Editor's note
This article is selected from Qian Mu's "Blind Words of Late Learning". Welcome to pay attention to the WeChat public account "Read Qian Mu", hereby excerpted for readers.
When China was in ancient times, it was obviously still in the era of animal husbandry. When Shennong came down, it had already turned into the era of cultivation, a family of five, a hundred acres of land, as long as everyone lived in peace, it was advisable for each to live and work in peace. Therefore, the general hope is in the upper political class.
From the Yellow Emperor down, Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, Tang Yu, Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties, the Holy Emperor passed down. The territory of the Western Zhou Dynasty stretched from the Yellow River basin south to the Huaihan and reached the Yangtze River. Three thousand years ago, China was already a country with a vast unification of the people, which was unprecedented among all ethnic groups in the world.
The unique achievements of its cultural tradition are mainly led and presided over by the political class above. Since the beginning of Zhou Gong, the progress of Chinese culture has taken another big step. In the past, it was all up to the lord of a country, the king of the world, to dominate and launch. Narrow restrictions and few opportunities.
The Duke of Zhou, not the Jun, created the Western Zhou generation of ritual music system in his hands. This is greatly relaxed in terms of the hope of cultural evolution.
Confucius's lifelong wish was to learn the Duke of Zhou, so he said: "If I am useful, I am the Eastern Zhouhu." And he said, "What's more, I am also declining." For a long time, I no longer dreamed of Duke Zhou. "To contribute to a large group of human beings, it is necessary to do Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, and Wu, and it is difficult.
One step down, do a week, it's easy. China's cultural aspirations are more political. This is the first thing we should pay attention to.
In fact, the status of Duke Zhou is also difficult to expect. The Duke of Zhou had King Wen as his father, King Wu as his brother, and King Cheng as his nephew, so although he held the position of a vassal, after all, he was still very different from other subjects. Therefore, at that time, although Confucius was respected as a saint, he also said that he was more virtuous than Yao and Shunyuan, and Confucius's true contribution to politics could not be compared with Yao Shunyu Tang Wenwu, nor with the Duke of Zhou.
Mencius was arrested, and then a new concept and theory appeared. The ancient sages were recounted, but they specially listed Yi Yin, Boyi, and Liu Xiahui, and the following reached Confucius. Future generations are accustomed to reading his books, accustomed to it, and are not surprised.
In fact, at that time, it was Mencius's groundbreaking and earth-shattering new creationism and new original opinion. Even Confucius did not seem to have thought of this, which really showed Mencius's painstaking efforts, and the influence on later generations was also great.
Yi Yin cultivated in the field of Youxin, was originally a farmer, and his status was different from that of the Duke of Zhou. And if you think of yourself as the precursor of the heavenly people, if you want to enlighten the people with Stao, you have to seek political stretch. Five on the tide, five on the soup, finally won the will, resulting in the rule of the business generation.
Tang Pao, the heir king Taijia Wudao, Yi Yin let go of the regent. Taijia repented and began to return. The courtiers were even more different from the Duke of Zhou's crusade against his brother Guan Uncle. Confucius praised the Duke of Zhou, because of his ritual and music, opened up this next road to govern the country and calm the world, so that people can follow.
Confucius was originally an orphan of Song Chen in exile in Luyi. Mencius was inferior to Confucius, Tetiyiyin, and called it a holy ren. This is to inspire future generations, the world rises and falls, and it is the responsibility of the husband, regardless of status and status, to rise up vigorously, to rule the road of peace with a large group, to bear oneself, to aspire to oneself. This has great implications in an educational sense.
But politics is the upper echelon of society, and whether it is a king or a subject, it is higher than people. If everyone is enthusiastic, this kind of atmosphere is a great calamity. Mencius then proposed Yi Yin later. When the King of Wu Zhou Gongxing fell, Bo Yi knocked on the horse and advised. The meaning of the boy is that the status of the monarch cannot be disrespected, and the conquest of the revolution is ultimately a chaotic road, and it should not be guarded against.
The Zhou Chamber established the world, and Boyi Shuqi was ashamed to eat Zhou Su, retreated to Shouyang Mountain, picked Wei and ate, and finally starved to death. Brothers are people, and future generations are uncertain. Confucius greatly respected the Duke of Zhou, but also called Boyi a benevolent person, regardless of the difference in righteousness between the two sides, his intentions were a large group, and his own life and death interests were not the same, so Confucius called him benevolent and benevolent.
Mencius also referred to Dayu, Duke of Zhou, and Confucius, all of whom referred to their benefits to the great masses of the world. It is Mencius who does not value meritorious work. It is also known as "hearing of a husband, but not hearing of the murderer", then should not sympathize with the boy. But the Tao is not one end, the sky has yin and yang, the earth has a back, and so does humanity.
King Wu Zhou Gong's felling is meritorious and unnegotiable. There are those who oppose it, and they also oppose it from the position of a large group. Such things are necessary, and these people are also indispensable. According to political terms, the humility of a sovereign is a one-minded theorem. But sometimes a courtier can also oppose a king. King Wu Zhou Gong Fa Ling, is one of them.
Boyi Shuqi was a poor man, according to the theorem to oppose, and preferred to die unyielding. Mencius called it Holy Clarity. The so-called Qing not only has no merit to speak of, but also has no power to fight, and one body and one will, seeking benevolence and benevolence, but in fact, the gain is only in one heart. However, this heart is eternal, and what is the limit of inspiration, which is why it is holy.
Mencius said, "Everyone can be Yao Shun." All can be, but they are holy. In fact, if Yao Shun still has external conditions, and if he has no external conditions, then it is obvious that Yao Shun can be holy.
As far as politics is concerned, some people are willing to be Yiyin, and some people are willing to be boyi, and this kind of politics can be hoped for by people.
If there is only Yiyin and no Boyi, then such politics is still far from ideal. However, politics is ultimately the affair of a large number of people, and it is rare to seek people like Yiyin and Boyi in a large group. So Mencius specially proposed Liu Xiahui. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Liu Xiahui did not seem to have great merit and great reputation, and the Confucius Analects did not refer to him. Mencius was called the Three Saints after Yi Yin and Boyi.
In politics, it is necessary to be responsible, and Yi Yin is his representative, so he is known as a holy duty. He also seeks not to fight for power, but to keep his own will, to oppose something, to live in the minority, but not to submit, and to be the representative of the boy, so that he is holy and clear.
It is also necessary to be able to live in harmony, not to actively advocate, not to strictly oppose, not to stand at the pinnacle of positive and negative, but only to stand in the wide plane of the whole, if it is dispensable, but it does not lose itself. Politics is the personnel of all, and this is what everyone should have and can have, so that it can be united and not divided.
Mencius specially cited Liu Xiahui as his representative, and called it the sum of saints. This is like sweet, sour, bitter and salty, each with its own taste, but can be harmonized into a taste. If it is odorless, if it penetrates more, it will also make the whole tasteless. Yi Yin only wants the main taste of this food. The boy retains its own taste and does not add it to this food.
Megumi Yanagita can be mixed into any food without losing one of its original flavors, so it is said that "three ren have no joy, three has no color". He also said, "Even if I am naked on my side, how can it be enough to shake me." "In any political circle, there can be no Yiyin or no boyi.
But in the end, you can't do without Megumi Yanagita. Megumi Yanagita and Yi Yin Boyi are equally rare. Mencius specially raised Liu Xiahui, which can be described as deep knowledge and especially intriguing.
Mencius succeeded these three saints and continued to raise Confucius, believing that Confucius was holy. When the time is to be appointed, when it is clear and clear, when it is time to be harmonious and harmonious, to gather these three saints and combine them is to gather the masterpiece. Confucius is by no means as good as Yi Yin's five, five soup, and cut and cook soup.
The four sons of the disciples are speechless, and they are known as "I and Dian Ye". Yang goods want to see Confucius, Confucius does not see, it is Confucius and Yu Yi Qing. and for Lu Sikou, the Lord fell into the three capitals, and this is the duty of Yi Yin. If the flesh does not come and leaves, it will be cleaned up again. However, he traveled around the world, saying that "he is not righteous" and "the way does not work, but I know it".
It is the responsibility of Yuyi Yin, and in the end, it does not lose its clarity. He praised Yan Yuan: "If you use it, you will do it, and if you give it away, you will hide, and only if you and Er have a husband." "It was Confucius who served and Qing at the same time, and there was the sum of Megumi Yanagishita. Keisamishi Yanagita is also like Yi Yinzhi. Three have been, just like the Qing of the Boyi.
However, Liu Xiahui could not be compared with Yi Yin and Boyi in the end, let alone with Confucius. Because Megumi Yanagita is at the mercy of the outside, he can't do this as Yiyin and Boyi intended. However, Megumi Yanagita did not lose himself in the end, so Siqi had to be with Yi Yin Boyi and be holy.
Confucius said: "If you do not go to the middle and follow it, you will also be mad." The madman is enterprising, and the fierce is not doing anything. "Confucius also hated the most wishes, thinking that the thief of virtue could not enter the way. Yi Yin's ren is madness. The clarity of the boy is the fox.
Liu Xiahui is not crazy or vicious, but it is by no means for the wishes of the country, but it is not the so-called Zhongxing of Confucius. BOC must be able to be crazy at the same time, but Megumi Yanagita cannot. However, in addition to the three madness of the middle bank, there is also this way, which Mencius called peace. But knowing the harmony and making peace cannot be compared with the BOC.
Therefore, Confucius had to be at the same time as Liu Xiahui, and Liu Xia Hui could not be at the same time as Yi Yin Boyi. Mencius's thesis is vast and subtle, extremely wise and moderate, and respectful and inquisitive. Later generations of saints, also honored Yi Yin Boyi, are the final Shaodao and Liu Xiahui.
In fact, the later generations are Liu Xia Hui, but there are more than those who are Boyi Yiyin. That is, it is not advocated by Mencius, but Mencius has already foreseen its trend and cannot violate it.
Mo Zhai followed Confucius, and Mo Ding put his heels on the line, benefiting the world, and Yi Yin and the like. Zhuang Zhou is the official of the Song Qi garden, Chu Ping thinks that he is a face, and Zhou refuses, willing to be in the turtle mud, this boyi and the like. Mencius was willing to learn from Confucius, resigned from the place of entry and exit, and was extremely exquisite. It may be BOC or not, regardless of whether it is BOC.
Then Confucianism is closer to Yanagishita. For example, Xun Qing, under Qi Ji, three for sacrificial wine, and also for Chu Zhilanling Order, this is also Liu Xia Hui and the like. Only Confucianism is ultimately biased towards Shijin. If there is Confucianism, the Mojia will not flourish. Taoism favors retreat, but confronts Confucianism. Chinese history has become a world divided between Confucianism and Taoism, which shows the depth of Chinese culture.
Below the Qin and Han dynasties, the political organization was huge, the regulation was meticulous, and the personnel were complex, and the first-class Pahit was valued in China. However, there are few people who can be papiers, and it can be said that there are no others. Yi Yin is first-rate, and it is difficult to perform politically. Huo Guang's pursuit of Fayi Yin, the abolition of Changyi King, is unique in Chinese history.
But Huo Guang could not hope for Yi Yin. Only the sum of Megumi Yanagita is the most important in the history of Chinese politics, and it is a great majority. The long-term stability of Chinese politics has lasted for thousands of years, and it is most worthy of praise for its virtue.