu Qiuyu (Chinese writer)
Gao Xingjian is a postmodern writer in the true sense of the word. While the vast majority of Chinese writers are still busy reflecting on China's political culture from the perspective of human relations, he has begun to look at problems from the ecological horizon, and in his works "Wild Man" and "Lingshan", he shows his efforts to unify humanistic care with life care, ecological care, and cosmic care. This allowed him to far surpass kitajima in terms of ideological height. --Yao Wang (Professor, Peking University)
11. Tu Youyou (Discovery of Artemisinin – Saving Millions of Lives Around the World)
Profile: Tu Youyou, female, Han Chinese, pharmacist. A native of Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, he was admitted to the Department of Pharmacy of Peking University School of Medicine in 1951, majoring in pharmacy. He graduated from Beijing Medical College (now Peking University Medical College) in 1955. After graduation, he received training in Traditional Chinese Medicine for two and a half years, and has been working at the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine (renamed China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences in 2005), during which he was promoted to master supervisor and doctoral supervisor. He is currently the chief scientist, tenured researcher and chief researcher of the Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, the director of the Artemisinin Research and Development Center, the doctoral supervisor, and the recipient of the Order of the Republic.
On January 9, 2017, he won the 2016 National Supreme Science and Technology Award. On December 18, 2018, the Party Central Committee and the State Council awarded Comrade Tu Youyou the title of Reform Pioneer and the Reform Pioneer Medal. In May 2019, she was selected into the Forbes China Technology 50 Women List. In March 2020, she was named to Time Magazine's list of 100 Most Influential Women.
Scientific research achievements: Tu Youyou has been engaged in the research of combining traditional Chinese medicine and Chinese and Western medicine for many years, and her outstanding contribution is to create new antimalarial drugs artemisinin and dihydroartemisinin. In 1972, the colorless crystal with the molecular formula C15H22O5 was successfully extracted and named artemisinin. In September 2011, he won the Lasker Prize and the GlaxoSmithKline China R&D Center "Outstanding Achievement Award in Life Sciences" for the discovery of artemisinin, a drug used to treat malaria, which has saved millions of lives around the world, especially in developing countries. She was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in October 2015 for discovering artemisinin, a drug that can effectively reduce mortality in malaria patients. She became the first Chinese to win a Nobel Prize in science.
The first Chinese native scientist to win the Nobel Prize in Science, the highest award won by the Chinese medical community so far, and the highest award for the achievements of traditional Chinese medicine.
In 1969, the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine accepted the task of antimalarial drug research, Tu Youyou led the research group from the systematic collection and collation of medical records, Materia Medica, folk prescription drugs, on the basis of collecting more than 2,000 prescription drugs, compiled 640 kinds of drugs-based "Antimalarial Single Test Formula", carried out experimental research on more than 200 kinds of Chinese medicines, after more than 380 failures, the use of modern medicine and methods to analyze and study, continuously improve the extraction method, and finally in 1971 to obtain the success of artemisia annua antimalarial excavation.
In 1972, an antimalarially effective monomer was isolated from this active part and named artemisinin. Artemisinin is a new structural type of antimalarial drug with the advantages of "high efficiency, quick action and low toxicity", which has a special effect on various types of malaria, especially malaria resistance.
In 1973, dihydroartemisinin was synthesized to confirm the carbonyl groups in the structure of artemisinin.
In 1978, the research topic of artemisinin antimalarial won the "National Major Scientific and Technological Achievement Award" of the National Science Conference;
In 1979, the research results of artemisinin were awarded the second prize of the National Invention Award by the State Science and Technology Commission;
In 1984, the successful development of artemisinin was rated as one of the "20 major medical scientific and technological achievements since the founding of the People's Republic of China 35 years ago" by the Chinese Medical Association;
In 1986, "Artemisinin" obtained a first-class new drug certificate (86 Wei Drug Certificate Character X-01);
In 1992, dihydroartemisinin was awarded the "National Top Ten Scientific and Technological Achievement Awards" by the State Science and Technology Commission;
In 1992, "Dihydroartemisinin and its tablets" was awarded a class of new drug certificate (92 Wei Drug Certificate X-66, No. 67).
In 2003, "dihydroartemisinin suppositories" and artemisinin made of oral tablets obtained the "New Drug Certificate", which were H20030341 and H20030144 respectively.
In 1997, dihydroartemisinin was rated as "Top Ten Health Achievements in New China" by the Ministry of Health;
In September 2011, the results of artemisinin research won the Lasker Clinical Medicine Award. The award was won "for the discovery of artemisinin, a drug used to treat malaria, that has saved millions of lives around the world, particularly in developing countries".
In 2015, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Character evaluation: "Your award is the pride of the Chinese scientific community, and I believe that this will inspire more Chinese scientists to continue to climb the world's scientific peaks and make more and greater contributions to human civilization and the well-being of the people." (Bai Chunli, President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences)
"We should learn from Researcher Tu Youyou's work style of immersing oneself in hard work, immersing oneself in research, perseverance, and perseverance, eliminating impetuosity, indifferent fame and fortune, and always working hard around scientific goals." (Zhang Boli, President of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences)
The National Health and Family Planning Commission and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine said in their congratulatory speeches that Tu Youyou's award shows the deep concern of the international medical community for Chinese medical research, shows the profound significance of traditional Chinese medicine to maintain human health, shows the academic spirit and innovation ability of Chinese scientists, and is the pride of China's medical and health circles.
12. Kao Kun (known as the "father of optical fiber communication" and the "godfather of broadband")
Profile: Kao Kun, November 4, 1933 – September 23, 2018), born in Jinshan County, Jiangsu Province (now Jinshan District, Shanghai), is a Chinese physicist, educator, optical fiber communications and electrical engineering expert, former president of the University of Chinese in Hong Kong. With British and American citizenship and Hong Kong resident status, he is known as the "father of optical fiber", "the father of optical fiber communication" and the "godfather of broadband".
Kao moved to Hong Kong in 1949, studied electrical engineering in England in 1954, and received his B&B and PhDs from University College London in 1957 and 1965. In 1970, he joined the Chinese University of Hong Kong to organize the Department of Electronics and served as the head of the department. 1987-1996 Third President of the University of Chinese, Hong Kong; In 1990, he was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering; In 1992, he was elected as an academician of Academia Sinica; In 1996, he was elected as a foreign academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1997; In 2009, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics; In 2010, he was awarded the Grand Bauhinia Medal; In 2015, he was elected an Honorary Member of the Hong Kong Academy of Sciences; He died in Hong Kong on 23 September 2018 at the age of 84.
Scientific achievements: Since 1957, Kao kun has been engaged in the research of the use of optical fibers in the field of communication. In 1964, he proposed replacing current with light and fiberglass instead of wires in the telephone network. In 1965, Kao and Horkham concluded that the basic limit of glass light attenuation is less than 20 dB/km (decibels/km, a method of measuring signal attenuation over distance), which is a key threshold for optical communication. However, at the time of this measurement, optical fibers typically exhibit optical losses of up to 1000 dB/km or more. This conclusion opens the way to finding low-loss materials and suitable fibers to meet this standard.
In 1966, Kao published a paper entitled "Surface Waveguide of Optical Frequency Medium Fibers", which pioneered the basic principles of the application of optical fibers in communication, and described the structure and material characteristics of insulating fibers required for long-range and high-information optical communication. As Kao's vision gradually became a reality, that is, the use of optical fibers made of quartz glass is more and more widely used, the world set off a revolution in optical fiber communication.
Kao played a leading role in the early days of optical communication engineering and commercial realization. In 1969, Kao measured the inherent loss of 4 dB/km of molten silica, which was the first evidence of the effectiveness of ultra-transparent glass in transmitting signals. Driven by his efforts, in 1971, the world's first 1 km long optical fiber was introduced, and the first optical fiber communication system was also opened in 1981.
It is worth mentioning that in the mid-1970s, Kao kun conducted a pioneering study on the fatigue strength of glass fibers. When appointed as the first executive scientist of AT&T, Kao launched the "Terabit Technology" ("Terabit Technology") program to address the high-frequency limitations of signal processing, hence Kao kun is also known as the "Father of the Terabit Technology Concept".
Character evaluation: "Your research has completely changed the world and promoted the development of the United States and the world economy, and I am proud of you, and the world owes you a great deal of human kindness." (U.S. President Barack Obama's Review)
"Your invention changed the world's communication patterns and laid the foundation for the information superhighway. After combining light with glass, image transmission, telephones, and computers have developed tremendously..." (Yale University President's Review)
It is worth mentioning that Kao also invented a variety of methods to combine glass fibers and lasers to transmit digital data, a technology that laid the foundation for the development of the Internet. He used optical fiber technology to create a new era of human information, known as the "godfather of broadband", "the father of optical fiber" and the "father of optical fiber communication". (Science and Technology Daily Review)
Professor Kao Kun's achievements in science have the common characteristics of all the greatest scientific discoveries: First, his optical fiber technology has changed the world, and without his great discoveries, I think the world would be completely different from now; Second, his innovations are beyond the imagination of ordinary people, 40 years ago the fastest medium of communication was metal wire, and Kao Kun's amazing imagination seemed unbelievable to many people. (Information Scientist, Turing Award Winner Yao Zhizhi)
Optical fiber can really transmit signals over long distances, and he is one of the founders. The original optical fiber transmission signal, the loss is very large, the transmission distance is short, at that time, Kao Kun in the theory to demonstrate, can reduce the loss of the optical fiber is very low, and then realize the long-distance transmission of signals. This is a pioneering work, and now all technologies related to optical fiber communication are inseparable from Kao Kun's research work. (Liu Xu, Director of the Department of Informatics, Zhejiang University)
Professor Kao's nobel prize is well deserved, which is a testament to the world's admiration for his contribution. His research is the result of vision, creativity and precise calculation, and is exemplary and inspiring. Professor Gao is easy-going and humble, and it is a great pleasure to be able to congratulate him with the crowd. (Comments by Nobel Laureate in Economics Morris)
Professor Gao is noble and benevolent, and works very seriously, and during his tenure as President of CUHK, he emphasized the pursuit of "excellence" in order to develop CUHK into a "local university in the world". "The pursuit of excellence" has since become the goal direction of Zhongda to carry forward the future. (Comments by Former President of Chinese University, Hong Kong, China, Kim Yiu-kee)