Macadamia nuts belong to the evergreen tree of the mountain longan family, the fruit is rich in nutrients, oil and protein content is high, so the market prospect is broad. Suitable for planting tropical and subtropical cash crops, it can meet the requirements of macadamia cultivation and can be planted on a large scale and on a large scale. Strengthening the management technology of macadamia nut cultivation can not only ensure the yield and quality of nut cultivation, but also improve the economic benefits of growers. Based on this. The following is an analysis of the macadamia planting management technology for everyone, hoping to give reference to the relevant growers to improve the quality of nut planting and ensure the yield
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Macadamia nuts are native to Australia, are evergreen trees, also known as macadamia nuts, known as the "king of dried fruits". It is a dicotyledonous plant with a spherical fruit and a hard leather, suitable for growing in mild, moist and windy areas. It is suitable for growing in areas with a temperature of 10~30°C and an annual precipitation of more than 1000mm. Macadamia nuts are rich in nutrients, good market prospects, ecological and economic benefits are good.
1 Seedling selection and orchard reclamation
Macadamia nut cultivation generally uses grafted seedlings, and the survival rate is high. The plants are selected to be robust, free of pests and diseases, with well-developed roots and good graft sites.
Macadamia nuts are subtropical cash crops, have a strong adaptability, when choosing nut plantations, you need to choose a good shelter, sunny, good drainage performance, fertile soil areas. After selecting the garden, rationally plan the road, irrigation and drainage ditch, soil and water conservation, shelterbelt belt, etc. of the garden and then reclaim, comprehensively clean up the plant land, ensure the row spacing of nuts, and adjust the plant row according to the actual situation, you can use the way of planting with large hole colonization, to ensure the width and depth of the cave pond, and the excavation of the cave pond is generally selected to be completed in mid-February.
The gentle garden adopts the cross calibration method, keeping each plant distance of 5m, row spacing of 7m, plant row marker in the form of a straight line, the slope of the garden can be built in accordance with the row spacing of 7m isometric ladder, the width is maintained at 3m, the plant distance is 5m, and every 667m can be controlled at about 20 plants.
2. Apply base fertilizer
Each pond needs to be applied 30 to 50kg of farm manure, and farm manure and calcium, magnesium and phosphorus fertilizer are evenly applied on both sides of the cave pond and above the soil slope, and then the fertilizer is filled with topsoil into the cave pond.
3 Colonization
Remove the branches growing under the grafting interface, colonize to avoid drought, rain and high temperature seasons, colonize in the early or late rainy season, in order to facilitate the recovery of plant growth, put the saplings into the dug hole pond and fill the soil, in the process of colonizing the seedlings, to ensure the erectness of the seedlings, use hands to straighten and cover the soil, compact the soil, and irrigate. In addition, because many macadamia nuts have infertility, it is necessary to interlace and cross-colonize different varieties of nuts during colonization to ensure that at least two varieties are matched with each other in a piece of land.
4 young tree management
Seedlings should be often watered after planting to keep the soil moist; fertilize the soil reasonably, maintain the fertility of the soil, and apply nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer to the nuts for about 30 days after the fruit trees are grown! After 2 months, according to the growth of seedlings fertilization, the principle is to apply thinly diligently, and the main suggestion of water fertilizer can be used to use [root force] flush fertilization, [root force strong] is humic acid amino acid organic water soluble flush fertilizer! Topdressing and root protection promotes a slightly stronger tree
The second fertilization when the nut leaves turn green, control the amount of fertilizer, maintain soil activity can use microbial agent [Bacillus subtilis] to change the soil to promote root strength, soil and root system savior! At the same time, it is necessary to pay attention to soil maintenance measures in advance before the rainy season to prevent the decline of soil fertility caused by rain erosion.
Because macadamia nuts have a shallow root system, they need to be effectively managed, watered and inspected regularly. After the seedlings survive, they need to be dried, and the height of the stem is determined according to the actual situation, generally 50cm is the mainstay, and the branches with good growth can be selected as the main branches of the nut tree when the stem is fixed, and the nut tree is pruned and shaped
5 Put into production tree management
Macadamia nuts 4-5 years into the production period, tree consumption is large, every year combined with the winter garden for pressing greening, and each plant to apply rotten mature farm manure 20-30kg, or [Zhijing Agricultural Bio-organic fertilizer] 20KG / plant; phosphate fertilizer 0.5kg, lime 0.5kg. In May, 0.5-1.2 compound fertilizer was applied per plant, and as the age of the trees increased, the amount of fertilizer also increased
Pruning the tree body can ensure that the branches and leaves are evenly distributed, and some overly dense or old plants are pruned off in time, which is conducive to the growth of new leaves of new plants. Some leaves are eroded by pests, and such leaves should also be pruned in time, and some dry branches should also be cut off in time. It should be noted that the time of pruning is preferably after the harvest
6 Flowers and fruits
After macadamias enter the flowering period, they are usually pollinated in a biologically transmitted way, and some bees can be farmed to help pollinate, and anti-fallin sprayed after flowering to increase the yield of nuts
7 Pest management
1 Disease
(1) Anthrax
Occurs on the leaves, tenderness and fruit of the plant, and the main symptoms are: after the harm, the leaves wither yellow into black patches, the tender slightly withered, the young fruits and shells become black and brown, and the black peri-rotunded conidia grow on the later tissues.
Prevention and control methods:
Trim the drooping branches and keep the tree ventilated and light-permeable. Pharmaceutical control, can be used imidamidamine, pentazole, phenylmethoconazole and other drugs for spray prevention and treatment.
(2) Decline disease
Macadamia trees often show rapid decline and diffuse decline in orchards, and their external symptoms are: yellowing of leaves - deciduous leaves - branches withering - death of the whole plant, but their causes and rates of decline are not the same.
A. Slow decline disease: occurs in weak-growing young trees and trees with more fruits in the previous year, and cuttings are heavier than solid trees and grafted trees.
Main symptoms: the top of the canopy to measure the leaves become smaller and fall off, the top of the branches often wither, the leaves are yellowed, and the newly drawn branches and leaves grow in the small part of the branches are small or deformed, which can be infected with polyspore leaf blight, and the entire canopy grows sparsely; dig out the roots, the root system is underdeveloped, and there are few roots; some plants appear on the dead side with a small number of blackened diseased roots, and the epidermis is easily separated from the wood. Pathogenic bacteria to be investigated, but it is related to weak plant growth, fruit hanging, and lack of fertilizer.
Strengthen the management of weak growing plants, increase the application of organic fertilizers and quick-acting chemical fertilizers, and timely replenish quick-acting fertilizers for plants with more fruits in that year, and increase the application of 40-50 kg of decomposing organic fertilizer per plant; the root system is underdeveloped, the roots are few, and the roots become black and sick, it is recommended that each plant can be controlled with drugs with [3% methyl frost evil spirit] + [Bacillus subtilis] for gonorrhea soil, prevent and control root rot, root and root to restore tree growth; for diseased plants that are difficult to recover, they should be removed and replaced in time.
B. Rapid decay:
Rapid decay disease occurs sporadically in orchards, the leaves are initially mildly de-greened, then quickly browned, deciduous leaves appear (most of the dead leaves are still retained after the plant dies), and finally the whole plant dies, from the beginning of the leaf color fading to the plant death only takes 2-3 months, this phenomenon is called macadamia rapid regression disease. Another phenomenon of decline is: the initial leaf edge appears scorched, mixed with yellow or bronzed leaves, and then the top leaves fall off, the top branches wither, if allowed to develop, 2-3 years later the whole plant will die, especially easy to occur in the previous year's fruit, continue to hang fruit on the tree. However, there were no symptoms in the early stage, but after July, the leaves gradually turned green and yellow.
(1) Use [3% methyl frost oxysperm] to water 1000 kg per bottle of water to penetrate the root soil once every 7 days for 2 consecutive times.
(2) Supplemental application of quick-acting chemical fertilizers, according to the age and size of the plant to determine the amount of application, each plant applied ternary compound fertilizer 2 to 4 kg.
(3) 25--30 kg of [Zhijingnong Bio-Organic Fertilizer] mixed with Bacillus macrosporium per plant! Soil change long roots topdress fertilization yield strong trees
(4) Covering: Cover the entire canopy with nut peels, poultry manure, weeds, crop orange stalks, etc. for 8-10 cm thick year round.
(5) For nut trees that have been in production for more than 5 years, it is necessary to strengthen fertilizer management and timely shape and pruning; trees with more fruits should increase the number of fertilization and the number of topdressing.
(6) For nut trees that do grow poorly, new varieties that are resistant to disease should be selected to replant and replace and replant in time.
(7) Newly planted nut orchards should adhere to the use of grafted seedlings, do not need to cut seedlings; to choose disease-resistant varieties, try not to use disease-sensitive varieties.
(3) Gray mold
The disease endangers the newly drawn young leaves and apical parts of the inflorescence of young trees. Young trees in the winter low temperature and high humidity, the new leaves appear fine water soaking spots, with the development of the disease course, the disease leaf becomes black, in the new leaf surface and branch surface grow a layer of gray-green powder, resulting in new leaves and branches withering, in the 1 to 3 months of flowering period for the top of the inflorescence, resulting in the top of the inflorescence can not grow normally, the top of the top of the inflorescence can not grow normally, the top of the dry shrinkage.
Prevention and control method: with putrefactory, [70% enoyl · Propysen zinc], [25% pyrazole ether ester] [Fumeibis] and other drugs spray prevention and treatment
(4) Fruit brown spot disease
The disease only harms the outer peel of nuts, the initial lesion is light brown, and then becomes dark brown, the shape of the lesion is irregular, and the pathogenic tissue is wood-bolted, hard, rough and dull in appearance. The pathogen is Sporangia niger.
Prevention and control method: same as anthrax.
2 Insect pests
1: Coffee leopard beetle moth: from March to June, its larval column eats the stem base and branch branches, and the branches of the affected nut young trees are broken, and the heavy ones are broken from the base of the stem trunk, so that the whole plant dies.
2: Star Cow: The larvae feed on the trunk bark, the insect path is irregular, and the broken wood chips and feces are partially ejected from the worm road and accumulate on the bark or around the base of the trunk. The trunk stem is less than 20 cm in circumference, and it eats one to several circles around the trunk column, and generally does not eat up and down the column. Adults then eat the trunks, bark, and leaves of young trees. The plant died in the autumn and winter of the year of the victim.
The above two pests ~ control are as follows:
(1) Artificial prevention and control: cut off the dead branches and replace the dead small surfaces; A tunnel formed by using a wire hook to remove insect dung and wood chips to kill the larvae in the tunnel
(2) The trunk of the stem below 50 cm from the ground at the base of the stem can also be applied with 5% terbution granules to the root soil or the trunk can be coated with a slurry
(3) Agricultural control: in the early larval stage, spray white zombie water at the road.
(4) Chemical control: find the larval pit, and block the orifice with 80% cotton 100 times liquid or 50% octylthion emulsion 100 times liquid; At the peak of the young larvae, use 90% crystalline centaur 500 times liquid or 2.5% cypermethrin emulsion 2000 times liquid or 4.5% kung fu emulsion 2000 times liquid, and spray the epidermis of the branches near the tunnel or channel in the afternoon or in the evening.
3: Borer borer: The insect mainly harms the immature young fruit from June to July, causing pre-ripening fruit fall. The larvae first burrow into the outer peel, and eat the inner skin of the outer peel and the immature kernels, causing the quality of the kernels to decrease. After the hull hardens, it is often confined to the exocarp worm for drilling and feeding.
Prevention and control methods: spray control with methylvidal hyperchlorofluoride, thiamethiasis perchlorofluoride, thiamethoxine, poisoning the spleen and other drugs
4: Citrus diptero: the main harm to tender slight, young leaves and flower spikes, when the harm is serious, tender slightly, young leaves curl, bud death, secretion and excretion of dense dew often cause the lower leaf front is infiltrated by niacin mold after a layer of black mold, affecting the photosynthesis of the leaf.
Control methods: the use of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, thiamethiasis perchlorofluoride, acetidium have a good control effect
5: Mealybug: the main harm is tender, young leaves, fruit stalks, after the damage of the leaf curl deformation, fruit fall, excreted densely exposed lower leaf front is impregnated by nicotin mold bacteria to produce a layer of black mold, affecting the photosynthesis of the leaf.
Control method: The effect of using poisoned spleen + thiamethoxazine together is very good
6: Horned cicada: mainly sucks nutrients on the stems of the fruit that year, resulting in fruit deficiency and smaller or fruit drop.
Prevention and control method: spray control with [poisoning spleen + thiamethoxensis].
7: Rice edge bugs: in June, the main harm is medium and young fruits, the damage consequences of the skin appear brown spots, the kernel victim parts fade; after the fruit begins to harden, it is generally no longer affected.
Prevention and control methods: spray control with [poisoning the spleen] [high efficiency chlorofluorofenum] [chlorofluoropide] [chlorofluoropide] and other drugs spray control.
8. Rat infestation
Mainly harmful to fruit. It eats its kernels at the middle and young fruit stages, and when the fruit becomes hard, it no longer eats the nuts.
Prevention and control methods: raising cats in orchards; cleaning orchards so that rats have nowhere to hide; using rat fighting equipment to throw injuries; putting poisonous rat bait.
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