preface
In the history of the Ottoman Empire, the period of Sultan Ahmed II was a very important period.
During this period, European countries continued to expand their territories and compete for control of trade and colonial markets, in which the position of the Ottoman Empire was challenged.
Since the Renaissance, European countries have gradually begun to rise and their national strength has gradually increased.
In particular, the development of science and technology and sea power made European countries gradually covet the natural resources and markets of the Ottoman Empire.
In the struggle for foreign treaties, wars, and trade, the expansion of European countries became a source of concern for the Ottoman Empire.
At this time, the ruler of the Ottoman Empire was Sultan Ahmed II.
Under his rule, the Ottoman Empire began to solve these problems, and Sultan Ahmed II paid special attention to relations with European countries and the rest of the world.
Because at that time, the politics, economy and culture of the Ottoman Empire would be influenced and restricted by European countries.
The development and prosperity of the Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire was founded by the Turks as a multi-ethnic empire whose founder was named Ottoman I.
The entire country was ruled by the Ottomans of the Turkic nomadic tribes of Central Asia, and the ethnic groups migrated as they developed, first from Central Asia to Asia Minor.
After continuous efforts, the Ottoman Empire flourished, and after destroying the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire stabilized and settled in Constantinople.
In order to have a justified title, the rulers of the Ottoman Empire presented themselves as heirs to the Eastern Roman Empire.
By the mid-14th century, the Ottoman Empire was one of the most powerful empires in the world.
For more than 600 years, the rulers of the Ottoman Empire controlled many territories and seas in Asia, Africa and Europe.
Among them, the period of Sultan Ahmed II was an extremely important period in the history of the Ottoman Empire.
Under Sultan Ahmed II, great changes took place both inside and outside the Ottoman Empire, the most influential of which was the diplomatic relations with European countries under Sultan Ahmed II.
Under Sultan Ahmed II, the economic, political and geographical advantages of European countries were emerging, and their ties and interactions with the Ottoman Empire were gradually deepening.
Background analysis of the period of Sultan Ahmed II and the great powers of Europe
The accession of Sultan Ahmed II to the throne and major changes in domestic politics
When Sultan Ahmed II ascended the throne, the Ottoman Empire was going through difficult times. The ills inherent in governance began to emerge, the most serious of which was the deterioration of the security and financial situation in the border areas.
This posed a major challenge under Sultan Ahmed II.
In response to these problems, Sultan Ahmed II took a number of necessary measures, including centralization, strengthening the central army, moderating militias in the border areas, and financial reforms.
These efforts allowed the Ottoman Empire to gradually regain strength under Sultan Ahmed II.
Progress in science and technology and sea power in European countries
Under Sultan Ahmed II, European countries made great strides in science and technology and sea power. European countries developed a series of unprecedented technologies that accelerated the industrialization process in Europe.
At the same time, European countries also flexed their muscles on the seas, establishing a series of maritime colonies.
These advances in technology and sea power made European countries a formidable rival in the eyes of the Ottoman Empire.
The state of economic, political and cultural development of the Ottoman Empire
During the reign of Sultan Ahmed II, the Ottoman Empire also underwent major economic, political and cultural changes.
On the economic front, the Ottoman Empire continued to develop its significant commodity production and trading activities. But as the great powers of Europe became stronger, the position of the Ottoman Empire in the trade of goods was gradually challenged.
On the political front, Sultan Ahmed II pursued a policy of centralization to strengthen control and management of the country.
In terms of culture, the Ottoman Empire continued to follow its traditional path, but with the cultural progress of European countries, the Ottoman Empire also changed in terms of foreign cultural exchanges.
Economic relations between the Ottoman Empire and European countries under Sultan Ahmed II
Trade exchanges between the Ottoman Empire and European countries
During the reign of Sultan Ahmed II, trade exchanges between the Ottoman Empire and European countries became increasingly frequent.
As European countries developed in industry and manufacturing, more raw materials and commodities were needed, which facilitated trade with the Ottoman Empire.
At the same time, favorable terms of trade were found in the territory of the Ottoman Empire, which became an important trade object on the European market.
Dependence on European markets and commodities
European countries also became increasingly dependent on the Ottoman market. The Ottoman Empire was rich in products and varieties, including silk, metals, jewelry and spices, which was loved by many Europeans, who never skipped money on these novelties.
In the 17th century, the Ottoman Empire became one of the growing suppliers of goods to the European market, especially for the production and large-scale production of certain unique goods.
This dependence allowed the Ottoman initiative to gradually be seized by the European states.
The economic oppression and plunder of the Ottoman Empire by European countries
As the European powers developed in industry, agriculture, commerce and finance, they constantly put pressure on the Ottoman Empire.
Such pressures included trade inequality, increased tariffs and ocean freight, and competition for Ottoman goods and markets.
In this situation, the Ottoman Empire was in a disadvantageous position in economic exchanges with European countries, gradually losing the dominance of markets and interests.
Political relations between the Ottoman Empire and European powers under Sultan Ahmed II
The intensification of foreign trade in the 17th century gave rise to diplomatic relations between the Ottoman Empire and the European powers.
European countries used various channels to engage diplomatically with the Ottoman Empire in order to gain greater advantages in geopolitical security and commercial interests.
The Ottoman Empire's diplomatic relations with European countries experienced many twists and turns, especially under Sultan Ahmed II, which became more complex than ever.
Foreign policy and mistakes of the government of Sultan Ahmed II
During the reign of Sultan Ahmed II, the Ottoman Empire suffered a series of political setbacks, many of which were inseparable from the ruler Sultan Ahmed II.
The most important of these was the policy and diplomatic blunders of Sultan Ahmed II, which had a great impact on the entire Ottoman Empire.
For Sultan Ahmed II, the problem of the border area was the most serious, and in the process of the Ottoman Empire's strength, the territory became empty, the population became large, and the imperial power ruled very small, and many places could not control it.
His failure to control the barriers along the country's borders led to local authorities in the perilous slopes of the surrounding areas becoming the starting point for the invasion of European powers.
In addition, Sultan Ahmed II's policy is chaotic, lacks excellent policy guidance in foreign relations, and is vulnerable to attacks from various forces.
The geopolitical and military threat of the European powers to the Ottoman Empire
The geopolitical and military threat to the Ottoman Empire became increasingly apparent in Europe during the reign of Sultan Ahmed II.
The Ottoman Empire had poor communication in the border areas near Valachis and was vulnerable to destruction by other states.
In addition, before 1726, the European powers had military confrontations with Anatolia's African lines of communication, which led to serious conflicts with the Ottoman army. These factors posed a serious threat to the Ottoman Empire.
Cultural exchanges between the Ottoman Empire and European powers during the time of Sultan Ahmed II
With the economic exchanges between the Ottoman Empire and the great powers of Europe, the development of cultural exchanges was further promoted.
During the reign of Sultan Ahmed II, cultural exchanges took various forms, such as correspondence, academic exchanges, cultural exchanges, and artistic exchanges.
The Enlightenment arose on the European continent in the 18th century, and its ideas gradually penetrated deep into the territory of the Ottoman Empire.
The ideas of the Enlightenment were disseminated through the medium of books and periodicals, which promoted the modernization of Ottoman society and inspired the development of Ottoman intellectuals.
In its cultural exchanges with European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually recognized the importance of Western culture.
The most prominent of these is its advanced cultural heritage and creative thinking.
Through the study of the academic, historical and social systems of the West, the Ottoman Empire constantly perfected and improved its own cultural system, promoting the Ottoman culture towards a more open, confident and pluralistic direction.
Political crisis and resolution of the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Ahmed II
During the reign of Sultan Ahmed II, the political crisis of the Ottoman Empire intensified.
The reasons for this are concentrated in the problems of national governance, mainly manifested in the chaos of the bureaucratic system, the corruption of the financial system, the bottleneck of economic development and the weakness of the national security system.
Faced with a political crisis, the Ottoman Empire adopted a series of solutions. These include reforming military and administrative systems, strengthening welfare policies and administrative reforms, and combating corruption and fiscal waste.
In addition, under the leadership of the government, the Ottoman Empire carried out a large number of real estate adjustments, concentrating social resources within the jurisdiction of the government.
During the reign of Sultan Ahmed II, the political crisis of the Ottoman Empire interacted with many factors, such as the failure of the state to work and the failure of capitalism to develop steadily.
At the same time, in the Ottoman Empire at that time, most people focused too much on short-term interests and neglected long-term and overall planning.
These questions reflect on and enlighten the political development of the United Kingdom and other countries in the world, and are closely related to the construction of our current social system and the inevitable dilemma.
The time of Sultan Ahmed II was an important period in the history of the Ottoman Empire, a period of both chaos and complexity.
During this period, the relations between the Ottoman Empire and the European powers underwent a process of change from cooperation to competition to contradiction.
Although the Ottoman Empire gradually lost its dominance in some economic and political aspects, it still played an important role in international relations at that time and made important contributions to the development of global history.
In short, the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Ahmed II went through a series of flames, achieving a process from rise to glory to decline.
Although it has gone through its time throughout history, its influence continues to this day. We can draw a lot of knowledge and inspiration from the establishment of the modern state and the innovation of models.
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