The Mongolian "anda" (i.e., "Anda", etc.) in Chinese literature appears more frequently in the "Secret History of Mongolia", "Historical Collection", "Records of the Sacred Martial Family", "Yuan History" and other documents. In addition, in Mongolian folklore and folklore, the description of "Anda" can often be seen.
The young Temujin and Zamuhe in the TV series Genghis Khan
In the ancient Turkic Mongolian dictionary, "Anda" is interpreted as "the same life", "the same confession", "one aspect", "guest friend", etc.; in the "Secret History of Mongolia", "Anda", translated as "Qiyou", "The Companion (Friend)" of the Oath"; in the "History of the Dosan Mongols", there are records such as "Oath and Also Soon should always be friendly, that is, the Tatars so-called becoming answers are yi".
Is "marrying an answer" as simple as simply "worshiping the handle"? I looked up some information and talked to you next.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="01" data-track="7" > the connotation of "anda"</h1>
The first scholar to incorporate the term "Anda" into the study of Mongolian society and to explain it was Boris Yakovlevich Vladimirzov, a member of the Former Soviet Academy of Sciences and a famous Mongolian scholar.
Vladimirzov, a member of the Academy of Sciences of the former Soviet Union, an orientalist, and one of the most authoritative Mongolian scholars in the world, is the author of "The Social System of Mongolia"
He argues that "the righteous brotherhood seen in the ancient Mongols fell within the scope of inter-clan relations. Two people make an alliance and give gifts, and they become ananda, although they can have close blood relations, but usually belong to two different clans, which is the custom of the ancient Mongols. ”
On the basis of combining the records of many historical events, he further explained the connotation of "Anta": "Two Anta do not need to live together, and Anta should only support and help each other. ”
, The Chinese edition cover of "The Biography of Genghis Khan" (Shanghai Sanlian Bookstore Edition)
Regarding the connotation of "Anda", the Mongolian scholar Da Gongur believes that:
"The righteousness of observing the harmony of the two surnames is manifested through the establishment of friendly relations between in-laws, chiefs of different surnames and chiefs. The friendly relationship between those two surnames or individuals is called Anda, 'Anda-Gar' (swearing).... People who go through the historical books and marry 'an answer' exchange valuables, swear an oath and promise to fulfill each other's obligations. Between andat, the items exchanged are called 'gifts' and the promises are called 'andats' or 'oaths'".
On this basis, he relied on many relevant documents and historical materials as a general statement:
"In short, the way of the anta, in primitive times, is an effective measure of unifying collective forces in response to the terrible phenomena of nature and society and the attack of the enemy, and is an alliance and brotherhood between clans based on blood relations."
"By the 11th and 12th centuries, with the division of clans, the 'Anda Alliance' phenomenon went beyond the relationship between two surnames or one righteous qi. In this way, the equal relationship of the andating way of the clan period is only left with its name tag. As the nascent nobles of the steppe used it in the dispute to annex their opponents, the way of peace gradually changed to a feudal unequal relationship with property and political content based on the idea of private property. ”
Temujin and Zamuhe in the movie "The Mongol King"
Some scholars believe that "in Mongolian society, exactly when 'Anta' appeared is difficult to determine due to the lack of historical data." However, one thing is certain, that is, it did not appear very long ago. ”
The "Answer" is the product of the further intensification of the gap between the rich and the poor and the class divide. With the increasing frequency and intensification of plunder wars, for the sake of oneself and for the purposes of plunder, the power of blood kinship alone can no longer meet this need, and the alliance of some kind of ally becomes inevitable. As a result, foreign races with similar interests are united to form an "answer". This is the social premise and foundation for the emergence of "Ann Answer".
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="02" data-track="7" > "Anda" and ancient Mongolian hunting</h1>
The "ananda" or "ananda oath" of "a life", occupies a pivotal position in Mongolian clan society. Therefore, its rise, development and connotation clearly retain traces of the ideology and living customs of the Mongols during the ancient hunting period.
With the advent of private property, individuals who earned a living by hunting had to hunt in partnership with outsiders. Although this is a voluntary consortium, the solidity of the "consortium" directly affects the livelihood of individuals, families and even entire clans. In order to maintain the "stability" of this consortium, special oaths of alliance are needed as a guarantee.
Thus, the form of "knot as an answer" came into being, and had the connotation of "a life-like friend".
Ancient Huns-themed paintings
The ritual of "marrying an answer" may begin with the phrase "kill a certain animal and drink its blood in parts," indicating that in the future it is "to fulfill reciprocal obligations for the sake of each other's lifelong help."
With the complication of interests and the intensification of contradictions and conflicts, the act of "drinking their blood separately" not only has the meaning of "being connected to life", but also has the representation of "if anyone disobeys it at any time, it means blood to pay for it", and finally evolved into the ritual of "blood alliance".
In the ceremony of "blood alliance", in addition to the oath of killing the animal (the blood of the animal is smeared on the lips), the two parties to the oath should lick each other's blood, or drink each other's blood by drinking alcohol, drinking drinks containing gold shavings or gold powder, "thorn arm blood and gold shavings drinking", etc., to confirm that "the oath is unshakable". "The reason why the oath is binding on the oath holder is that the violation of the oath will be punished accordingly."
After the Battle of Haranjin Sand Pass, Temujin and 19 retinues swore an oath on the banks of the Banzhu Ni River
In Mongolian folk oral literature, there are many descriptions related to "making vows" such as brotherhood, licking wounds, and worshipping the protector.
For example, in the heroic epic "Gesar", there are also descriptions such as Tugatai Morgan competing with Gesar in archery, and after failure, he "cut off his thumb and dig into the ground". You know, the bow and arrow is the main weapon of the hunting period and later conquest, when using the bow and arrow, the thumb plays the most important function; cutting off the thumb means no longer fighting or no longer surviving.
Statue of King Gesar
The custom of using finger blood to secure the alliance also survived in the time of Genghis Khan. For example, Wang Han, who was not in harmony with Genghis Khan, sighed and said: There is an inseparable reason for Timur's son to do it, and I have left, so I have a hard heart, and I pierced the little finger with a knife and bled it, and put it in a small birch skin bucket, saying: 'If I see Timur's son harming him, it seems to be like this! 'Then the messenger who has gone with the blood will come."'
In the Secret History of the Mongols, when the knot is settled, it is often expressed that the oath of help during the hunt is often expressed. When Genghis Khan and Wang Han married Anda, they took the oath of "this time they are married father and son again, and when many enemies are nested and hunted together, they will hunt together; when the wild beasts are hunting, they will hunt together."
Wang Han and his brother Zahe dare not in the TV series "Genghis Khan"
In fact, most of the scenarios in which the conclusion is made are related to hunting or hunting. After all, the union of hunting was a decisive force for the political and military activities of the time. Therefore, at the ceremony of the conclusion of the answer, the vow of "frequent promise of booty" can be said to be everywhere. For example, "Many enemies do outposts, but plunder beautiful women, and good horses will come with you." The beast line fights around, and I first go out to surround the beast with you" and so on.
In short, the rules of and answer were first formed as a livelihood alliance in primitive Mongolian society, and later evolved into political alliances. With the development of society, although its content characteristics have undergone no small changes, the customs in the original ideology have still been maintained to a large extent.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="03" data-track="7" > summary</h1>
By the beginning of the 20th century, the Mongolian region, which regarded hunting as a pillar of life or a necessary supplement, still retained the custom of hunting wild animals and drinking them with animal blood to "form an answer" and "form an oath of alliance".
However, in other northern ethnic groups such as Evenk, Orunchun, Daur, etc., the term "Anda" is limited to the meaning of "in the hunting, helping each other". According to the relevant investigation:
"The rulers of the Qing Dynasty used a small number of nobles of the Evenk people to establish Anda (friends) relations with the Orunchun people. Through the establishment of The Anda, learn about the internal situation of the Orunchun people in the mountains. In addition, through these Evenk people, they were supplied with grain for the Oren Chun people, and these Oren Chun people were made to beat skins, meat and deer antler velvet to the Evenk nobles. .... This 'Anda' relationship is that the Evenk nobles supply the Orunchun people with the grain, salt, gunpowder, lead, single clothes, etc. that they lack in their lives (the Orunchun people), and the Orunchun people give all the prey they fight to the 'Anda (Evenk people)'.
In short, the "an answer" relationship at this time has become a means of obtaining benefits between the nation and the industry.
Left: OrenChun people; right: Evenk people
In fact, in today's Mongolian language, there is still a proverb that "the horse can be caught when it runs, and it is difficult to recover it when it is exported (it is better to lose the horse, do not eat your own words)", which is obviously the brand of Mongolia's ancient hunting culture, which means that it must never break the promise (word). Of course, what modern Mongolians call "Anda" in real life means the closest friend and good partner.