In the Han Dynasty, which did not have a imperial examination, how to take the exam?

Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gao, first asked for the sage edict, asking the county to recommend the sage doctor with the ability to govern the country, and with the prototype of the inspection system, Emperor Hui and Lü Hou set up the edict "Filial Piety Litian", and the inspection began to have a subject. During the reign of Emperor Wu, the system of inspection and examination was gradually improved, and there were unified standards and methods. The greatness of Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty was that he was able to use the inspection system to select a large number of talented people for the country, and only then did he appoint them, thus creating a Great Han Dynasty that could be proud of the whole world at that time.

　　Probation is the intention of examining a recommendation. It was a system in which high-ranking officials such as the Chancellor, the Marquis, the Two Thousand Stones (including the Nine Secretaries of the Central Committee and the Local Counties and State Shouxiang), or special envoys sent by the Central Committee, visited the talents of their subordinates and then recommended them to the Emperor. The emperor asked the people around him to recommend people with ability, go to the central government for interviews, and those who passed had the opportunity to become officials, and those who recommended also had rewards.

　　In accordance with certain standards, senior officials such as the Three Princes and Nine Secretaries of State and the Local County Sheriff recommended civilians or lower-level officials of high moral character, outstanding ability, and profound knowledge to the imperial court, who were directly appointed by the imperial court, or after some form of assessment and interview (until the emperor personally asked) to select the best officials, and the objects of inspection were mainly official officials and students of schools at all levels, as well as civilians.

　　To put it simply, it is the responsibility and obligation of high-ranking officials to recommend to the emperor the masters hidden around or in the folk, and talented people can also introduce themselves, as long as you have enough confidence and talent to make the emperor accept your views and knowledge. Therefore, there are often people, who were still poor students yesterday, and the next day, they were recommended to the emperor's side, talked about the way of governing the country, showed their knowledge and talents, and immediately became the red people around the emperor, and from then on they embarked on the road and shined.

　　The inspection system seems simple, anyone can do it, but in front of the top intelligent and heroic Ming Jun, it is extremely difficult to be able to play the corresponding answer and be appreciated by him, if you do not have some real talent, do not think deeply about the world's major events, and do not study hard for a long time, not only can not answer the emperor's questions, but also are likely to die. If he is a person who does not learn and has no skills, if he asks three questions and does not know, Emperor Wudi of Han Isan is furious, looking for death, wasting his precious time, dragging it out, and cutting it!

　　At that time, the person who recommended you will also have joint and several responsibilities, and if you don't get it right, you will have to lose your head, so in the early days of the inspection system, under the auspices of the wise emperor, it is very capable of recruiting talents.

　　In the Han Dynasty, the subjects of the inspection system were determined by the emperor and were divided into two categories: changke (year section) and special subject. Changke is regularly carried out, continuous, every high-ranking official has the opportunity and responsibility to recommend, the special branch is not carried out from time to time, the emperor on a whim, want to recruit some special talents, such as to go to the Western Regions, always have to translate talents, just the next edict, talented people automatically come, pass a certain exam on the line.

　　Changke has four disciplines, including Filial Piety, Maocai (Xiucai), Chalian (Honest Official), and Guanglu Four Elements, and listens to me one by one.

　　In the Han Dynasty, "filial piety" was the most important subject, which was equivalent to the current recruitment of state civil servants, and there were many applicants. Filial piety refers to filial piety to parents, and honesty refers to honesty and diligence. After raising "filial piety", he directly entered the central government as a lang official, with a great future and a relatively fast promotion. Officials born of "filial piety" are considered to be the right way.

　　Rulers attach importance to the selection of good quality people, can be filial piety to parents will inevitably obey the emperor, the Western Han To the early Eastern Han Dynasty, filial piety is not only good character, but also have to have talent to learn, and the quota is limited, 100,000 people in the county has only one quota in three years, 200,000 people in the county has two places in two years, it is not easy to be recommended, so in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the selection of filial piety and honesty has a more perverted situation, we will explain in detail later.

　　Mao Cai Ke, originally called Xiu Cai Ke, in the Eastern Han Dynasty, in order to avoid the Light Wu Emperor Liu Xiu, changed to Mao Cai (Mao Cai), during the Western Han Dynasty, Mao Cai was not a year of Ju Chang Ke. Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty decreed: Supervise Yushi, Si Li, and Zhou Mu, and recommend one person each year for Maocai, and thereafter it becomes a yearly juju, and Xiaolian said that Xiaolian can be recommended in the county, that is, the city is eligible, and Maocai is recommended in the prefecture, and the province is qualified, so the number of Maocai is not as many as xiaolian.

　　Mao Cai is mostly a current official, you are originally an official, after raising Mao Cai, you will be promoted to a higher level of officials.

　　The chalian section means to check and promote honest officials, and most of the people who are promoted as honest officials are low-level officials, which is equivalent to the current civil service selection system. Mainly to take care of the grass-roots officials who work hard in the front line, as long as they are loyal to their duties, they may be recommended for the integrity of the officials.

　　Guanglu Four Elements Section is the emperor let the chancellor, yushi recommended the four kinds of character of the official, Dun Hou, Xun Rang, frugality, the person who was promoted is the subordinate officer of Guanglu Xun, Guanglu Xun This official was not conspicuous at first, responsible for guarding the palace portal, that is, the security guard for the emperor and the community where the harem lived, but this community lived in the emperor, so this security guard was a bit cool. Later, Guangluxun evolved into the chief in charge of all the affairs in the palace, because the emperor's women and servants were more and more, and more and more things were happening, and he had to find some reliable people to take care of, so he used these security guards around him.

　　As a result, GuangLuxun became the emperor's advisor to the counselors, the guards, and the palace administrator of officials such as conveying hospitality, with many subordinate officials, large institutions, and high rank of subordinate officials. Being able to live in a small area with the emperor and be close to the emperor is a very important position.

　　Guanglu Four Elements is nominally to not let honest people suffer losses, choose those honest and honest posts at the grass-roots level, and have no outstanding talents and achievements, will not drill camps and shoot horses, honest people who have not been promoted for a long time, the most important thing is for the needs of the safety of the imperial family, so close to the emperor, not honest and loyal, can he rest assured?

　　From the above point of view, the group targeted by filial piety and Maocai is large, and officials, ordinary people, etc. can become the target of recommendation, and the conditions for filial piety are the most relaxed, so the number is the largest.

　　Teko is the emperor's temporary edict, in a special period of time for the needs of some special talents, by the emperor designated some officials to recommend, and then as a blind date, meet with the emperor, to see the feelings of both sides, how the first impression is, of course, this is only the emperor's impression and feeling of you, can not be equal. If the emperor is satisfied, then you are successful, and if you are not satisfied with the emperor, the resistance is ineffective.

　　Whenever there is a natural or man-made disaster, the emperors will feel that they have committed some mistake, god wants to punish, and sometimes it is better to be afraid than to be fearless. Therefore, the edict was issued, and the ministers and magistrates were asked to recommend impartial, selfless, courageous, and knowledgeable people, often linked to the "outspoken and extremely advised" section (daring to point out the emperor's shortcomings, and proposing suggestions and strategies for governing the country), and the two sections were put together. Confucians, the people, and officials can be recruited, only those who dare to speak out, do not need those good gentlemen, officials will be timid after a long time, the emperor will choose some people from below who dare to speak.

　　Dare to commit crimes, can put their own lives aside, for the sake of the country and the king, never know how to protect themselves, which has become the highest realm of loyalty to the ancient civil servants, and a good system can also create the soul of the nation. Other special subjects, here will not be in-depth discussion, a brief introduction.

　　Filial piety Li Tianke, the emperor issued an edict to select people with filial piety virtues and who can work hard to cultivate, to become the township officials in charge of education and propaganda in the counties and counties, that is, the current township and town cadres, and there is nothing to do with the ideological work of the villagers, so that everyone can work well. Filial piety is filial piety to parents, compassion is respect for brothers, and filial piety often does not come chaotically, because he has concerns, so that society is more stable and rulers can be more at ease as emperors. Litian is to select those production experts in the field, give the people a model to learn from, and improve the efficiency of farming.

　　The Ming JingKe is to be familiar with the classics. After Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty respected Confucianism, the scriptures specifically referred to the Confucian classics, examining your familiarity and understanding of the classics, one test of memory, the second test of comprehension. Readers of the Han Dynasty had to read the scriptures and memorize the classics from an early age. There are also those who rely on the Ming Classics to become officials, and finally the officials are the prime minister. Wei Xian and Wei Xuancheng's father and son both entered the Ming Jing Sect and successively held the position of prime minister.

　　The Ming Fa Section issued an edict to select talents who are proficient in the law, that is, to become reserve cadres such as judges and procurators. Since Dong Zhongshu advocated the idea of heavenly induction, whenever there was a disaster in nature, and there was no earthquake bureau, science and technology bureau, and meteorological bureau, the emperor asked everyone to recommend capable people who understood the yin and yang disaster to explain the ins and outs of the disaster, which gave those who shouted "Ma Li Ma Li Li Li" so mysterious liars have an opportunity to take advantage of it.

　　Be brave and know the art of war, and recruit talents who are brave in combat, who are familiar with the art of war, and who can lead the army to fight.

　　Whether it is a special branch or a regular branch, we can see the ruler's desire and attention to talents, but purely rely on people's recommendation, subjective consciousness is too strong, and at that time paper was not invented, most of the books are bamboo and book, after all, there are very few people who have the opportunity to contact books, and the filial piety elected may have filial piety, but may not have real talent and practical learning. (If you like my work, please pay attention to this content from the author's signed work on Douban, "Shake hands with the ancient Kaoba")