Liu Qiang, a researcher at the Institute of Science and Technology History and Ancient Literature of Tsinghua University, is currently a member of the expert group of the Beijing Ancient Books Conservation Center and participates in the review of the National Rare Ancient Books Directory. He has presided over the completion of the National Social Science Fund Project and a number of projects of the Ancient Books Collation Committee of Colleges and Universities of the Ministry of Education. He has published many monographs such as "Research on Tianlu Linlang" and "Records of Tianlu Linlang Knowledge".
The Qianlong Inner House of the Qing Dynasty wrote a bibliography of Tianlu Linlang. Profile picture
The Qianlong Inner House of the Qing Dynasty wrote the first ten volumes of the "Bibliography of Tianlu Linlang". Profile picture
The imprints on the books of the Celestial Collection. Profile picture
During the Republic of China period, the "Tianlu Linlang" decoration in the Zhaoren Hall. Profile picture
The Shōjin Hall of the Qing Palace, which was once used to store the collection of Books of Tianlu. Profile picture
Regarding the catalogue of the Qing Dynasty court collection, the "Shiqu Baodi" that attracted social attention because of the exhibition in the Forbidden City a few years ago is one of them, "Shiqu Baodi" is a catalog of calligraphy and paintings collected by the Qing Palace in the Qianlong Era, and the full name of the catalogue of rare books and rare books of the Qing Dynasty court is called "The Bibliography of The Heavenly Lu Linlang of The Qing Dynasty".
Bibliography is a discipline that every reader should master. "Book" and "eye" are a set of corresponding relationships, the historical collection of books due to war, water and fire, theft and other reasons scattered, but the catalog is still preserved, so that future generations can see the original appearance of the collection. The two volumes of the "Tianlu Linlang" book are two batches of books, both of which are special collections of rare books of the ancient Chinese court. The bibliography compiled for it and the other famous official bibliography of the Qianjia era, the General Catalogue of the Four Libraries of the Qing Dynasty, represent the two peaks of ancient Chinese bibliography.
The "Tianlu Linlang" collection was very famous in the era of the Qing Dynasty, and many famous ancient books were included in it. There are three most cherished books in the Song edition, namely the Song edition of the Book of two Han Dynasties, the Anthology of Literature, and the Du Shi, which were called "Dingzu Hai Nei Ye" by the Ming Dynasty Dong Qichang. Among them, the "Book of the Two Han Dynasties" and the "Selected Notes of the Six Ministers" were both compiled before the "Tianlu Linlang".
However, such a well-known batch of books, the academic community before 2009 research is relatively limited, because the edition identification of this batch of books is very numerous. Although the compilation style of the "Tianlu Linlang Bibliography" is rigorous, and there are rich editions in the summary, which have had a great impact from the middle of the Qing Dynasty, and to this day our compilation and bibliography of the bibliography of the good books still follow the tradition of "Tianlu Linlang" in that year, but its abstract errors are too many, affecting the importance that everyone attaches to it - two-thirds of the Song edition books recorded in the later bibliography are wrong, half of the Yuan edition books are wrong, and the overall version misjudgment error is more than half.
Our purpose in this lecture is to take "Tianlu Linlang" as an event in the cultural history of the Qing Dynasty, and to sort out its approximate origin and end for everyone.
The establishment of the "Tianlu Linlang" special collection
The qing palace archives record that in the ninth year of the Qianlong Dynasty (1744), Emperor Gaozong ordered The Inner Court Hanlin to review the collection of the secret house, and select the best of the Song Yuanming to set up a treasure in the Zhaoren Hall, and the imperial pen was entitled "Tianlu Linlang". This is a collection of rare books of the court, so what is a rare book? The ancient book community now has a common provision for rare books, that is, ancient books that conform to the principles of "three natures" and "nine articles" proposed in the "Bibliography of Ancient Chinese Books and Books". The definition of "ancient books" is before 1912, that is, before the first year of the Republic of China. The "three natures" refer to the historical relics, academic materials, and artistic representation, and the "nine articles" are supplementary explanations of the "three natures". Appeared before the sixty years of the Qianlong Dynasty (1795), whether it is an engraved printed copy or a movable type printed copy, it is generally counted as a rare book today. However, at that time, Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty's Qianlong Emperor's judgment of "rare books" was different from our contemporary standards. He believes that the books printed in the Qing Dynasty cannot be counted as rare books, and the fine parts of Song Yuanming can be counted.
In the forty years of the Qianlong Dynasty (1775), Zhaorendian zhen was a treasure of Yifu, and the university scholar Yu Minzhong's minister Feng Shu compiled the "Bibliography of The Heavenly Lu Linlang of The King's Ding Dynasty" (former edition) in ten volumes, and collected 429 books. In the second year of Jiaqing (1797), the Qianqing Palace was destroyed by a fire, which affected the Zhaoren Hall, and the previous compilation of books was destroyed. Qianlong, who was already the Emperor Taishang, ordered Peng Yuanrui and others to collect them in the palace and compile them into twenty volumes of the "Later Compilation of the Bibliography of Tianlu Linlang", with 664 books. The two parts before and after, a total of 1093 rare books. What we now call "Tianlu's Extensive Bibliography" refers to the two bibliographies that have appeared successively, "The First Edition" and the "Later Edition".
Regarding the designation of this collection of books, the Qianlong Emperor inscribed the plaque as "Tianlu Linlang". The so-called "Tianlu" is taken from the Han Dynasty's "Three Pavilions of Books" allusion: Tianlu is a legendary divine beast, with two horns on its head, wings that can fly, can go to disasters, protect Fulu, and often appear in groups with warding off evil spirits. In the Han Dynasty, Weiyang Palace was built, and the "Three Pavilions of The Collection of Books" were established in its north, namely Shiqu Pavilion, Tianlu Pavilion and Qilin Pavilion. The Three Pavilions were a place for collecting and arranging books, and also cultivated talents for the imperial court. It is that "Tianlu" and "Shiqu" later became synonymous with the court collection. The word "Lin Lang" means that the inner house has a variety of books and is beautiful.
As for why Qianlong placed the rare books in the Zhaoren Hall, there is the "Imperial Title Zhaorendian Poem" in the previous bibliography for reference. There is a note under the poem: "When the emperor was in the imperial palace, he often slept here. "The residence of the Ming Emperor and the Shunzhi and Kangxi Emperors was in the Qianqing Palace, but the palace was too majestic and wide to conform to the ancient Chinese concept of residence. Therefore, the real residence of the Kangxi Emperor was the Zhaoren Hall of the Eastern Hall of the Qianqing Palace. Because it was the residence of the emperor's ancestors, Qianlong said: "I dare not live in the house, because I store the heavens and the heavens." In the poem again, Yun said: "A good book dares to say that it inherits the previous aspirations, and the new virtue only bathes my body." "It means that if you study here, you can inherit the aspirations of the emperor and bathe in virtue." Located on the east side of the Qianqing Palace in the Forbidden City, Zhaoren Hall is a three-room building with independent courtyards, which became the library of books in the Qing Palace until the end of the Qing Dynasty.
The Qing Palace collection was established
Here we extend to explain the main source of the Qing Palace collection in history.
The first is the remains of the former imperial family. China is a patriarchal society, and the Zuo Zhuan says: "The great affairs of the country are in the worship and rong", and the sacrifice is regarded as a national code. Zhou Li Tianguan Yun: "The jade town of all nations and the great treasures are hidden, and if there is a great sacrifice or a great funeral, it will come out and chen; "Sacrifices and treasures symbolize national unity and the throne. In the frequent change of dynasties, in order to prove that it has an orthodox status, the new dynasty needs to obtain objects with the identity certification of "Mandate of Heaven", such as the jade seal of the country, treasure books, etc. The new dynasty received the old collection of the previous dynasty, indicating the inheritance of the mandate of heaven of the previous dynasty, so the ancient books of calligraphy and painting collected by the Forbidden City have the collection seals of the royal families of previous dynasties. On the "Tianlu Linlang" book, there are the collection seals of the Southern Song Dynasty Jixi Hall and the Yuan Dynasty Hanlin National History Institute.
The second source is the imperial court's collection of books and private offerings. There are also thirty or forty books in the "Tianlu Linlang" collection that were once hidden in the Wenyuan Pavilion of the Ming Dynasty. These books, which had the seals of the previous royal collections, often had the seals of private bibliophiles in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. It shows that these books flowed out of the palace during the war at the end of the Ming Dynasty, and returned to the palace through the hands of private bibliophiles. The number of such books is not much, and more are obtained after clearing customs, and they continue to collect books from the people or private donations. When compiling the "Four Libraries of the Whole Book" in the Qianlong Era, the Four Libraries Library was opened to solicit books from the people, and a small number of books also entered the "Tianlu Linlang" through this way.
There is also a very special source, which is the copy of the book of the sinners at that time. The bibliography of The Heavenly Lu Lingliang (天禄林彩書) includes a catalogue of all the books in the book before entering the palace, and gives a brief introduction to the bibliophiles who appeared for the first time. In the "Tianlu Linlang Bibliography", a total of 100 books are recorded, and each volume is stamped with the two seals of "Qianmutang Collection Secretary" and "Qianmutang Calligraphy and Painting", but the name of Shushu is never mentioned. None of the "Previous Editions" recounts the old collection, while the "Later Edition" contains nearly one-sixth of the books, all of which were copied into the palace. His surname was Nalan, and he was the second son of Mingzhu, a major minister of the Kangxi Dynasty, and the eldest son of Mingzhu was Nalan Chengde. The Qianmutang of Shushu is the richest in storage books and is the crown of the Manchurian family. Because he had conspired with the eighth son of the Emperor, Yin Yu, to seize the crown prince, in the second year of Qing Yongzheng (1724), Sejong charged him with the crime and posthumously seized the official position. His home was completely raided, during the reign of Sun Cheng'an, the fourth emperor of the Pearl Dynasty. In the fifty-fifth year of the Qianlong Dynasty (1790), Cheng An was convicted, and all the books and literary plays in his family's collection were returned to Ouchi. It is recorded in the archives that the Qianlong Emperor had a rich collection of books and ordered them to be copied into a bibliography for him to read. Another example is the Book of Han before and after the Song edition that Zhang Jinyan collected. During the reign of Qing Shun, Zhang Jinyan was stripped of his official position, raided his home, exiled to Ningguta, and died in Shushou. This book can be included in the collection, probably through such a special channel.
The fourth source is the books compiled, copied and engraved by the palace and the imperial court themselves. Many of the Ying Song manuscripts were copied by the palace itself. To sum up, according to the "Tea Feast Poems" and poem notes in the previous compilation of the book, it can be speculated that they were taken from the Wuying Hall and the "East and West Corridor Library" (that is, the Cabinet Library). Seventy percent of the later compilations are from the old collection of the Imperial Garden, and the other 30 percent are the books copied into the palace.
As a collation of the imperial court collection, the "Tianlu Linlang Bibliography" is different from the ordinary bibliography. The Bibliography of the Former Edition is included in the General Bibliography of the Four Libraries of the King's Republic of China, and its style is written: "In the second order, the Song, Jin, Yuan, and Ming editions are each classified according to their generations, and are still classified by scripture, history, sub-collection." "First sort by edition chronology, and then the books of the same era are sorted by scripture, history, subset, and set." For the contents of each book," it is published in conjunction with each one, and each details the date of its engraving and the imprint of the collector's inscription. In terms of arrangement, the Ying Song copy is because of its "first class of authentic handwriting", even if it is from the Qing Dynasty, it must be embellished after the Song edition of the book, placed before the Yuan Dynasty, and can glimpse the understanding of the manuscript in the Qianlong era.
The "Tianlu Linglang Bibliography" belongs to the collection catalog, and it is necessary to explain to the emperor what special cultural relics and collection value these collections have. Therefore, each book should be related to the edition of the engraving date, collection mark, and which famous artists have circulated and other works. This practice is common in calligraphy and painting bibliographies, but the introduction of the original version into the bibliography of books and the compilation of a well-style bibliography began with the Qing Dynasty's "Tianlu Linlang Bibliography". So we now say that the "Bibliography of Tianlu Lingliang" is the first officially revised catalogue of rare books. The official family advocated the atmosphere of rare books, attached importance to the ancient books of the earlier times, and influenced the entire folk collection of books, making the original folk "Yu Song" style more prosperous. At present, the standard for rare books, the "three natures" principle, is still the most important cultural relics. However, there are many errors in the "Song and Yuan Editions" written in the "Tianlu Linlang Bibliography", which has a lot to do with the hasty compilation of the later bibliography mentioned below.
The burning and reconstruction of the "Previous Edition" books
Originally, why in the second year of Qing Jiaqing, a later bibliography was compiled, and how the previous compilation disappeared, is not recorded in the archives. Peng Yuanrui did not explain why there was a continuation at the end of the volume "Zhiyu" at the end of the "Tianlu Linlang Bibliography", but said: "More than fifty years after the initial compilation, the "Bibliography" has also been written for more than twenty years. In October of Jiaqing Dingwei, there is a compilation of "Tianlu Linlang Bibliography", which was compiled in July. ”
There is a record in the Qing Dynasty archives that it is said that on October 21 of the second year of Qing Jiaqing, a fire broke out in the Qianqing Palace, and the qianqing palace and the hongde hall and the Zhaoren hall were in ruins. After the fire, the book in the temple was missing.
We associate these two events with speculation that the previous book was burned. At the time of the investigation of the fire, it was the coldest time in the north, and the palace of the Forbidden City was warmed by means of warm pavilions and smoke halls. Due to the negligence of Hao Shitong, the eunuch in charge of the fire in the Qianqing Palace, the charcoal fire was not completely suppressed, so the charcoal brazier was placed next to a nanmu mallet on the east side of the Qianqing Palace, and the wind rekindled, and when it was discovered, the fire had become a burning trend. The Minister of internal affairs led people to fight the fire overnight, but the fire was very fierce, and the Qianqing Palace and the two halls were turned into ashes. The "Records of Donghua", the old archives of the Qing Palace, such as "Yonglang et al. for the cause of the fire in the Qianqing Palace, punished the eunuch Hao Shitong and others separately" (Jiaqing 2nd October 22), "He Yanfu Chang'an and others played to supplement the construction of the Qianqing Palace Jiaotai Hall Zhaoren Hall Project Folding" (Jiaqing 2 december 27), etc., can prove that the Zhaoren Hall was once on fire.
However, before and after this time, before and after the "Heavenly Lu Linlang" was blessed, carefully studied and judged, it seems that a different kind of historical information can be obtained. In ancient times, due to the severe cold environment in winter, the north generally did not have the habit of building houses in this season, but after this fire, the reconstruction of the three halls was immediately started in the winter of that year, and at the same time, Peng Yuanrui and others were re-collected in the palace to quickly restore the old view of "Tianlu Linlang". These behaviors are really abnormal in the later generations, and this matter may be analyzed in conjunction with the historical background of the early Jiaqing period:
At this time, the Qianlong Emperor, as the Taishang Emperor, was already in his old age, and the Jiaqing Emperor was the "child emperor" who had just ascended the throne. In ancient times, the fire in the palace was often used as a sign of heavenly reproach, indicating that the emperor had made a mistake in the government, and according to the custom, the emperor needed to issue a "sin himself edict" and examine himself to seek forgiveness from heaven. However, this "heavenly condemnation" in the second year of Jiaqing occurred, and who should be the emperor of the two generations of father and son to issue the "edict of sin"? The best thing to do is to get back to the old form as soon as possible and smooth it out. From the current point of view, there are many errors in the later compilation of the book, which is likely to be related to the hasty erasure of the haste at that time to find the book, catalog, and have no time to look at it carefully. Moreover, at this time, the Qianlong Emperor was already eighty-eight years old, and he died in the first month of the fourth year of Jiaqing after the next year. Although the compilers were tight on time and the progress was urgent, it was likely that the elderly Emperor Taishang would not have time to examine it carefully, so whether it was a true Song edition or not when compiling it, it was all selected. The emperor wanted the restored books to be better than the previous ones, so the later bibliography increased the number of volumes, adding the so-called "Liao inscriptions". Moreover, it specifically claims that there is "no carving carving", as if there is no silver three hundred and two here.
The external features of the Tianlu collection
These books have been scattered in all directions since the end of the Qing Dynasty, and the determination of whether a book is a collection of "Tianlu Linlang" can be based on its external characteristics. There are two main points, one is the book binding, the signature is one, and the other is the seal seal and the cover are uniform.
The appearance binding and bookmark inscription of the "Tianlu Linliang" collection are uniform. The Tianlu Linglang Bibliography and FanJing records that its exterior is "its Song Jin edition and the Shadow Song Copy are all letters to Jin, the Yuan edition is blue silk, and the Ming edition is brown silk, with indications and so on." "But the book may be reframed during circulation, which can be judged by bookmarks." Bookmarks are characterized by placing the version before the title of the book, highlighting the version. The "Fan Case" said: "Those who have signed the old and have not drawn one, have now learned to correct the set of signatures, and added to the old collectors 'B has not been re-booked', and those who have continued to enter the old tibet have recognized 'Qianlong B has not been reloaded' with the zhizhi collection order." ”
Another main feature is that its plutonium print is also uniform. Even if the book is modified, the plutonium inside may still be preserved. The "Preface" is known as the following example: "Before and after each book of the books, the imperial seal is used two: 'The treasure of the Qianlong Imperial Palace, known as the 'Heavenly Lu Linlang'. And although the previous edition of the book was destroyed, there are still "extra-bibliographic books" for physical reference. Another direct example is the Spring and Autumn Classics of the Forty-eighth Year Wuyingdian Inscribed Edition of the Imperial Decree imitation of the Five Classics of the Song Xiangtai Yue Clan. The Qianlong Emperor was very fond of the "Five Classics of Yue" and wanted to store them separately. However, only four copies were found, one less of which was the Spring and Autumn Classics, which were later found in the front edition of "Tianlu Linlang" and placed together in the "Five Classics Room" in the back of the Shōjin Hall. After that, Wu Yingdian re-engraved these five books, and overprinted the "Five Classics of Yue" in the form of shadow engraving, and the plate style and the imprints on the books were all copied as they were, faithfully reproducing the original appearance of the books compiled before "Tianlu Linlang".
In addition, there is another example. ZhaoRendian's books may not all be recorded in the "Bibliography of Tianlu Lingliang", and some books have not been included in the pre-compilation, but they have been sorted out by the court, stamped, and re-installed with uniform bookmarks, books, and letter sets. There are two books in the bibliography of the previous bibliography, which can be used to know what the printing status of the previous bibliography is.
The books in the later bibliography are also called "Tianlu Jijian" books, and their compilation is relatively sloppy compared to the previous bibliography, with no ordinary examples, nor tea feast poems sung by junchens, only a "literate language" of less than a hundred words. Each book of each subsequent compilation of the book has Qianlong's three-sided seal on the appendix leaf, and according to the size of the book, the three seals of the appendix with different sizes and texts are used, which are called "Great Three Seals" (that is, "Five Blessings and Five Generations Of Tang Ancient Rare Heavenly Treasures", "Eight Signs of Immortal Treasure", "Treasure of the Taishang Emperor"), "Zhongsan Seal" ("Five Blessings and Five Generations of Tang Treasures", "Treasures of the Eight Signs of The Emperor"), "Little Three Seals" (that is, "Five Blessings and Five Generations of Tang Treasures", "Eight Signs of The Emperor"). The first and last leaves of the main text of the book are respectively marked with the three-square seals of "Treasure of the Qianlong Emperor", "Tianlu Linlang" and "Tianlu Jijian", which are called "Qianlong Five Seals" and regarded as important identification signs of the "Tianlu Linlang" book.
The dispersion of the Tianlu collection of books
Let's briefly sort out the diaspora of this collection from the late Qing Dynasty to the 1950s.
First of all, from the late Qing Dynasty to the early years of the Republic of China, when the palace prohibition was relaxed, a small number of books were scattered out of the palace through eunuchs and other means. Subsequently, the largest number of books stolen out of the palace during Puyi's small imperial court period were the most. After the establishment of the Republic of China, Puyi stayed in the palace for another fourteen years, and in the name of rewarding Pujie, he ordered Pujie to transport valuable and portable treasures out of the palace to raise funds for the so-called "restoration". Some small calligraphy and paintings, the most precious Song and Yuan editions, were carried out of the palace. After Puyi left the palace, when the Qing Chamber Aftermath Committee was counting the cultural relics of each palace, it found a volume of "Appreciation of Pu jiedan" in Puyi's palace Yangxin Hall, and in his later years, Puyi wrote in his self-description "The First Half of My Life" that all the Song and Yuan rare books in the Yun Zhaoren Hall were stolen and transported out of the palace.
The books that were transported out of the palace were first transported to Tianjin for a small amount of resale, and then transported to puppet Manchukuo and placed in the "Little White Building" in the northeast corner of the puppet Manchu Palace in Changchun. The books in the building were damp and rat-devoured, and the books with northeast experience were not well preserved. During the puppet Manchukuo period, these books underwent a small amount of sale, and the large diaspora was after the end of the War of Resistance, Changchun experienced a period of anarchy, and the caretakers found that these books were unmanaged and began to steal. Near the pseudo-imperial palace, there have been antique shops specializing in stealing calligraphy, paintings and ancient books. After the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the Receiving Officials of the Kuomintang did not know much about books, so they picked out those with plutonium prints and placed them in the underground warehouse of a bank in Changchun, and the books were later transported to the Imperial Palace in Shenyang. By 1947 and 1948, Jin Yudian, the president of the Imperial Palace in Shenyang, did not follow the instructions of the National Government in Nanjing to transport the "Tianlu Linlang" books of the Imperial Palace in Shenyang to Nanjing, but instead transported the books back to the Forbidden City in Beijing in exchange for 60 pieces of Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing silk embroidery stored in the Palace Museum. The "Tianlu Linlang" book that remained in the Forbidden City underwent the "southward migration of cultural relics from the Forbidden City" before the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, and the boats and cars traveled to Chongqing, Guiyang, Nanjing, and finally back to Beijing. This batch of books is close to half of the total, 311 books. It was later transported to Taiwan and is now in the National Palace Museum in Taipei.
After the end of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, more than 200 "Tianlu Linlang" books have successively returned to the Forbidden City in Beijing through different channels. In 1958, Wu Zhongchao, then director of the Palace Museum, advocated collecting only books related to the study of court history, and demanded that the imperial collections of the Ming and Qing dynasties be allocated to the beijing library at that time, which is now the national library. Beitu gladly accepted, and then 205 "Tianlu Linlang" books were allocated to Beitu. At present, the second largest collection of "Tianlu Linliang" books is the National Library, and only one and a half-year-old books are preserved in the Forbidden City in Beijing.
According to our investigation of the ten years before and after the existing "Tianlu Linlang" books at home and abroad, there are currently 664 known "Tianlu Linlang" books, and 2 of them are determined to have been blown up by Japanese aircraft during the "1.28" Songhu War of Resistance. Of the 624 books, the entire book or part of the book is known to be hidden, 5 books have clues to the eyes of previous generations, and 33 books are still missing. The book compiled after "Tianlu Linlang" can be described as "nine out of ten".
The existence of the Tianlu Linlang Book
Finally, let's take a look at how well the books are now preserved.
The first is the Tianlu Jijian Books in the Taiwan region of China, with a total of 342 books (the "ministry" here refers to the existence of a certain library, even if it is a surviving volume, it is counted as one). Among them, the National Palace Museum in Taipei has 321 collections, which is the unit with the largest collection of Tianlu books, and the overall feature of its Tianlu books is that it preserves the old decorations of the Qing Palace, including some very famous Song edition books.
The second largest collection unit is the National Library, with 227 units. Three-quarters were allocated by the Forbidden City in Beijing in 1959, and more than 20 more were donated or purchased by private bibliophiles. The characteristics of this part of the collection are very badly broken, but the proportion of Song and Yuan editions is very high, and the number of them ranks first among all the "Tianlu Linlang" library institutions. Including some very famous engravings, such as the Song Dynasty Minister Library engraving "Great Yi Zhiyan" and so on. The Liao and Gold Engravings are very rare, and the National Library of China has two golden engravings included in the "Tianlu Linglang Bibliography", "Zhou Li" and "Nanfeng Zeng Zigu's Collection".
The third largest collection unit is the Liaoning Provincial Library, which contains 35 Books of Tianlu Jijian. The northeast region is a place where there are more books in the "Tianlu Linlang", which is related to the history of the collection that was first circulated in the northeast after the collection was released from the palace.
In addition to the national map and the Liao map, there are 40 units on the mainland that have collected 84 books of the "Later Compilation of the Bibliography of Tianlu Linglang". These units include libraries, museums, research institutes, and schools throughout the northern and southern Xinjiang. There are more Shanghai Libraries, which have 9 parts. In particular, it should be introduced that recently in the library of Chinese Min University, a new book of "Tianlu Linlang", "Dongyan Zhou Li Dingyi", was compiled into the "Song Edition Of the Scriptures" after the bibliography, which was actually an engraving of Tongzhitang during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty. The book is a fragment of two volumes, volumes one to five, which have been modified, but the vice leaves are still in original form, and the Tibetan seal of the Qianlong Emperor is still there. It's something that's well worth documenting.
Then there's what's in the hands of private collectors in the collection and what's seen at auctions over the years. As of the autumn of 2020, there are 31 books in the ancient book auctions sponsored by China Guardian, Beijing Hanhai, Debao, China Bookstore, Shanghai National Auction, etc., which are merged into the same book. Since the beginning of the auction of ancient books, the "Tianlu Linlang" book has repeatedly set record auction prices for ancient books. For example, the engraving of "Kong Congzi" of Guishan Academy of Yuanchaling provides a good sample for the so-called "Chaling Ben", and the price of 8 million yuan was auctioned in 2017. Now the "Tianlu Linliang" book has been banned from being auctioned out of the country.
Regarding the auction, we will say a little more here, in the past, bibliophiles were trying to gather books as much as possible, and books would be broken up as much as possible. In the nineteenth year of Ming Jiajing (1540), Chen Jingxue Dexingtang's engraving of "Ten Thousand Tang Dynasty Absolute Sentences" is one of the Song editions of the Tianlu Linlang Bibliography, with a total of four letters and thirty-two volumes. Of these, three letters and twenty-four volumes are now in the National Library, and the remaining eight volumes were scattered in the early years, two of which were purchased by collectors first, and at an auction in the previous year, the remaining six books, together with the original envelope and the bookcase, were divided into eight "target" auctions, and it is a pity that in peacetime, the complete sets of ancient books were artificially dismantled in order to pursue profits.
Not only on both sides of the Taiwan Strait, but also in Japan, Europe and the United States, there are also collections of "Tianlu Linliang" books, such as the Japanese Imperial Household Agency's Library, the Library of Congress, and the Library of The School of Han at Leiden University in the Netherlands.
Here we just introduce the approximate origin and end of "Tianlu Linliang". Ancient books are the carriers of traditional culture, and behind every "Tianlu Linliang" book, there is a tortuous and tortuous transmission experience. As a rare book collection of the Qing Dynasty royal family, the "Tianlu Linlang" collection has created a generation of glory in the history of Chinese book collections, and its ups and downs and downs are also the epitome of the rise and fall of the glory and disgrace of modern Chinese society to a certain extent. Scattered all over the world, each book has its own legendary story, although these precious books, in the long river of Civilization that has not been interrupted for five thousand years in China, are only a drop in the ocean, but the history, culture and tradition carried by each book are unique, with a unique historical status and cultural value.
(The speech materials for this edition are provided by the National College of Chinese Min University, and the manuscript is compiled by Tian Kexin)
Source: Guangming Daily