The Paper's reporter Chen Ruoxi
The Kingdom of Qi was an ancient pre-Qin kingdom with a long history, an important prince of southern China in the Zhou Dynasty, and rarely recorded in history. For a long time, scholars believed that the Kingdom of Qi was destroyed in the late Western Zhou Dynasty due to the rebellion of the Marquis of Qifang. The discovery of the Xiayoupu Badong Cemetery in Nanyang in 2012 shows that the Badnood Kingdom from the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period is still in Nanyang, and this archaeological discovery is a major breakthrough in the study of the Nightmare Kingdom, which extends the history of the Nightmare Country to the early Spring and Autumn Period.
This year marks the 100th anniversary of the birth of modern Chinese archaeology, and on the occasion of the exhibition "The Legend of Hanhuai - The Essence of Bronze Ware from the Kingdom of Nightmares" held at the Shanghai Museum, The Paper recently interviewed Cui Benxin, an excavator of the Xialiangpu Badong Cemetery in Nanyang, Henan Province, and deputy director of the Nanyang Archaeological Research Institute. Cui Benxin said that between the two archaeologies, there is still a missing link in the history of the bad country, and it still needs to be filled by later archaeological discoveries.
The Paper: In 2012, the discovery of the Xiayupu Tomb in Nanyang and the subsequent excavations brought a major breakthrough to the study of the Nightmare Kingdom, using archaeology to empirically prove the history of the Nightmare Country from the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period, as the archaeological excavation leader at that time, can you introduce us to the excavation of the tombs at that time?
Cui Benxin: Nanyang Xiahuipu is located 10 kilometers northeast of Nanyang City, Henan Province, 500 meters north of Xiahuipu Village, Xindian Township, New District, Nanyang City, within the main channel of the South-to-North Water Diversion Canal, located on a north-south high hill on the east bank of the Baihe River. In June 2012, ancient tombs were discovered during the construction of the main canal of the central line of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in the north of Xia hui village in Nanyang. After being approved by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, the Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Nanyang City, Henan Province, conducted cultural relics exploration and archaeological excavation work in the area three times from 2012 to 2014, excavating and cleaning more than 80 ancient tombs from the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period.
In the early Spring and Autumn Period, the first tomb of Nanyang Xia Weipu was excavated in 2012-2014, and the Nanyang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology was collected
Late Western Zhou Dynasty 2012-2014 Nanyang Xiayupu Xiahou Cemetery Tomb No. 5 Excavated Nanyang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology Collection
Thousands of pieces of bronze, pottery, lacquerware, wood, jade and other texture cultural relics have been excavated, including nearly 100 bronze artifacts such as Ding, Gui, Gui, Mane, Pan, and Zao, and more than 30 pieces of bronze with inscriptions have been unearthed, with inscriptions such as "Badhou", "Badhou", "Bad uncle", "Bad ginger", "Yangbo", "Prince Pinghou of Shangyan", etc. It is judged that this is a cemetery of the Late Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period.
Panoramic view of the tomb chamber of the M16 Ehou tomb of Xia Yupu
From the analysis of tomb shape, layout, and excavated artifacts, there are four generations of bad luck and their spouses buried here. There are also tombs of relatives of the Marquis of Nightmares and funerary tombs. The tombs of the four generations of marquises and their spouses are all wooden coffin tombs, and there is a green paste mud sealed outside the rafters. Historically, these tombs were stolen. According to the tomb shape system and excavated artifacts, these tombs have both the style of the Zhou Dynasty and the strong local characteristics of the Bad country.
The Paper: Nearly a decade has passed since the discovery of the tomb of the Marquis of Xiapai in 2012, is there still a new archaeological excavation at the site? Are there any new research advances?
Cui Benxin: The excavation of the tomb of the nobles of Nanyang Was rescue excavation. Because the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is a national key project, the requirements for the main canal are very strict, and after the completion of the construction, both sides of the main canal are not allowed to move the soil. We speculated that if it was a high-ranking aristocratic cemetery, it should be close to the bad country, and since then we have done a lot of research and done some cultural relics exploration in the surrounding area, but unfortunately, there are no new discoveries.
The main canal of the South-to-North Water Diversion Islea section of xia huipu.
Schematic map of the location of the Nanyang Xia Yu Pu Badguo Cemetery
The Xia YuPu YuGuo Cemetery is distributed in the middle of the Nanyang Basin, close to the passage from the Nanyang Basin to the Central Plains. About 9 kilometers in a straight line on the northwest side of the cemetery is the former site of the ancient city of Xixiao in the Han Dynasty, and fragments of pottery from the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods were also found here during the investigation. The site is now a provincial-level cultural relics protection unit in Henan Province, and archaeological exploration is not allowed. In addition, 12 kilometers southwest of the Xia Yupu Yuguo Cemetery, there is also a Shenguo noble cemetery discovered in 2009.
The Paper: As a pre-Qin ancient country, the documentation of the bad country is only a few words, the historical appearance of the bad country for a long time is also extremely unclear, for the study of the bad country to bring major breakthroughs thanks to the two major archaeological discoveries of this century, one is the excavation of Yangzishan No. 4 cemetery in Suizhou Anju Town, Hubei Province in 2007, and the other is the excavation of the nanyang bad country noble cemetery in 2012, which academic mysteries of the ancient country have been solved by these two archaeological discoveries?
Cui Benxin: This brings us to the history of the bad country. 姞 is one of the twelve surnames of the Yellow Emperor's tribe, and is an important force in the Yellow River Valley, according to the "Historical Records", "Warring States Policy" and oracle bone Bu Ci records, Yu was already a marquis in the Shang Dynasty. At the end of the Shang Dynasty, The Marquis of Xia served as one of the "Three Dukes" of the King of Shang, indicating the special status and subordinate relationship of the Shang Dynasty, which shows that the Bad was an ancient state of great prestige and power in the Shang Dynasty.
Although the status of the Kingdom of Nightmare is very important, especially in the Shang Dynasty, it is an important prince with a prominent position, but since the late Shang Dynasty, the Kingdom of Nightmare is no longer seen in the history books after the murder of the King of Jin, so the appearance of the Kingdom of Nightmare in history is extremely unclear, leaving only some traces of place names.
Shanghai Museum "Legend of Hanhuai - The Essence of the Bronze Ware of the Kingdom of Nightmares", the picture shows two heavy instruments describing the relationship between the Kingdom of Qi and the Zhou royal family, Yu Ding and Fang Ding of the Marquis of Qi
After the rise of epigraphy in the Song Dynasty, jinwen materials about the bad country began to appear. There are also records of the Kingdom of Nightmares on some of the bronzes unearthed sporadically in the last century, which are in the Shanxi Museum, the National Museum of China, the Shanghai Museum, the Luoyang Museum and some private collections. Scholars still do not know the history of the bad country, the geographical outlook and other issues. Regarding the Badnood State in the Western Zhou Dynasty, there has long been a dispute between the "Eastern Nightmare Theory" and the "Western Nightmare Theory" in the academic circles, which is now Theozhou Prefecture in Hubei Province, and the Western Nightmare is the Western Nightmare County of the Han Dynasty, and the present-day Nanyang City, Henan. Both the Eastern And Western Theory have their own documentary basis and a large number of archaeological materials, and it is difficult to reach a conclusion for a while.
After entering the 21st century, major archaeological discoveries about the bad country have been disclosed one after another, basically clarifying the history and geographical outlook of the bad country.
During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the State of Xia was an important prince of southern Turkey, closely related to the Zhou Dynasty, and the Six Instruments of Anzhou unearthed in the Song Dynasty, the inscription records that when King Zhou Zhao's southern expedition, he sent his ministers "Zhong" to go south first, and there were Zeng, Yu and other countries everywhere they went. The Jing Fang Ding collected by the Izumitsu Museum of Art in Japan, the inscription records that King Zhao ordered the southern kingdom of Zhonghe Jing Province to set up a palace, and returned to Chengzhou after the mission was completed, and the King of Zhou asked Jing to manage the troops of Zeng and Yu, and the inscription clearly mentioned "in The Bad, ZengShi", showing the close relationship between the two countries, and is an important material for the study of the geography and history of the two countries.
The inscription of the Nightmare Hou Gui collected by the National Palace Museum in Taipei reads: "The Marquis of The Nightmare Hou Zha Wang, the Concubine of the Night, the Son of the King, yongbao, the son of the King of the Ten Thousand Years." "The instrument made for the marriage of the Marquis of Xia, Yu Tianzi of Zhou, dates from about the time of King Yi. The inscription indicates that the surname of the Yuguo clan is the surname of Jiao, and the marriage with the Zhou royal family, according to the Zhou Dynasty, the princes with the surname of Jiao are important intermarriage objects of the Zhou royal family, and the Zuo Chuan Xuan Gong has a cloud in the third year: "Ji and Jiao, their descendants will be born." ”
Late Western Zhou Dynasty Ruo Yunxuan Collection
The famous Xiahou Fangding is a bronze vessel of the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty, and the inscription records that the King of Zhou's southern conquest of huaiyi was still in the billet land, and the marquis of Xiahou Fangna was dedicated to the son of heaven, and feasted with the king of Zhou, and would shoot, and the king of Zhou rewarded the marquis with jade, horses, arrows and other things, and the marquis of Zhou was grateful for the gift of the son of heaven, and the ding inscription was written, reflecting the close relationship between the kingdom of Qi and the Zhou Dynasty.
Yu Ding Late Western Zhou Dynasty Collection of the National Museum of China
Inscription on Yu Ding
However, in the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty, there was a major event of the rebellion of the Bad, the Song Dynasty has a record, in 1942, The Yu Ding excavated from Renjia Village in Qishan, Shaanxi Province, the inscription records the process of the Zhou people's conquest of the Badu Kingdom: the Badhou Yi Fang led the Southern Huaiyi and Dongyi rebellions against the Zhou After the Zhou King's conquest of Huaiyi returned, invaded the Southern and Eastern Kingdoms of Zhou, causing great anger on the Zhou King, ordered the complete elimination of the Badhou Yifang, sent the commander Wu Gong to lead the Western Sixth Division and the Yin Eighth Division to cut down the Badong, and the general Yu Ze led the Wu Gong's private subordinates to attack the Badu in one fell swoop, captured the Badong, and thus made the instrument MingGong. The Yu Ding inscription shows that the rebellion of the Marquis of Yu caused extremely serious harm to Western Zhou, and the King of Zhou angrily ordered "do not leave behind the young", and the final result of the war was that Yu conquered the capital and captured the king, according to which scholars used to believe that the kingdom of Yu should be destroyed by Zhou.
Location map of Suizhou and Nanyang
In 2007, Yangzishan No. 4 Tomb was excavated in Suizhou Anju Town, and 27 pieces of Haoguo bronzes were excavated, most of which had the inscription "噩" or "噩侯", indicating that the early Western Zhou Dynasty was near the present-day Suizhou Anju Town. It can be said that the archaeological discoveries in Suizhou basically connect the history of the Badhou Yifang recorded in the late Shang Dynasty to the early and middle Western Zhou Yuding inscriptions.
Mt. Hitsuji M4 Excavated Goods Group
The discovery of the Xia YuPu Badong Cemetery in Nanyang indicates that after the Destruction of the Badn State in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, another Bad state appeared in Nanyang. The newly discovered Nanyang Kingdom contradicts the clear record of the Yuding inscription.
The Paper: As you said, according to the bronze inscriptions about the Kingdom of Nightmare in the Western Zhou Dynasty, especially the inscriptions of Yu Ding, scholars believe that the Kingdom of Nightmare has been destroyed by the late Western Zhou Dynasty, and the Nightmare State has not been recorded in the literature for a long time thereafter. How to explain this contradiction between the discovery of the tombs of the nobles of the Late Western Zhou Dynasty in Nanyang and the early Spring and Autumn Period and the records of the Yuding inscriptions?
We believe that after the rebellion of the Marquis of Yuding recorded in the Yuding inscription, the Western Zhou Dynasty issued a conscription order to "split the Marquis of Qifang, leaving no one behind" was not implemented. In the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period, the Kingdom of Bad still existed in the Nanyang area, and in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, King Xuan of Zhou, in order to fill the gap in power after the destruction of the Kingdom of Qi, sealed two uncles in Nanyang, namely the State of Shen and the State of Lü, and placed the Kingdom of Bad and its remnants within the control of the Zhou Dynasty, and continued to maintain the titles of the State of Bad and the Title of Marquis of Evil, that is, the phenomenon of the destruction of the country during the Zhou Dynasty. As for the time of the official demise of the bad country, it should be the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, when the Chu state flourished, the Shen state was destroyed and The Shen County was established, and the Nanyang Basin was ruled.
Copper dings were excavated from the Eguo Cemetery in Nanyang, Henan
On the bronze artifacts excavated from the Nanyang Xia YuPu Badguo Cemetery, there are "travel" and "brigade" on them, and the walking utensils and travel utensils are all ming utensils for funerals. There are very few practical tools in the bronzes excavated from the Nanyang tomb, and the bronzes unearthed in Suizhou are basically practical utensils, with good cast copper and heavy utensils.
Late Western Zhou Dynasty 2012-2014 Nanyang Xia Yupu Xiahou Cemetery Tomb No. 6 Excavated Nanyang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology Collection
The Paper: From the good relations between the Zhou Dynasty and the Badong Kingdom shown in the inscription of the Xiahou Yifang Ding to the rebellion of the Southern Huaiyi and Dongyi rebels against the Zhou Dynasty by the Xiahou Yifang, in such a short period of time, the relationship between the Badhou Dynasty and the Zhou Dynasty went from good to anti-eye, what happened between this?
Cui Benxin: This is still inconclusive, according to my speculation, at that time, Nanhuaiyi often fought with the Zhou Dynasty, and King Zhou Zhao's conquest of Nanhuaiyi did not return, and it is said that he drowned. Perhaps because of this unnatural death of Zhou Tianzi, he was angry with the bad hou Yifang who was stationed in the southern lands of the Zhou Dynasty, and may also be involved in this conspiracy, which is of course only my family's words.
Nightmare Boying Early Spring and Autumn 2012-2014 Nanyang Xia Yupu Tomb No. 16 excavated Nanyang Municipal Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology Collection
Nightmare Bell (one of the six pieces) Late Western Zhou Dynasty 2012-2014 Nanyang Xia Yupu Tomb No. 6 excavated Nanyang Municipal Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology Collection
The history of the Nightmare Kingdom between the previous two archaeological discoveries is still missing in the ring, this history of the Badhou Yifang occurred in the middle and late Western Zhou, the era of the Xia YuPu Badland Cemetery was the late Western Zhou to the early Spring and Autumn Period, and the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty was late to the late Western Zhou Dynasty. This will still need to be filled by later archaeological discoveries.
The Surging News: The bronze ware of the Nightmare Kingdom has high artistic value and academic value in terms of shape, ornamentation, inscription and other aspects. In 2007, Suizhou archaeological excavations of a class of artifacts with "god face pattern" showed the unique artistic appearance of the Bronze Ware of the Kingdom of Nightmare, what are the characteristics of this batch of bronze artifacts excavated from the noble cemetery of nanyang? Can you cite a few of the important artifacts?
Cui Benxin: The artifacts excavated from the Nanyang XiaYoupu Badong Cemetery are mainly in the style of the Zhou Dynasty in the Central Plains, and have strong local characteristics of the Bad country. The artifacts unearthed in Suizhou are also mainly in the style of the Central Plains Dynasty, and also have unique cultural elements of the Bad country, but similar to the artifacts with "god face pattern" in Suizhou, Nanyang, have not been found.
Nightmare Pot Early Spring and Autumn 2012-2014 Nanyang Xia Yupu Tomb No. 19 Excavated Nanyang Municipal Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology Has an inscription on the outer edge of the lid of the pot: "Nightmare Hou Zha (as) Meng Ji Tengju. ”
Among the bronze artifacts unearthed in Nanyang, the early Spring and Autumn Festival pot is very important. On the outer edge of the lid of the pot there is an inscription: "The pot of the pot is "The pot of the pot of the pot is made." Previously, the Shanghai Museum, Luoyang Museum and Taipei National Palace Museum collected the Jiaoguo bronze ware on the inscription showing the surname of "Jiao" in the Jiaoguo, and the "Ji" on the Xiahou pot excavated in Nanyang was different from "Jiao", and this "Ji" was the surname of the Zhou Dynasty. But this is not enough to explain what the problem is, because there is a saying in archaeology called "lonely artifacts do not prove", an artifact can not explain what the problem, still need new archaeological discoveries to support.
Editor-in-Charge: Weihua Gu
Proofreader: Liu Wei