Wen|Mumu
Editor|Stargazing
The first war between Mongolia and Annan took place during the reign of Emperor Xianzong (1257-1258), when the dispute between Mongolia and the Southern Song Dynasty was in full swing, and in order to avoid the Southern Song Dynasty, the Mongols first captured the southwestern region, forming a siege of the Southern Song Dynasty.
After Wuliang Hetai was ordered to stay in Yunnan, its purpose was mainly to accumulate forces from the southwest region to Huguang and cooperate with the Mongolian army to attack the Southern Song Dynasty, so the Annan issue was not an urgent problem to be solved at this time.
In order to stabilize the rear, Woody tried to send an envoy to Annam to pass hao, but Annan detained the envoy, and Woody Hetai could not learn of Annam's intentions, so he had to take a military action against Annan and withdraw his troops shortly after capturing the capital of Annam.
After this battle, after receiving the promise of "peace and security", Annan made a vassal to the Mongols in the eighth year of Emperor Xianzong (1258) and sent envoys to Yunnan. It's just that Annan's strategy of double allegiance between Mongolia and the Southern Song Dynasty made the Mongol Khan angry.
First, the basic context of the three wars between Mengyuan and Annan
After Kublai Khan came to the throne, he constantly sent emissaries to ask Annan to implement six things, including "the ruler is close to the dynasty, the children are given hostages, the number of people, the military service, the tax payment is lost, and the Daru Huachi is still ruled" to show his sincerity, but King Annan often pretends to be perfunctory and does not practice it.
As the situation of the dispute between Mongolia and Song was basically clear, Kublai Khan was no longer satisfied with the current situation of Mongolian-Angolan relations and constantly put pressure on Annan, but Annan always shirked the demands of the Yuan Dynasty and suspected that the Yuan Dynasty "intended to seek me", resulting in no trust between the two sides.
In the 21st year of the Yuan Dynasty (1284), the Yuan army wanted to use the land route of Annan to send troops to occupy the city, but Annan "prospered Chen Bingwei to resist the Wang Division", and the Yuan army took advantage of the situation to invade, thus breaking out a fierce war between the Yuan Dynasty and Annan.
The Yuan army sent troops to the south to conquest, in the process of marching, everywhere was obstructed, and later had no choice, every time the troops resisted, that is, "fight with it", as the war expanded, the battle of this southward conquest eventually evolved into a war between the Yuan Dynasty and Annan.
At the beginning of the war, the Yuan army was invincible and defeated, and successively defeated the Annan army in Keli Pass, Dongban Pass, Neipan Pass and other places.
Later, as far as the Furajiang River, he also defeated the pro-army led by his king, forcing him to abandon Tianchangfu and Tsinghuafu, and finally fled the mountains and forests. The Yuan army "entered its own territory, fought seven battles large and small, took more than 2,000 li of land, and four palaces."
However, as the war dragged on, the disadvantages of the Yuan army soon became apparent, and the battlefield continued to suffer setbacks and defeats.
The "Yuan History" records that the Yuan army "has exhausted its staff" and "will be in the middle of summer, and the army will rush out, and the forest will skyrocket, and the camp will be immersed." The speaker said to hand over and descend, please the class teacher."
"The officers and troops who surrendered to the enemy were defeated, but the troops were increased and increased; The officers and troops were poor, the dead and wounded were numerous, and the Mongol army and horses could not use their skills. The Yuan army was ambushed when it retreated to the Chengjiang River, and "many of the officers and troops drowned, and the battle began to leave the country."
In this battle, due to various factors, the Yuan army lost many generals, including Zhudu, and withdrew in embarrassment. The Yuan Dynasty originally wanted to use Annan's assistance to expedition to Champa, but in the end it unexpectedly turned into the Yuan'an War, which completely disrupted the deployment of the Yuan army.
Due to insufficient preparation, the loss of the war is inevitable. However, this defeat was difficult for Yuan Shizu to accept, so soon after the Yuan army retreated, Shizu once again planned to raise troops to annihilate Chen Riwen.
Trying to establish an Annan kingdom under the control of the Yuan Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty made preparations in three aspects: First, he canonized Chen Yiji, who had already returned to obedience, as the king of Annan.
In February of the 23rd year of the Yuan Dynasty (1286), "Chen Yiji and others returned from their own efforts, and made Yiji the king of Annan, gave the talisman seal, and Xiuji as the auxiliary righteous duke, in order to enshrine Chen." Deuteronomy ordered the southern king of the town to decay, and the left chancellor Ali Hague pacified his kingdom and used his troops to benefit the grain."
The second is to set up the province of Annan, and by February of the 23rd year of the Yuan (1286), "Ali Hague still Annanxing Zhongshu Province Zuo Cheng Chancellor, Oru Chipingzhang political affairs, Marshal Umar, Yili Lost, Ali, Zanshun, Fan Feng and participate in political affairs."
In November, with Ah Ba Chi as the conquest of the Right Cheng of Toe Province. Subject to King Zhennan. The third is to allocate military food in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Huguang, Yunnan, and other places to participate in this battle.
In the first month of the twenty-fourth year (1287), "a thousand new annexed troops were sent from Ah Bachi to Annan." He also ordered 70,000 Mongol, Han, and coupon troops from Jianghuai, Jiangxi, and Huguang provinces, 500 ships, 6,000 soldiers from Yunnan, 15,000 soldiers from four overseas states, and 170,000 stone of grain from 10,000 households transported by sea, and 170,000 stone of grain were transported by sea.
The battle was the last major battle in the decades of interaction between Mengyuan and Annan, and it was also a battle carefully prepared by the Yuan Dynasty, and although local officials and Annan continued to seek to avoid the battle, it did not help.
The Yuan army learned the lessons of the previous defeat and made sufficient preparations. Judging from the "Yuanshi Annan Biography" and the biographies of other generals, the Yuan army was invincible on the battlefield of Annam, and defeated King Annan and fled.
Although it was occasionally blocked, especially during the retreat, Annan gathered hundreds of thousands of troops, hundreds of miles, in an attempt to "block the Wang Division", but under the courageous attack of the Yuan generals, Annan's army was defeated and successfully withdrew to the territory.
Because the goal of conquering Annan was not achieved, Yuan Shizu decided to start the southern expedition again, but after Emperor Chengzong took the throne, he abolished the southern expedition, and the relationship between the Yuan Dynasty and Annan was stabilized.
Second, the Vietnamese people's understanding of the three wars
The Monwon Dynasty launched wars against Goryeo, Japan, Annan and other neighboring countries, of which the conquest of Goryeo was the most successful, and a large number of Daru Huachi and Zaru Khuchi were appointed to control and monitor Goryeo.
And the Goryeo dynasty was also very respectful and did not dare to act rashly. However, the Yuan army's conquest of Japan and Annan was extremely unsmooth, and the troops were withdrawn every time in embarrassment.
For this reason, the "glorious history" of Japan and Annan successfully resisting the invasion of the Yuan Dynasty has also formed an extremely strong memory in the history of the two countries.
There are still a large number of cultural works about the "Mongol attack" in Japan, and the Vietnamese government and people still have pride in Annan's successful resistance to the Yuan.
In fact, the historical memory of these wars in Vietnam today is not simply fabricated, but has its deep historical origins.
Stimulated by Vietnam's internal and external troubles in modern times, such historical materials were used by the local elites and became the spiritual nourishment for the whole of Vietnam to unite and resist foreign aggression.
Therefore, clarifying the characteristics of the records of these wars in ancient Vietnamese texts may provide a deeper grasp of Vietnam's view of China since modern times.
As far as the current records of these wars in Vietnamese documents are concerned, their most classic understanding basically comes from the "Complete Book of History of Dayue" written by Wu Shilian and others.
The "Complete Book of History of Dayue" set the tone for the Vietnamese narration of the Anti-Yuan War, highlighting the causes, processes, and results of these wars.
Therefore, in the following, the author will focus on the records of the "History of Great Vietnam", combined with the documents contained in later Vietnamese documents, to discuss the basic understanding of the Vietnamese people about these wars.
First, an understanding of the causes of these wars. The writing style of the "History of Dayue" follows the example of Spring and Autumn. The law of spring and autumn, the so-called "one word of praise, there is the gift of the same huagon; In a word, it is tantamount to an axe."
Led by Wu Shilian and others, successive generations of Vietnamese people without exception named the war between Meng Yuan and Annan with the words "invasion", "crime" and "kou", thus establishing the injustice of Meng Yuan's invasion of Annan.
Correspondingly, Annan's war against the Mongol Yuan dynasty was a war of "resistance", so as to define the justice of Annan's resistance to foreign enemies invading his country.
Therefore, it is reasonable for Vietnamese historians to call the Mongolian Yuan army "Tatar", "Huyu", "Barbarian", "Buddha Thief", "Northern Kou", etc., and use "Royal Kou" and "Killing Tatar" to express their anger and hatred.
For the first war, there is less ink on the history of Yue, but it is said that "the naturalized village lord He Quyi played the Yuan envoy." In September, the generals left and right of the edict sent the water foot army to the border, and they were subject to the restraint of the country. In winter and November, order the world to repair the equipment. On 12 December, Yuan General Wuliang joined forces to Ping Liyuan."
It seems to imply unprovoked Mongol aggression. For the Second War, the Vietnamese literature has slightly different understandings of the causes of this war, and some use the pretext as the background, believing that the Yuan people took the initiative to provoke the war.
For example, in the "Complete History of Dayue", considering the tense situation between the Yuan Dynasty and Annan over the years, it is believed that the Yuan Dynasty "intends to seek me", and the Yuan Dynasty asked Annan to help him conquer the city, which is "actually an invasion". "Occupy the city with false roads, and divide the roads into the army."
Some did not specify the reason, or believed that the Yuan people succeeded the Jin and Song dynasties and intended to annex Annan.
For example, the "General History of Dayue Dynasties" believes that "the power of the Yuan people to win victory, the power of the ring of Kyushu, parting ways to invade, Fang wants to treat Song Jin." But for whatever reason, in Vietnamese literature, this battle was provoked by the Yuan people.
Therefore, it is also an invasion of foreign enemies. For the Third War, the "History of Dayue" records that "in March, Emperor Yuan's Emperor Shangshu Province Oruch, Pingzhangshi Wumar, and the general Zhang Wenhu transferred 500,000 troops. Linghu built 300 ships in August, and it was expected that in August Huqin and Lianzhou. He still ordered the three provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Huguang and Jiangxi to invade the south."
"Yuanfa Jianghuai, Jiangxi, Huguang provinces, Mongolian, Hannan and Yunnan troops, and overseas four prefectures Li soldiers parted into the invasion. Ten thousand households, Zhang Wenhu and other seaways transported grain of 700,000 stones. "In other literature, it is mostly based on this, with a slight profit and loss.
Therefore, the causes of the three wars were defined by the Vietnamese as the Mongol invasion without exception, while the wars with Annan were all self-defense resistance. Secondly, there are great differences in the Chinese and Vietnamese literature about the course of the war and its outcome.
Third, the narrative of the literature
The relevant narratives of Vietnamese documents highlight three grand objectives: First, King Annam led an army against the Mongol army when the national fortunes were very critical. Second, in the course of the War of Resistance, loyal ministers such as Li Fuchen and Chen Taidu who sacrificed themselves to serve the country emerged.
Third, under the combined resistance of the Annan monarchs, they finally defeated the powerful Mongol army. In the first war, the emperor oversaw the battle and braved the stone. There are few officials and troops, and the emperor Gu is left and right, but Li Fu Chen rides in and out of the thief Chen, and the color is free.
From time to time, there were people who advised the emperor to station in the post to watch the war. Fu Chen Li advised that His Majesty is a desperate ear today, and it is advisable to avoid it, how can he not trust people's words. The emperor then retired to Lujiang and assisted Chen as the palace. The thief shot indiscriminately, supplemented by the wings of the boat, and was spared. The capture was very strong, and he retreated to the Tianmujiang.
From imperial advice and secrets, few people know. Emperor Xiaozhou, just the imperial lieutenant Rijiao asked the plan. Rijiaofang leaned on the boat and could not get up, so he only pointed his finger at the water and wrote the word Song on the side of the ship.
The emperor asked where the Xinggang army was, and said: The conquest is not enough. The emperor immediately moved the boat and asked the imperial master Chen Taidu. Answer: Before the head of the courtiers arrived, His Majesty did not bother him. And "on the 24th, the emperor and the prince's imperial building ship marched to the east to fight against the battle, and the great breakthrough. The Yuan army fled".
At that time, although Annan and the Southern Song Dynasty had a "lip and tooth connection", they did not turn to the Song, and Annan's victory against Mongolia was the result of Annan's independent and heroic resistance.
Some Annan's doctors even showed considerable contempt for Chen Rijiao's attempt to "enter the Song Dynasty" to ask for help, criticizing him for being "cowardly and unruly." and guide his king to the way out."
Annan eventually resisted stubbornly, repelled the Mongol army, preserved the country's independence, and forced the Mongolian army to retreat. The two countries eventually established diplomatic relations, and Annan exchanged two decades of relative peace.
Chinese documents record that in the second war, the Yuan army originally wanted to raise troops because of the disobedience of occupying the city, and asked Annan to help in military service, but Annan did not comply, which led to the conquest becoming the conquest of Annan.
In this battle, the Yuan army defeated Annan's army several times, but was eventually forced to withdraw due to lack of preparation and other reasons. Vietnamese documents account the war differently.
The "Complete Book of the History of Dayue" praised the glorious face of Annan's monarchs at that time who had a good way to resist the enemy and worked together to resist the enemy army. Before the outbreak of war, the emperor summoned the fathers and elders of the world to discuss, "all know the war, ten thousand people speak the same word, and the same mouthful."
In fact, the "Yuan History" also records Annan's situation in preparing for war, saying that "everywhere he said: 'In all counties and counties in the country, if there are foreign invaders, they should fight to the death.'" Or invincible, Xu Yu Shanze fled, and was not allowed to surrender. 'Its dangerous refusal to defend the place has a treasury to store its armor.' It shows that in the face of war, Annan's common hatred and unyielding will to die are visible.
Therefore, in the choice of battle scenes, the "History of Dayue" is mainly built around this purpose: when the armies heard of it, they would not come to gather 200,000 troops to meet ten thousand calamities, listen to the festival of the king of Xingdao, and reject the Yuan people.
Yuan Wu Ma'er committed ten thousand calamities, Mount Pulai and other places. The collapse of the officers and troops captured our army, and they all stabbed the word "kill tartar" in their arms. Furious, killing many. (The Yuan army) sought Kou and Love, and stationed in Xijie, hoping to level the mainland in three years.
The emperor and the ministers discussed: "The thieves have traveled for many years, and they are bound to be tired." Wait for work with ease, first seize its qi, and break it. When the officials and troops fought with the Yuan people, when the Xianzi Guan Yuan people saw it, they were shocked: "There are Song people to help!" "Hence the defeat.
On May 3, the Second Emperor defeated the thieves in Chang'an Prefecture, and the army of thieves was defeated. Crown Prince Huan, Pingzhang Ara, and others rushed across the Lu River. On the fifteenth, the second emperor paid homage to the Longxing tombs.
On the 17th, he instigated the capital and Wumar to come from the sea to invade the Tianmu River, wanting to join the Jing division, but they were afraid of the thieves, and did not dare to fight. Our army then fought hard to break it. He chased after him to Ala, crossed the river for the pontoon bridge, and died in battle. Di Chang used the banner to pretend to be a thief army, and he was in the thief camp.
The thief did not care about our army, so he broke it. On the twentieth, the second emperor was in a hurry, and Zhang Xian, the governor of Yuan, surrendered. On that day, the defeated thief was killed and injured in Zeknot, and the marshal was the first to obtain more than 50,000 of the remaining party. Umar only single-handedly rode the sea.
King Xingdao fought with Tu Huan and Li Heng in ten thousand calamities, but was defeated and drowned. Li Heng returned to Siming with a guard, and our army shot Heng in the left knee with a medicine arrow. He collected 50,000 of Li Huang's remaining 50,000 people, hid them with bronze vessels, and fled north to Siming.
King Xingwu chased him and shot Li Huang to death with a medicine arrow. The Yuan army collapsed. The victory scene recorded in the Vietnamese history books is completely inconsistent with the Chinese documentary record. It can be found that in just a few months, the Yuan army had no advantage on the battlefield, suffered many crushing defeats, and lost troops and generals.
And Annan's army not only continued to kill the enemy to win, but also repeatedly made surprising moves, "cutting off the thieves without calculation" and "repeatedly breaking the thieves", shooting and killing generals such as Zhudu and Li Heng, and Wumar fled back in embarrassment, and Zhennan Wang Tuhuan was "hidden bronze weapon" and had to escape.
In order to highlight the glorious and great deeds of the Annan people in the process of the War of Resistance, Dr. Annan will also interpret it when he narrates, and the third war, the Yuan army is well prepared and goes south.
Therefore, in the final record of the battlefield, Yue Shi also deliberately chose the resourceful and heroic side of General Annam.
For the understanding of these wars, the Vietnamese believe that they were all wars of aggression provoked by Meng Yuan, intending to annex or control Annan, and Annan's monarchs united against the enemy and paid a huge price, but in the end, they were able to repel strong enemies, restore the whole territory, and maintain the independence of the country.