"Qing Dynasty" porcelain refers to the porcelain of the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties of the Qing Dynasty. In history. The three dynasties of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong are known as the "Prosperous Era of Kangqian", when the society was open, the literati and inkers joined in, the European painting techniques were also learned, and the porcelain production process reached a very high level. The Qing Dynasty was a period of great achievement in the history of Chinese porcelain, and the three generations of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong were the pinnacle of Qing Dynasty porcelain manufacturing, with a wide variety of varieties, ancient shapes, light and handsome styles, and technical attention to fine craftsmanship. On the basis of inheriting and carrying forward the traditional blue and white and multicolored techniques of the Ming Dynasty, the skilled craftsmen of the three generations of Kang Yongqian innovated the brilliant and colorful pastel, enamel and bronze color techniques, and also appeared a variety of monochrome glazes; The craftsmanship of carving, heart-turning, and antique, imitation of the former generation of kiln technology is a must, reaching the realm of magic. The three emperors of the "Prosperous Era of Kangqian": Kangxi Was Generous and Generous, Yongzheng was rigorous and delicate, and Qianlong was a gentleman. As an official enterprise and an imperial kiln, the porcelain fired by the official kiln is inseparable and closely related to the emperor's preferences. Therefore, the personality differences of these three emperors were not only manifested in their distinct governing styles, but also affected the production of their official kiln porcelain.
Kangxi: Masculine and strong
During the Kangxi Period, there were two important institutional arrangements for the development of porcelain. The first is to restore the Jingdezhen Royal Kiln Factory, and the other is to set up a special inspector. Some of these governors were officials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and some were even directly appointed by the Inspector of Jiangxi. Do not underestimate these institutional arrangements, they have played a major role in promoting the development of porcelain. Famous governors of the Kangxi dynasty included Zang Yingxuan, Lang Tingji, and Nian Xiyao. Among them, Lang Tingji is the Inspector of Jiangxi. The "Lang Kiln Red", which represents the peak of Kangxi porcelain art, was successfully fired under his supervision. Kangxi reigned for 61 years, and was known as the Emperor of the Ages, who leveled the Three Domains, seized Taiwan, and resisted Tsarist aggression. The mind and arrogance of such an emperor can be imagined. This also created the artistic characteristics of the Kangxi Dynasty porcelain modeling very distinctive, its style is tall and vigorous, full of majestic and magnificent forms. In addition, he admired Confucianism, was very sophisticated, and was very fond of porcelain and had high requirements. During his reign, there were many innovations in porcelain. For example, Enamel porcelain was burned.
Yongzheng: Fine and elegant
The finest porcelain production of the Yongzheng Dynasty is unique to all generations. Pastels of this period were the most prominent and flourished, thus replacing the status of Kangxi Five Colors and becoming the mainstream of glaze color. Yongzheng pastel not only has white paintings, but also various colors, such as coral red, light green, sauce and ink. The shape of Yongzheng Dynasty porcelain is different from the previous generation, in that it changes the thick and ancient style of the Kangxi Dynasty, and replaces it with light and handsome, elegant and exquisite, and the shape line is soft and rounded. Its carcass selection is exquisite, the wall is thin and light, the proportion is uniform, and the Yangon perspective is slightly light blue, translucent. In the ornamentation, the production of blue and white glaze in the underglaze color has reached the peak stage, and the blue and white and glaze red are fired in the same environment, and the two colors are very bright. Although Yongzheng reigned for only 13 years, his historical status was unquestionable. Various reforms were carried out in the political and economic fields, laying an important foundation for the opening of the qianlong prosperous world later. In terms of cultural form, Yongzheng also plays a role in inheriting the past and enlightening the future. Yongzheng inherited the Kangxi Jingdezhen governor tao official system. In the sixth year of Yongzheng, he sent Tang Ying, the well-known governor of Tao. Yongzheng official kiln craftsmanship is feminine, beautiful and dignified, and the production is very exquisite. Its large instruments are not thick and heavy, and the small instruments are exquisite. Whether it is the proportional relationship of the instrument type, or the line and the painter, there are high standards. Yongzheng is a lonely and cold person, and at the same time, he has a deep personal achievement in literature, painting, calligraphy and so on. Therefore, it is required that the official kiln porcelain fired be strict and orderly, and the rules are required.
Qianlong: Magnificent and colorful
The Qianlong Dynasty lasted for 61 years, which was a period of porcelain firing and collection, and also an era when Jingdezhen reached its peak in the Qing Dynasty. The firing level of the early Qianlong official kiln porcelain is almost comparable to that of the Yongzheng Dynasty official kiln, and it is difficult to distinguish between the front and back if the money is not paid. After Tang Ying fell ill and died, the quality of the official kiln began to decline. Qianlong Dynasty porcelain retains the essence of past lives on the one hand, and absorbs Western art on the other. Most of the appearance is more regular, in addition to the common instrument type, there are some strange and grotesque objects, mainly used for appreciation. Although the products of this period are technically meticulous and meticulous, they do not hesitate to work hard, but there are signs of decline in artistic style compared with the previous dynasty, which has become a turning point in the porcelain industry of the Qing Dynasty. During the Qianlong period, pastels replaced five colors, and the decorative means of hollowing and stacking were used on pastel utensils, supplemented by "rolling process" and opening light, carving and so on. The precious porcelain signed "Guyuexuan" is named after Guyuexuan in the Qianlong Palace, and the well-made vegetarian tires selected from Jingdezhen are sent to Beijing, and the master paintings enshrined in the inner courtyard are baked in the capital. Xu Zhiheng of the Qing Dynasty recorded in the "Drinking Streams and Saying Porcelain": "To Qianlong, exquisite to the point, almost more than the ghostly craftsmanship." Compared with Kangxi and Yongzheng, the style of Qianlong Guan kiln is both consistent and unique. It can be seen from the craftsmanship, painting methods, patterns, and some excellent craftsmen who have gone through two or even three dynasties; the unique characteristics are because Qianlong is different from his father and different from his ancestors, and he likes to be lively and luxurious. Therefore, Qianlong official kiln porcelain is not as good as Kangxi in terms of thickness and timelessness, but it has the characteristics of gorgeous and colorful, prosperous and brocade, not only exquisite and novel, but also extremely elegant and exquisite. For the imperial porcelain, it is carefully crafted at the expense of manpower and material resources. The court craftsmanship style of Kangxi imperial kiln porcelain has been formed, and it presents a delicate and gorgeous royal style, that is, it has a vigorous spirit and the charm of Park Maohuazi. Yongzheng Royal Kiln Porcelain has made outstanding achievements in both antique and innovative aspects, and has established the production direction of Qing Dynasty Imperial Kiln Porcelain, that is, a unique royal style and pure royal style. Qianlong Royal Kiln Porcelain adheres to the style of Kangxi and Yongzheng Imperial Kilns, continues to carry forward and develop, and brings the royal arts and crafts to the extreme. Kit Kat's shapes, ornate glazes, and rich and multi-layered decorative styles are the key factors in forming the Qianlong Imperial Kiln style.
