Decapodae—P. prawns (I): prawns
Eukaryotic domain
animal kingdom
Subkingdom of eumetazoa
Ecdyanimal main phylum
Arthropod phylum
Subphylum Crustacea
General Outline of Polya
Molluscinaceae
Suborder Eumolluscina
Shrimp general order
Decapoda
Suborder Branchgill Order
General family of shrimp
Shrimp family
The family Penaeidae is a family of clady gill suborders. The family contains both marine and freshwater shrimp and contains many environmentally and economically important species. Sensory organs resembling the lateral line of the body have been found on the tentacles of many shrimp organisms. The creatures below it have the world's fastest impulse conduction velocity, up to 210 meters per second (760 kilometers per hour).
1. Penaeus shrimp
Penaeus (scientific name: Fenneropenaeus) is a genus of shrimp in the family Shrimp family.
Penaeus longifolia (Fenneropenaeus penicillatus), also known as Penaeus longifolium, is a crustacean of the genus P. longiflorum that is widely distributed in the western Pacific Ocean and northern Indian Ocean.
(1) Morphological characteristics
The shrimp body is light brownish yellow, with 7~8 teeth on the upper edge of the frontal horn and 4~6 teeth on the lower edge. The male shrimp has brush-like long hairs at the end of the third jaw foot, and its length is 1.2~2.7 times that of the penultimate segment. There are intermittent concave spots on the ridges of the frontal horns. Adult shrimp can generally grow to 130~190 mm in length and weigh 28~80 grams, which is one of the large shrimp in shrimp.
(2) Ecological habits
The optimal growth temperature of Penaeus longhairy shrimp is 25~30 °C, and the optimal salinity is 70~30. The spawning period is 3~5 months.
(3) Economic value
Penaeus longifolia is more common in the southern waters of China and is an important marine fishing and aquaculture target.
(4) Prawns
Prawn (scientific name: Fenneropenaeus chinensis), also known as Chinese prawn, Chinese prawn, prawn, oriental prawn, Chinese prawn, sea prawn, is known as "Taisho prawn" in Japan. Because the female is greenish and the male is brownish, it is also known as green shrimp and yellow shrimp. It used to be the same genus as the grass shrimp. It belongs to the suborder Branchgill and the common shrimp and crab belong to the egg-holding suborder, and the relatives are relatively distant.
(1) Characteristics
The individual prawns are larger in size. The female shrimp is two or thirty centimeters long and weighs 300 grams; Male shrimp are generally more than ten centimeters and weigh nearly 100 grams.
The adaptability to water temperature is stronger, the suitable temperature range during the breeding period is 14~30 °C, and the optimal water temperature is 25 °C; Lethal low temperature 4 °C, lethal high temperature 38 °C.
There is no submersible habit, which is easy to fish. The shell is soft and thin, which is not easy to store during transportation.
(2) Life habits
Shrimp live in shallow sea sediment layer, spring migration spawning, can be carried out spring harvesting shrimp seeds, after spawning most of the broodstock die, juvenile shrimp grow to autumn to become adult shrimp, it can be seen that shrimp grow and reproduce quickly, life span of one year.
(3) Nutrients
Prawns are saltwater shrimp with fat meat, delicious taste and rich in protein. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that its sweet and alkaline taste is warm, can nourish the kidneys and aphrodisiac, nourish the yin and strengthen the stomach, and is suitable for a variety of cooking methods.
(4) Therapeutic effect of diet
Prawns are warm and humid, sweet and salty, into the kidneys and spleen meridians;
Shrimp meat has the effects of tonifying kidney and aphrodisiac, milking and anti-toxicity, nourishing blood and solid essence, dissolving stasis and detoxification, invigorating qi and nourishing yang, channeling and relieving pain, appetizing and phlegm;
It is suitable for patients with kidney deficiency and impotence, premature ejaculation, milk blockage, muscle and bone pain, hand and foot twitches, systemic itching, skin ulcers, physical weakness and neurasthenia.
A very important substance in the body of shrimp is astaxanthin, which is the component of the surface red color, astaxanthin is the strongest antioxidant found, the darker the color, the higher the content of astaxanthin. It is widely used in cosmetics, food additives, and medicines. Scientists at Osaka University in Japan have found that astaxanthin in shrimp helps eliminate "jet lag" caused by jet lag.
(5) Usage in China
In 1958, Tianjin began experimenting with captive Chinese prawns. In 1959, as a research intern, Zhao Fazhen participated in the artificial nursery project of shrimp led by Zhu Shuping, and successfully cultivated the first batch of artificial shrimp seedlings in China. The main conditions required for shrimp from spawning hatching to shrimp fry development are basically clarified, the key issues that need to be mastered in artificial shrimp seedling breeding are summarized, and the basic types of bait required for each larval stage of shrimp are put forward. In the mid-1960s, the shrimp aquaculture research group of the Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute carried out aquaculture experiments in Shijiu Institute, Jimo, Wendeng, Laoshan and other places in Shandong Province, and overcame the technical difficulties of small-scale artificial breeding of shrimp. From 1967 to 1978, the Yellow Sea Institute "Research on Shrimp Artificial Seedling Breeding and Intensive Breeding and High Yield Technology", the survival rate of shrimp fry was indeed greatly improved, and shrimp aquaculture was rapidly promoted, so it became a typical example of "grasping revolution and promoting production" in Shandong Province at that time. This achievement has won the 1978 National Science Conference Award, the Shandong Province and Qingdao Science Conference Awards, and the National Science and Technology Commission Promotion Award in 1982.
In 1978, four shrimp breeding companies were established in Shanwei, Taishan, Zhanjiang and Hainan in Guangdong to earn foreign exchange for export. In 1979, the production volume of Chinese nursery was 38 million, and shrimp began to be cultivated artificially on a large scale, with a breeding area of 20,000 mu and a aquaculture output of 450 tons. At the end of 1979, a national shrimp aquaculture work conference was held. In 1980, the State Fisheries Administration issued the task of "research on industrial nursery technology of shrimp", and the Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences successfully broke through the key measures in shrimp seedling technology, which won the first prize of scientific and technological improvement of the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries in 1983 and the first prize of national scientific and technological progress in 1985. In 1981, the national production of artificial seedlings increased to 1.5 billion. Since then, the number of seedlings has increased year by year, and in 1984, 8 billion shrimp seedlings were raised, the breeding area was nearly 500,000 mu, the output was 19,000 tons, the output value was 150 million yuan, and the export earned 42 million US dollars. In 1985, the national output of shrimp aquaculture reached 40,000 tons. In 1988, the production of shrimp reached 200,000 tons, becoming the first in the world and remaining for 5 years. In 1988, Taiwanese businessmen introduced Japanese prawns (flower shrimp, bamboo shrimp, flower tail shrimp, monodon shrimp) and farmed them off the coast of Fujian. In 1990, the export volume was 117,000 tons, 710 million US dollars. [3] From 1982 to 1992, the direct output value of farmed shrimp in China exceeded 40 billion yuan.
In 1993, there was an outbreak of leukoplakia virus. In 1993, the national production of shrimp aquaculture fell to 87,000 tons, and in 1994 it continued to decline to 55,000 tons, and the export volume fell to 68,000 tons, worth 380 million US dollars. In 1997, grass shrimp with stronger virus resistance began to be cultured, and the output of South China accounted for 60% of the country, and the national shrimp aquaculture output exceeded 100,000 tons. In 1999, P. vannamei became the mainstream cultured species; In 2000, the national shrimp aquaculture output exceeded the record high, reaching 220,000 tons. In 2002, the country's marine shrimp aquaculture output increased to 380,000 tons, the world's first, and the export volume of 133,000 tons set a historical record. In April 2001, EU testing confirmed that the residue of chloramphenicol in exported shrimp exceeded EU food standards. In October 2001, AQSIQ reported: "The shrimp exported from Zhejiang is sea-caught shrimp, which itself does not contain chloramphenicol, and the residual reason is that individual shrimp peelers have applied chloramphenicol to their hands and failed to clean them." On 25 January 2002, the EU imposed protective measures on shrimp imported from China by automatically detaining and inspecting them. China has revised the List of Prohibited Drugs in Aquaculture. On July 16, 2004, the European Union announced the lifting of the import ban on Chinese shrimp and other foods of animal origin. On November 30, 2004, the U.S. Department of Commerce made a final ruling that the average tax rate for dumping shrimp products by Chinese aquatic enterprises was 55.23%. However, from 2004 to 2007, the national shrimp aquaculture output hit a record high year by year, and the main market turned to China.
(5) P. hindu prawns
Penaeus indicus (Fenneropenaeus indicus) is a species of shrimp in the genus Penaeus. It originally belongs to the genus Penaeus indicus, known as Penaeus indicus. It is found in the Indo-Western Pacific Ocean, such as eastern Africa, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, southern China and northern Australia. Adult individuals are about 22 cm (8.7 in) long and live on the seabed at a depth of more than 90 m (300 ft). It is a relatively common food shrimp, caught in China, India, Indonesia, Vietnam and Thailand, as well as Indian prawn farms in some countries such as India. This shrimp is sometimes referred to as Indian white shrimp, Indian shrimp, banana shrimp, but these common names are often confused with other species of shrimp such as P. Möjimin.
2. Penaeus sacs
Marsupenaeus is a genus of shrimp in the family Shrimpidae.
Marsupenaeus japonicus is the only species of the genus Marsupenaeus in the family Decapodae. Commonly known as tiger prawn, flower shrimp, monodon prawn, bamboo shrimp, flower tail shrimp, monodon shrimp, it is called Chehai Lao in Japan. It is native to the Gulf and Continental Seas of the Indo-Pacific Ocean, but also reached the Mediterranean Sea through the Reseb migration.
(1) Morphological characteristics
The body is blue-brown transverse and the tip of the tail is bright blue. The frontal angle is slightly curved arch-shaped, with 8~10 teeth on the upper edge and 1~2 teeth on the lower edge. The first antennal whip is very short , less than 1/2 the size of the cephalothorax. The first pair of foot-footed spines have very thick protrusions at the tip of the middle lobes of the male shrimp adapter, and the female adapters are long cylindrical. Mature shrimp are larger than males.
Body length 8-10 cm. Frontal angle tooth pattern 8-10/1-2. It has a frontal gastric ridge and a bifurcation posterior end. The lateral sulcus of the frontal horn is long and extends near the posterior margin of the cephalothorax; The central sulcus of the posterior frontal ridge is 1/2 longer than the head and thoraker. The caudal segment bears 3 pairs of movable spines. Female intercourser sac-shaped, anterior opening, with a rounded process; The middle lobe of the male junction protrudes and curves towards the ventral surface. The body surface has distinct transverse spots of earthy yellow and blue, and the tail limbs have brown transverse bands.
Perched on sandy muddy bottoms within bays with smaller waves. The main activity is at night. The diet is omnivorous, and the main predators are algae, shellfish, polychaetes, small fish, etc. In addition to humans, natural enemies include black spiny sea bream, octopus, etc.
The shell of Japanese shrimp is hard and thick, making it easy to preserve during transportation.
(2) Ecological habits
Japanese shrimp inhabit the sea depth of 10-40m, like to inhabit the sandy bottom, has a strong diving nature, lurks in the sand bottom at a depth of about 3cm during the day and is less active, and frequently moves at night and feeds. Foraging often swims slowly in the lower layers of the water, and sometimes to the middle and upper layers. In the intensive culture of shrimp ponds, it is paraded when hungry. However, in general, its swimming is rarely found, especially in the early stage of culture.
Adaptation to salinity: P. chinensis is a broad salt shrimp. The suitable range for salinity is 15-30‰, but the ability to adapt to low salinity in high-density aquaculture is poor, generally not lower than 7‰.
Adaptation to temperature: P. japonica is a subtropical species, the optimal temperature range is 25-30 °C, stop feeding at 8-10 °C, die below 5 °C, and live abnormally above 32 °C.
Requirements for dissolved oxygen (DO) in water: The critical point for Japanese shrimp to tolerate dissolved oxygen in pond culture is 2mg/l (at 27°C), below which death begins. It has strong drying resistance and is a type that is easier to transport long distances.
Adaptation to seawater pH: seawater pH value is relatively stable, generally around 8.2, but most of the pH value of shrimp ponds changes greatly. Japanese shrimp are adapted to pH between 7.8-9.
(3) Distribution
P. japonica is widely distributed in southern Hokkaido, coastal China, Southeast Asia, northern Australia, eastern Africa and the Red Sea. Broodstock can be caught in January ~ March and September ~ October along the coast of China, and the peak spawning period is December ~ March of the following year. The peak season is from January ~ March. It is often mixed with grass shrimp and wide-groove shrimp.
(4) Economic value
P. japo is the most important species of shrimp farmed in Japan, raised in Japan to about 25 g/tail and sold at the highest price, mainly selling live shrimp. China's southern coastal areas such as Fujian and Guangdong have also been cultivated for more than 20 years. The weight of breeding for 180 days can reach 20~25 grams. The spawning group is 12~20 cm long and weighs 20~95 grams. The shrimp carapace is thicker, resistant to drying, suitable for live distribution, and has higher profits. The nutritional value is similar to that of other major shrimp.
3. P. furrow shrimp
Melicertus is a genus of shrimp in the family Melicertidae.
(1) Wide groove prawns
Melicertus latisulcatus (scientific name: Melicertus latisulcatus), also known as blue-tailed shrimp, blue-tailed shrimp, large-groove shrimp, and green shrimp. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations is commonly known as the western king shrimp.
(1) Morphological characteristics
The body surface of Penaeus wide-groove is smooth, earthy yellow or fleshy white, without transverse spots. The last half of the tail limbs is sky blue, and the shape resembles that of Japanese prawns. The frontal horn is straighter, the end 1\3 is slightly curved upward, extending to or beyond the end of the first antennal stalk, 9-12 teeth at the upper edge, and 1 tooth at the lower edge. The cephalothorax has three distinct longitudinal sulcus, with a long lateral sulcus in the frontal horn that extends near the posterior edge of the cephalothorax and is equal to the posterior ridge. The cephalothorax has a frontogastric sulcus, orbital antennal sulcus, cervical sulcus, and hepatic sulcus, the posterior half of the hepatic sulcus is straighter, and the anterior half is obliquely downward. The cephalothorax has a hepatic spine, cervical spine, frontogastric spine, oculogastric ridge and antennal spine, and the oculogastric ridge extends from the liver spine to the anterior edge of the cephalothorax. central longitudinal lobe of the female junction, long anterior protrusion, calcified and hard, slightly concave anterior margin, protruding on both sides (apical bifurcation); The small central protrusion of the male is inconspicuous, slightly protruding from the terminal margin of the lateral leaf, and the end of the leaf is curved downward.
(2) Life habits
Similar to the Japanese shrimp, it prefers to live on sand and cement bottoms, and lives in waters up to 40 meters deep.
(3) Distribution
It is widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific region, Japan, the south coast of Korea, and the southeast coast of China.
(4) Economic value
Large individuals, delicious meat, rich nutrition and high economic value, it is a cultured species with great development potential. It has not yet been developed because its seedling problem has not been solved.
(2) P. marginal furrow
Melicertus marginatus (scientific name: Melicertus marginatus) generally lives in shallow sea areas within 50m, sandy bottom or sediment bottom. It is often mixed with Japanese sac shrimp and wide-groove prawn.
(1) Morphological characteristics
The body shape and color are quite similar to those of Penaeus wide-grooved. The body surface is smooth, the carapace is thick, the body color is pale earthy yellow, and the main ridge is dark brown. The frontal angle is relatively straight, the end 1/3 is slightly curved upward, the upper edge of the frontal angle is 9-10 teeth, the lower edge is 1-3 teeth (mostly 2 teeth), the posterior ridge of the frontal angle is obvious, extending to the posterior edge of the cephalothorax 1/10, no central sulcus, no dent; The lateral sulcus of the frontal horn is prominent, approximately parallel to the posterior ridge of the frontal angle. The cervical sulcus extends diagonally from the liver posteriorly upwards to the dorsal midline.
The posterior 2/3 to 6th segments of the abdomen have a longitudinal ridge in the center of the dorsal surface. There are 3 pairs of small movable spines on either side of the end of the tail segment.
The first antennae have a short peduncle. The second antennal scales clearly extend beyond the end of the first antennal stalk.
The first pair of step feet has basal and pedal spines, and the second pair of step feet have no basal spines and only pedestal spines.
The male junction resembles Penaeus monodon with no protrusions at the end of the middle lobe.
The female junction resembles a deep groove shrimp, but the seminal vesicles (disc-shaped part) are narrow and long; The anterior process is slender and pointed at the end and broad at the base.
(2) Reproduction
Spawn in batches.
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