The mystery of the temple of the king of Dingxiangguan
Continued Eight Treasures
"Vicissitudes", 1995
Dingxiangguan King Temple, located in Beiguan, Dingxiang County, is the earliest existing martial arts temple in mainland China and is a key cultural relic protection unit announced by the People's Government of Shanxi Province. Its peculiar architectural structure has high scientific research value, and can be called a treasure in the treasure house of ancient buildings in the mainland.
However, in the research and research on Guanwang Temple, there are still many "mysteries" that have not been solved or not solved. The relevant issues are illustrated below.
1. When was the temple built?
Let's first take a look at the relevant publications:
Dictionary of Chinese Places of Interest (Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, 1981): Guanwangmiao "in Beiguan, Dingxiang County, Shanxi... Founded in the eighth year of Jintaihe (1208)".
"Xinzhou Cultural Relics" (compiled and printed by the Xinzhou Regional Cultural Bureau and the Qizhou Sanjin Cultural Research Association in 1992): "The Guanwang Temple was built in the eighth year of Jintaihe (1208)."
Dingxiang County Chronicle (China Youth Publishing House, 1993): "Guan Wang Temple, in Beiguan, Jinzhang Zongtaihe Eighth Year (1208 began to build and sculpt the statue of Guan Yu.
But the eight-year "Records of the Temple of the King of Xinchuangguan" by Jin Taihe records that "... (The aforementioned life and deeds of Guan Yu, omitted) As for the people, they often do divine things. Xiangren silversmith Hu Ruji, seventy-five years old, good benevolent, specially lost his own wealth to erect a statue in the other room of the west temple of King Lingxian in the north of the county, as a place of incense for the villagers. ...... Shi Tai and eight years old in the ninth day of Bochen heavy general Shilang Zhao Shenji. It can be seen that the so-called "new Guan Wang Temple" in the stele is actually just a statue of King Guan, and the place where the statue (that is, the Guan Wang Temple) is the west hall of the long-standing Lingxian King Temple.
Lingxian King Temple, that is, Zhaohui Lingxian King Temple in Dingxiang Beiguan. The original stele of "Xinxiu Zhaohui Lingxian King Temple" was destroyed at the end of the Qing Dynasty, but the inscription was included in the "Shanyou Stone Carving Series" compiled by Hu Pingzhi in the Qing Dynasty (27th edition of Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty). This stele recorded: "King Zhaohui Lingxian has great powers, and his divine knowledge is wise, and he has made great contributions to the Tang Dynasty, and entered the title of Saint Song." ...... Because the north of the foundation of the hall is the highest, the Ziwei Great Emperor Hall was first constructed, the statue of Gao Zhenyi, and the decoration was strict. Then he took the side hall (that is, the side hall built around it), the eleventh yao in the east, the three senses of heaven, earth and water in the west□ the image of the twelve birthday stars. ...... The 6th day of the fourth month of the fifth year of Xuanhe. ”
The inscription says that it is very clear: the temple of Zhaohui Lingxian Wang was built in the fifth year of Zongxuanhe of Song Hui (1123), when the main hall, east hall, west hall and so on were completed. The "Separate Room of the West Temple of the Lingxian King Temple" mentioned in the "Records of the New Guan King Temple" refers to the West Temple of the Lingxian King Temple listed in this inscription as "the three senses of heaven, earth and water" and the "statue of the twelve birthday stars".
The new edition of Ci Hai explains the "temple" as: "It consists of four sloping roofs, one straight ridge (flat ridge) and four oblique ridges, the corners and eaves of the roof are upturned upwards, and the roof is slightly curved." The architectural characteristics of Guanwang Temple coincide with this. This shows that the current Guanwang Temple is the original Zhaohui Lingxian King Temple West Hall. The time is: the temple was built in the Song Dynasty, and the statue in the Jin Dynasty, with a gap of 85 years.
Second, why is Guanwangmiao not called "Guandi Temple"?
Wu temples throughout the country are often called "Guandi Temple", but how can Xiangwu Mu be called "Guan Wang Temple"?
Guan Yu, as a general under Liu Bei, did not receive a high rank during his lifetime. It was only when he was trapped in Cao Ying, that Cao Cao awarded him the title of "Marquis of Han Shou Ting" in order to encircle him. After Guan Yu's death, the later lord Liu Chan Jingyao only posthumously named him "Marquis of Zhuangmiu" for three years (260), but he was still no more than a "Marquis". However, after arriving in the Song Dynasty, Guan Yu's official fortunes prospered. First, Emperor Huizong of Song named him "Duke of Zhonghui", and then in the second year of Daguan (1108) he was named "King of Wu'an"; Later, Emperor Wenzong of Yuan named him "King of Heroic Warriors". In the Ming and Qing dynasties, Guan Yu was even more glorious. Before the forty-second year of the Wanli Emperor of the Mingshen Sect (1614), he was edicted as the "Three Realms Voldemort Emperor Shenwei Yuanzhen Tianzun Guan Sheng Emperor", and in the ninth year of the Shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty (1652), he was edicted as the "Zhongyi Shenwuan Sheng Emperor".
At the time of the statue of Dingxiang Guan Wang Temple, Guan Yu had just been crowned a "throne" by Song Huizong, and naturally could only be called "Guan Wang Temple". The so-called "Guandi Temple" elsewhere was built by Guan Yu after he ascended to the "emperor" in the Ming and Qing dynasties. This can also show the long history of Dingxiangguan King Temple.
Third, the original appearance of Guanwang Temple
Now, when people arrive at Dingxiang Beiguan, they only see a strangely structured Guanwang Temple, which seems a little lonely. In fact, this was originally a large temple with a large area and neat temples with one entrance and three courtyards. In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, it was converted into Dingxiang Middle School, so except for one Guanwang temple, the rest of the temple was demolished.
The Zhaohui Lingxian King Temple in the Song Dynasty had a rather spectacular scale from the beginning of its creation. According to the "New Xiu Zhaohui Lingxian King Temple Record", the main hall is the Ziwei Great Emperor Hall, "Gao Zhenyi statue, reverence decoration Zhongyan"; Eleven star gods such as the sun, moon, metal, wood, water, fire, earth, purple jie, moon and moon, luo throat, and jidu are sculpted in the East Hall; The West Hall is decorated with statues of gods such as heavenly officials, earth officials, water officials, and Antarctic immortals (when there are twelve). However, the text does not specify where King Zhaohui Lingxian offered.
Due to the change in the religious attitude of the feudal supreme ruler, in the late Yuan Dynasty, when Emperor Huizong was at the time of Zhengzheng (1346-1368), the Zhaohui Lingxian Temple in Dingxiang Beiguan was transformed into a Buddhist temple, Yisheng Shouyuan, and only Guan Wang Ye was left in the old household. Forty-four years of the Wanli Ming Dynasty
(1616) The publication "Dingxiang County Record" contains: "Shengshou Yuan, one on the left of the City God Temple; One is in Beiguan, formerly known as the Zhaohui Lingxian King Temple. "It shows that at that time it was called Seishūin for a long time.
In the Qing Dynasty, the Holy Shouyuan Temple was renamed Shousheng Temple. In the "Dingxiang County Record" published in the fifty-first year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1712), the "Guandi Temple" also appears,...... One in Beiguan Shengshou Temple" and "Jade Emperor Temple, one in Beiguan Shousheng Temple" records. There is only one temple in Beiguan since ancient times, and the Guandi Temple (that is, the former Guan King Temple) and the Jade Emperor Temple are both in this temple. It can be seen that the name change was not long ago, at this time when the names of the old and new temples were mixed. The reason for the name change is probably because Guan Yu was once named "Marquis of Shouting" by Cao Cao, and the Ming and Qing dynasties were enshrined as "saints", and the Dingxi people, who greatly respected Guan Yu, used "Shou" and "Saint" as the temple name. Six years of Qing Guangxu
(1880) In the "Dingxiang County Supplement", only the "Shousheng Temple" is found in Beiguan, and the "Shengshou Temple" is only "on the left side of the City God Temple". At this time, the Guan Wang Temple (also known as the Guan Di Temple after Guan Yu became emperor in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and it was still renamed during the 1980 Shanxi Provincial Cultural Relics Census) became the companion of Shousheng Temple.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the temple also added the Jade Emperor Temple, bell tower, drum tower, theater stage, mountain gate, etc.
Before the demolition of the temple outside the Guanwang Temple after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the full picture of Shousheng Temple was as follows:
North: There are five main halls (commonly known as the back Buddha hall), and its architectural scale is more majestic than the existing Guanwang Temple. In the middle of the hall is a statue of Shakyamuni, a lotus seat, and eighteen arhats on both sides. On both sides of the main hall, there are two ear halls (monks' quarters). Before the main hall, there are five parallel front halls (commonly known as the former Buddha hall), and the building scale is slightly inferior to the main hall. In the middle of the hall, there is also a statue of Shakyamuni (smaller than the Buddha statue in the main hall), and many gods of sending children (commonly known as brother dou, sister dou) are sculpted on both sides, and the front and back doors are opened from behind the Buddha statue to the main hall. On both sides of the front hall, there are also two ear halls.
East: There are three Yanwang temples, and the architectural structure is similar to the existing Guanwang Temple. In the middle of the hall is a sculpture of Yan Jun, and on both sides are sculptures of judges and various imps. Qin Hui and his wife knelt on both sides of the door and accepted the judgment of the underworld and endured the scorn of the world.
West: There are three Guanwang temples, there is a wooden carved divine pavilion in the hall, and a sitting statue of Guan Yu on the stage, with a red face, a green robe, and a Han Dynasty samurai hat (not the imperial crown worn by Emperor Guan later), "like a very majestic and awe-inspiring statue". The sides are divided into Guan Ping, who holds a sword, and Zhou Cang, who holds a sword. There are more than 20 mural paintings of Guan Yu's story on the wall of the temple, painted in the eighth year of Jiaqing of the Qing Dynasty (1803). There is an inscription cloud on the east wall of the hall: "In October of the eighth year of Jiaqing, the painter was eighty-two, and each worker paid two hundred and forty letters, and the painter Liang Tingyu." (Later, as the walls decayed, the inscriptions disappeared, and statues and murals were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution.) )
South: There are three theater rooms, and there are three passages under the stage for entering and exiting the temple. Outside the stage are three mountain gates, with a hall, the middle is a walkway, and two war horses (one red and one yellow) are molded on both sides, and there are horse leading samurai, and the inside is divided into four heavenly kings. Outside the mountain gate, the "Shousheng Temple" hangs horizontally, and two stone lions guard the temple gate.
Northeast: Three Jade Emperor Temples.
Southeast corner: Clock Tower.
Southwest corner: Drum Tower,
Shousheng Shou covers a total area of more than 26,000 square meters, and the outer perimeter of the temple is a jujube garden.
Fourth, a few issues with explanation
1. Who is King Zhaohui Lingxian?
According to the Song Dynasty Pu's "Five Dynasties Meeting", in the second year of Tianfu (938), the emperor of the Later Jin Dynasty, he created Li Jing, the Duke of Tang Weiguo, as the Prince of Zhaohui Lingxian.
Li Jing was a military strategist in the early Tang Dynasty, a native of Jingzhao Sanyuan (present-day Sanyuan County, Shaanxi). Song Sima Guang's "Zizhi Tongjian" contains: Tang Tai
In the winter and November of the third year of Zongzhenguan (629), "Shangshu Li Jing of the military department was the commander-in-chief of the march of Dingxiang Road... Attack the Turks". In the first month of next year, "Li Jingshuai rode 3,000 horses from Mayi into Tunxiangling, attacked Dingxiang at night, and broke it." Later, Li Jing was made the Duke of Wei Guo for his battle merits.
It should be pointed out that the "Dingxiang" mentioned here refers to Dali City, the seat of Dingxiang County in Sui Dynasty (in present-day Qingshuihe County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region). Because in the fourth year of Tang Gaozu Wude (621), Xiurong of Xinzhou was divided into Xinzhou and Dingxiang County (that is, Dingxiang County in present-day Shanxi Province, Eastern Hanzhi County, and merged into Xiurong during the Sui Dynasty), so the early Tang Dynasty called the city of Dali of Sui as Beidingxiangcheng. Li Jing commanded 3,000 cavalry from Mayi (in present-day Shuozhou City) and attacked the Turks north through Xieyang Ridge (northwest of present-day Datong City), and the city destroyed should be Beiding Xiangcheng. In the Song Dynasty, probably because of the same place names, the Dingxiang people deliberately or subordinarily invited Li Jing, who had broken the city of Dingxiang in the north, to this county, and invested in building a luxurious temple in Beiguan to worship him.
2. What kind of religious category is the Zhaohui Lingxian King Temple?
Judging from the gods and gods of the stars in its various halls, King Zhaohui Lingxian belongs to the Taoist category. During the Song Dynasty, the supreme feudal ruler was very reverent to religion, and Zhao Heng, the emperor of Song Zhenzong, canonized Laozi, the founder of Taoism, as "Taishang Laojun mixed with Yuan Shangde Emperor". By the time of Emperor Huizong of Song, he was even more dedicated to Taoism, calling himself the "Emperor of the Taoist Monarch", and he used this honorific title to sign and approve all the seals related to Taoism, and ordered that the whole world should build Taoist palaces. Under this atmosphere of Taoist exaltation, the Zhaohui Lingxian King Temple in Dingxiang Beiguan was erected.
Judging from the signatories of the "New Xiu Zhaohui Lingxian King", his title has the words "Shen Yuqing Wanshou Palace". According to the "Records of Emperor Huizong of Song", in February of the seventh year of Zhenghe (1117), he changed the Tianning Wanshou Temple in the capital to the Shenxu Yuqing Wanshou Palace. The signature of the stele is "Shenxiao Yuqing Wanshou Palace", which also shows that the Zhaohui Lingxian King Temple is a product of Chongdao.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the supreme ruler particularly respected Buddhism. Kublai Khan abandoned his original shamanism and converted to Buddhism, making Buddhism increasingly powerful throughout the country. It was under this trend that the temple of Zhaohui Lingxian King was transformed into a holy shousin, and its religious category belonged to Buddhism.
3. Has the building of Guanwang Temple changed during the reconstruction?
According to relevant inscriptions, the Guanwang Temple (or Zhaohui Lingxian King Temple) was rebuilt and rebuilt in the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. But it's all surface repair work.
In the sixth year of the Yuan Zhizheng (1345), the "Reconstruction of the Temple of King Zhaohui Lingxian" inscription, the project content is "painted lingyi, vermilion windows, golden biyu (cui, rafters), inscribed dan qiyang, chalk qibi, stool (zhòu, brick) qi majesty". So much for.
The inscription of the thirty-fourth year of Ming Jiajing (1555) "Rebuilding the Temple of Guanwang" states that the project content is "Chong(decorating) the foundation of the decay, the corrupt are easy, the servants are rising, the dust is buried and the defilement is brushed and renewed", and "portrait painting". That's no more.
The reconstruction in the 28th year of the Kangxi Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty (1689) was even simpler, with only adobe walls repaired.
It can be seen that the main wooden structure of the Dingxiangguan King Temple has not changed during the rebuilding of the past generations. This makes a Song Dynasty building maintain its original appearance, providing highly valuable physical materials for the scientific research of ancient buildings in the mainland.
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